from them the blessings of education; te accusion them to blows and stripes, hard labour, and wart. Even friendship among themseires was discouLtenanced, lest they should excite each other u rebellion. It was accourted an insuferate piece ĐẾ impudence for a slave to imitate a freemar in dress or behaviour. Even their hair was cut in a par ticular form to distinguish them from their masters: and the coat of a slave was only allowed u have one sleeve. They were denied the means of knowledge, and then reproached with being rude and ignorant; so that it was a phrase of reproach, come monly applied to a stupid person, “You are as ignorant as a slave." In spite, however, of these cruel efforts to crush the spirit of man, and Ittain it in servile ignorance, there were stine wi rose superior to their difficulties, and proved that nobility of soul and greatness of understanding are not confined to any rank or quality. Esp, the celebrated fabulist, Alcinan, the poet, and Epictetus, the famous moralist, were all Gremau slaves.

Slaves were neither permitted to plead for themselves, nor to be witnesses in my cause; yet, I they were suspected of being privy to any secret transaction, it was customary to extort ondession from them by torture; and, because these tortures were often so violent as to occasion the death of the slave, or disable him from being servicectie to his master, the party requiring a sure for this end was obliged to give security to the master, suficient to compensate for the loss of his sare. Thus, the suffering, dying slave, was not regarded as the injured party, but the master, from the loss of bas services.

Slaves were not permitted to join in the worship of some of their heathen temples, but were accounted unholy and profane, too mean to be admitted upon a level with free-born worshippers. Their worship, indeed, was to heathen gods, who could not bless or save, and we do not greatly wonder at the pride and oppression of their votaries; but, it is far more to be regretted, that similar feelings of haughty superiority have been suffered to exist among the professed worshippers of Him, who is no respecter of persons, and before whom there is no difference between Jew and Greek, barbarian, Scythian, bond, and free. Slaves were even restricted from some vices which were commonly practised by free men; these prohibitions were not on the ground of morality, but as a mark of degradation and inferiority. A citizen might commit. sins which were too dignified and genteel to be allowed to a slave.

A slave was not permitted to be called by any name that was in use among citizens, or by any name connected with what was at all considered great and noble. It was recommended to give slaves and dogs short names, that they might be the more quickly pronounced. Hence, if slaves by any means recovered their freedom, it was common to change their names for others that had more syllables, or an additional name was assumed in some way connected with the place, author, or circumstances of their liberation.

Above all things, especial care was taken that slaves should not bear arms; and this precaution was not without reason, since the number of slaves in Greece was nearly twenty times that of free citizens. The only wonder is, that they did not

upon the reheat. What I ES DIOS THE Sometimes der ven us makes. 14 punishment ir gan, bu nee

distinguish them. 1 as jet shout weer ber masters. Waking a mis vas i roninad kunag ment for sires. Tus ILMOIT was very

the present easy mechas en m known, and the grain was beau De

two heavy stones worked with the m

no doubt, usually performed av sare, DU. II # ordinary way, hoed by a fervant amg d

hands. The punishment, in all probability, consisted in being kept constantly to this excessive toil, and other cruelties were practised upon them to render it the more intolerable.

The slaves at Athens were treated with more humanity than in most other places. If grievously oppressed, they were allowed to flee for sanctuary to the Temple of Theseus, whence to force them was an act of sacrilege. If they had been barbarously treated, they might commence a suit against their masters; and, if it appeared that the complaint was reasonable and just, the master was obliged to sell his slave, and give him the chance of finding a better master. If injured by other persons, not their masters, slaves were allowed to proceed by a course of law. They were also allowed more freedom in conversation among themselves, and permitted to enjoy many of the ordinary pleasures of life; and, moreover, were solaced with the hope of one day regaining their liberty. They were permitted to acquire property and hold estates, only paying to their masters a small annual tribute; and if, by their industry and frugality, they acquired a sufficient sum to purchase their ransom, their masters had no power to hinder them from so doing. In some instances, the fidelity and diligence of the slave was rewarded by the generosity of the master in the free bestowment of liberty; and, on several occasions, when slaves by their courage and constancy rendered essential service to the state, they were uniformly rewarded with liberty, and generally advanced to considerable dignity and reputation; though such as obtained their liberty by purchase, or by favour of an indi

vidual, were rarely advanced a the rank sé uzavens, or, at best, had to entre much listke and 20– position.

Slavery at Carthage.-Cathare was a imens city of antiquity, the capital of Africa Proper, and for many years disputed with Rome the sovereengr of the world. It has been conjectured that the Carthaginians were one of the nations of Cazan, and that they fled at the conquest of Came by Jisimua, and colonized at Carthage. In process of time they became very powerful, and conquered a great part of Southern Europe, including Spain, where they enriched themselves with the produce of is mães of gold and silver. The labour employed in werking these mines was incredible. The reins of metal raneir appeared on the surface. They were to be secrit for and traced through frightful depths, where shen floods of water impeded the progress of the miners, and seemed to defeat all future pursuit ; but avarice is not easily disheartened, especially when the wil and suffering to be endured in parsuit of its golden idol can be imposed on others. Numberless maltitudes of slaves perished in these mines, which were dug to enrich their masters. Upwards of 40,000 were constantly employed: they were treated with the utmost barbarity; compelled, by heavy stripes, to labour, and allowed no respite day or night.

In most barbarous nations, the wretched slaves and their offspring were taken as substitutes in the idolatrous and cruel rites of their worship. This has already been alluded to among the castoms of Sparta (p. 30). The Carthaginians worshipped Saturn, or Moloch, a frightful brazen image, with its hands turned downwards over a fiery furnace. On stated occasions, and on particular

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