that mad about somebody else's money being risked. If it was his own -!' 'Your idea is, it was just spite work then?'

'Sure. They had a quarrel, and Kendrick did it partly to get even. Why, look here, in that interview they got out of him, he admits that he'd borrowed money of Gebhardt. My guess is that Gebhardt would n't lend him any more, or refused to let him in on some deal, so he gets sore and makes up his mind to put Gebhardt out of business.'

away with it, in just those little dabs. Anybody that wants money for any legitimate enterprise, goes out and borrows it openly, you know that. No, sir!' he spoke with righteous warmth, chewing vigorously on the toothpick; 'when I read that, it settled my opinion of Kendrick.'

'It don't look very good,' the other man admitted; 'what did Kendrick say when the reporters got on to this letter business, and asked him?'

'Did n't say anything, just acknowledged it. He could n't very well help

'Yes - inside page. It seems they went through Gebhardt's private desk and papers along with the rest Fisher turned everything inside out, you know - I expect the whole of that Xylotite loan business has n't come out yet. Anyhow, first thing you know they found some kind of begging letter from Kendrick's sister or mother or somebody representing that the family - they live away from here somewhere were in some kind of fix and needed some money to help 'em out. And then there were some more letters acknowledging a loan, and thanking him for it and so forth five hundred dollars, I think it was. Of course that's a small sum, but that just shows you how close Kendrick was to Gebhardt; and besides you don't know how many times they may have done that, how much they have got out of him in dribs, till Gebhardt got tired of it. Of course Kendrick himself don't ask for the money - oh no! All he does is to get behind the women and let them ask for it. He's been making a good salary right along; his family did n't need to ask Gebhardt or anybody else for money, unless he told 'em to. You'd probably find that every cent they've borrowed has gone to some bucket-shop; that's the way men get

about that being a private matter between himself and Gebhardt some big talk like that. It's all in the paper -you read it yourself, and see what you think.'

'Well, I would n't want to condemn anybody wholesale. anybody wholesale. After all, Kendrick had the choice of letting things go on as they were at the bank and piling up bigger losses for everybody concerned, or of blowing it up at once and himself along with it —'

"That's what he did, and took a chance on getting out.'

"That makes him either a mighty honest man or a mighty desperate one,' said the other with a laugh; ‘oh, well, give him the benefit of the doubt, anyway.'

These two probably represented fairly the varying opinion of the public, amongst whom there would be some on Van's side, or, at least, on the side of moderation and impartiality; and, it is to be feared, many more as critically biassed as the man with the toothpick. Van Cleve knew it; he knew his world. He felt no disposition to waste time attempting explanations, or demanding justice from the community at large. 'In the long run it does n't make any difference how much you've been wronged, or how well you talk, or what proofs you've got; all that people

know is that you're letting out an awful yelp about something, and they wish you'd quit!' he said sourly; 'anybody that does n't trust me can look up my record. I'm not going around showing it to people, but I have n't got anything to be afraid of or ashamed of.'

The morning after the final report appeared he went down to the bank for the last time, to clean out his desk; Meyer was to be there, too, and they were expecting Mr. Gebhardt. It happened to be market-day, and there was a keen smell of fresh meats and vegetables on the air; the stands and carts were ranked all along the curb, with, among them, many of those humble clients of the National Loan whom Van Cleve had grown to know so well.

The old German wife he knew the best came up to him, with her scared, trembling old face. 'Mr. Kentrick, Mr. Kentrick, meine Hilda she say der bank iss go bust mit all der mazuma!' She sobbed the grotesque words, clutching at the sleeve of his coat with toil-cramped fingers, a figure of Tragedy among the pots of hyacinths and Easter-blooming lilies, the onions and carrots and crocks of cottage-cheese. All the other old women, and the lank younger ones with their shawled or sunbonneted heads, the stoop-shouldered men and the children, who were bobbing about everywhere underfoot, crowded up, hanging on his words. Not all of them had lost by the bank's failure; on some of the faces there was no feeling stronger than curiosity, or a sordid excitement. 'Iss it true, Mr. Kentrick? It aindt true, aindt it?' clamored the old woman.

'Pretty near true, Mrs. Habekotte,' said Van Cleve, grimly. 'You'll get a little something back.'

She dropped her hands with a wail; some of the other women set up a sympathetic lamentation. 'Poor soul, ain't it awful! How much did she have in?'

one of them questioned Van Cleve. Just as he was extricating himself, Mrs. Habekotte broke through her circle of condolence, and ran after him, 'Mr. Kentrick, your own money mit der bank got away also yet?'

'That's right. I'm about cleaned out.'

She contemplated him mournfully, with a kind of resigned and unenvious comparison of their lots. 'Vell, you are young, already! Aber, when one is old-!' She sighed, and plodded back to her stall, drooping, followed by her clan of neighbors.

Van Cleve heard some of them volubly reporting the fact that he too was 'busted,' something which appeared to establish his honesty to their minds.

Meyer was waiting for him on the steps of the bank, and they went in behind the familiar bronze gratings that had proved to be so disastrously costly, and went to work, but after a while found themselves 'stalled,' as Meyer said, by the non-arrival of their ex-president; he was to have been there at half-past ten, and was, in general, the most punctual of men. The minutes wore on, and still they lounged. At last, as it was striking eleven, Van Cleve went upstairs to the real-estate office on the third floor, to telephone, the bank's instrument having been disconnected. There was some trouble. 'I don't believe I can get you that number, party, they don't answer,' the telephone-exchange girl had just announced, when an agitated voice at the other end of the line broke in: 'Well, what is it? Do stop ringing! What is it? Who are you and what do you want?'

"Tell Mr. Gebhardt it's Kendrick, please; we're waiting for him at the bank.'

'Kendrick? Wait a minute!'

Van Cleve, standing with the telephone at his ear, was aware of a wild flurry of talk, sobbing, ejaculations,

going on somewhere near the other end. Then some one began again; it was a minute before he could recognize Mrs. Gebhardt's voice. 'Mr. Kendrick, is it you? Oh, won't you please go right away down to the where did they say he had to go, Natalie?—to the Court-house no, no, it's the Government Building-he's there-they would n't let me go with him — oh, I'm so afraid - never mind, Natalie, I'll tell Mr. Kendrick. He's with the Marshal in the Marshal's office, I think they said. They would n't let me go with him, and I'm so afraid he has n't been well, you know, since this terrible trouble came. Will you go down there, Mr. Kendrick?'

Van Cleve said that he would be glad to be of any use. And indeed he was; for he ran out and caught the next car and got down to the Government Building just as poor Julius. Gebhardt, accompanied by the Marshal and the Chief Deputy and by his lawyer, and watched from afar by a little swarm of newspaper-men, was going into United States Commissioner Dixon's room for a preliminary hearing: he was under arrest, charged with having abstracted and willfully misappropriated certain of the moneys, funds, and credits of the National Loan and Savings Bank. Van Cleve reached there just in time to go out and hunt up bondsmen for him.

I

'So far as an exact science of animal conduct is possible, the experimentalist has the advantage over the free observer.' This admission from Mr. Burroughs in an Atlantic article, last year,1 is generous in view of the contempt in which he holds the effort to arrive at an exact understanding of the animal mind. 'Anything like an exact science of animal behavior is, it seems to me, as impossible in the laboratory as out of it'; and he begrudges' the time spent in learning' what seem to him the trivial bits of detail about animals.

So do I, and so does every experimentalist. How we should like to 1 February, 1912.

plunge into the complex mental processes and say, 'This is characteristic of the dog, and this is true of the cat. Here is an animal that is wholly controlled by tropisms, and here is one that is the victim of its instincts, and here is another that manifests intelligence.' Take the question of the evolution of mentality: how fine it would be if we could say that here at one end of the scale is man, and there at the other is the single-celled bit of protoplasmic substance called amoeba, and then dispose the myriad forms of animal life each in its proper place in the ascending scale. Here belongs the dog and there the earthworm, and there the oyster and here the ape. But however much we may believe in the evolution

of mind, the materials for the definite placing of any one of the more complex animals in such an evolutionary scale are absurdly insufficient.

One thing seems sure as the result of experimental studies, and that is that the mind did not evolve as a whole. This is most clearly seen in the case of the senses. If one were to arrange the animal kingdom along an ascending scale as regards the sense of smell, man would probably fall very far below many of the higher mammals and possibly some of the birds. Another scale based on the development of hearing would probably reveal another order, and the sense of sight would show a still different arrangement. Possibly only in the latter would man stand at the top, and some of the birds, such as the hawks, might displace him even there. He doubtless would show the keenest sense of color, but hardly of movement. The dog might excel him in the case of smell, and the house-fly in the case of temperature. The cat may be more sensitive to touch and the bee to direction. Where each of a dozen different animals would fall in such an evolutionary programme cannot be determined by ordinary observation. Only the most detailed and persistent experiment can settle any single point finally.

Nor is this irregularity of development confined to the several senses. There are many different stages in the evolution of the memory. The singlecelled animal has memory, and so has man. Both have good forget tories, however, and the balance between remembering and forgetting would by no means place the several animals at the same level of development at which the acuteness of their sense-powers would place them. In other words, the ability to remember has an evolutionary history of its own, and must be studied on its own account. The same is doubtless true of perception, of the

ability to learn, of the evolution of thinking and self-control.

A corollary of these facts is that the animals would not fall to the same level in the scale of mental evolution as in the scale of structural evolution. It is generally accepted that monkeys stand nearer man than do the canine family. It is not at all established that their intelligence is of a higher sort than that of dogs and birds. If there is absolute correlation of structure with intelligence it is of structures that have not yet been made out. The fact is that in many cases we know more about the behavior of animals than we do about the minute structures upon which that behavior is supposed to depend. We must construct the tree of mental evolution out of the material which we can gather. In many cases it appears that such a mental tree would cut at right angles the tree of morphological evolution.

II

Apropos of the comparative abilities of animals Dr. Hamilton has recently published a study of trial and error reactions in mammals. He used thirtyseven different animals, distributed among several species as follows: eight normal human beings, men, boys and girls; two defective human beings; five monkeys; sixteen dogs; five cats; and one horse. In the experiment the subject passed through an entrance door into a room from which it could escape by one of four doors at the opposite end of the compartment. All that was necessary was to push against the correct door. Before the actual tests were begun the animals were given thorough familiarity with the inside of the room by being fed there, and by a series of steps they were trained to open the exit doors and pass out. 'The subject was considered "trained" as soon as he

had learned to seek the exit doors for escape from the apparatus and to push against them without hesitation.' The 'formal trials' were then begun. Three of the exit doors were locked on the outside by the experimenter without the subject's knowledge. On the inside the doors all looked the same but only one of them could be opened. When the animal escaped he was rewarded with food. The unlocked door was then locked, another was unlocked and the animal was put back for a second test. Thus the unlocked door of the first trial was one of the locked doors of the second trial, and the animal could escape on this second trial only by pushing against one of the doors which had been locked on the first trial. Which door it might be there was nothing before him to indicate. To discover how the animal would go about finding this unlocked door was the point of the experiment. In the course of a hundred trials, which were given at the rate of ten a day for ten days, each door was unlocked twentyfive per cent of the time and locked seventy-five per cent of the time. No. door was unlocked twice in succession.

The behavior of the animals was carefully observed and tabulated. On the basis of what they actually did, Dr. Hamilton describes five types of behavior which he designates A, B, C, D, and E respectively. In type A, the animal makes the fewest useless movements. For instance, he does not try the door through which he has just escaped, this door always having been locked in the succeeding trial. Each of the other doors he tries once each, and in the very nature of the situation he will find one of them unlocked. Each of the thirty-seven subjects behaved a part of the time in the type A manner. "This,' says the writer, 'is the most adequate possible type of classified reaction,' and he refers to it as the 'rational inference tendency.'

As regards their ability to react in the type A manner, the several species fell into the following order. The figures indicate the percentage of their trials which fell into this highest group. Human, 68.18; monkey, 18.41; dog, 13.35; horse, 8.00; cat, 7.69. These figures, which group all the animals of a species together, do not, however, give a correct understanding of the several individuals within the species; and the apparently clear-cut distinctions between species are shown to be false by the records of individuals. Thus, while the horse ranks above the cats when the latter are taken as a whole, the mature cats rank higher than the horse when they alone are considered. The monkeys as a group exceeded the whole group of dogs by almost three per cent; but the three best dogs, all pups under three months, averaged better than the three best monkeys by the margin of one per cent. The whole group of human beings, including the youngest and defectives, averaged higher than any group of lower animals, and the older human beings, individually, had better records than any single animal. On the other hand the two-year-old boy, whom the experimenter describes as 'very quick to form new associations' and whose intelligence he would not be likely to underestimate since he was his own son, fell below four of the monkeys and seven of the dogs in his ability to behave in the 'rational inference manner. One three-months-old pup of mixed breed - Boston terrier and English setter almost doubled the record of the boy as well as that of his own species. If, instead of taking the highest form of behavior as the measure of ability, one takes the poorest form, the E type, then the boy falls below the whole group of monkeys, the latter having an index of ability almost three times as great as the boy.

These facts offer rather formidable