hope the people of England will be satisfied! I hope my country will do me justice!" His corpse, wrapped in his military cloak, was hastily buried by the officers of his staff on the ramparts of the citadel of Corunna; but the French, with a generous spirit of respect for a brave enemy, paid his funeral honours; their guns fired the salute over his grave, and Soult nobly raised a monument to his memory.

Napoleon had come up with the troops in pursuit of Moore at Benevente, where he was gratified by the sight of an English army in full retreat. In his hurried advance, he had been quartered at Tordesillas, in the exterior portion of the convent of Santa Clara, where Jane, the insane mother of Charles V. had died. The abbess, an aged lady of seventy, was presented to the Emperor, who, in spite of his excessive haste, and the anxieties of impending events, received her with respect, listened to her conversation, and granted several requests.

It was expected that Napoleon would immediately return to Madrid, and prosecute the plans from which the pursuit of Moore had diverted him; but to the astonishment of all the world, he turned his face not towards Madrid but Paris, travelling with headlong speed, riding on posthorses, and on one occasion seventy-five miles in five hours and a half. He reached Paris on the 23rd of January. The cause of this sudden journey was a sufficient one, and soon transpired; the warlike preparations of Austria no longer left a doubt that the Emperor Francis was on the eve of breaking the treaty of Presburg.

Napoleon had left to Joseph and his generals the task of finishing the subjugation of the Peninsula, but the absence of the master-spirit raised the hopes of the Spaniards, and encouraged England to fresh efforts. For a time, however, the French continued to gain important successes. Ferrol and Vigo were taken by Soult in January. Saragossa fell on the 21st of February, after a resistance of eight months: during the last twenty days, the enemy were in the city, and the desperate defence was carried on with rage and despair from house to house, by men, women, and even children. When, at length, Marshal Lannes found himself master of Saragossa, it was no longer a city of the living, but of the dead. Forty thousand victims had there been immolated; and the putrid corpses which choked every avenue, had already begun to add the ravages of pestilence to those of war. It is due to the memory of

Lannes to add that the most strenuous efforts to save the survivors, immediately followed the horrors of the attack.

The victories of Vels, Ciudad-Reale, and Medelina, gave the French arms further advantages, and the expedition of Soult into Portugal was crowned by the success of his arms at Lanhozo, and by the surrender of Oporto on the 29th of March.

ADVANCE OF THE AUSTRIANS-NAPOLEON PLACES HIMSELF AT THE HEAD OF HIS ARMYBATTLES OF ABENSBERG AND ECKMUHL-RATISBON TAKEN-BOMBARDMENT AND CAPITULATION OF VIENNA-NAPOLEON TAKES POSSESSION OF THE PAPAL TERRITORY-WAR IN ITALY, POLAND, GERMANY, AND THE TYROL-PASSAGE OF THE DANUBE-BATTLE OF ESSLING DEATH OF LANNES-THE FRENCH ARMY ENTRENCHED IN THE ISLAND OF LOBAU.

THE Archduke Charles crossed the Inn and invaded Bavaria on the 9th of April, 1809, at the head of one hundred and eighty thousand men. At the same time, the Archduke Ferdinand was stationed in Gallicia with thirty thousand men; and the Archduke John, with an army, eighty thousand strong, penetrated into Italy, by the passes of Carinthia and Carniola. No justification of this shameless breach of national faith was so much as attempted; nor do the historical admirers of legitimate governments offer any. Scott, in particular, on this occasion, most deliberately avows the unprincipled mode of action pursued by all the states of Europe in their dealings with France. "Their military disasters," says he, "often prevented their being able to keep the flag of defiance flying; but the cessions which they were compelled to make at the moment of defeat, only exaspe

rated their feelings of resentment, and made them watch more eagerly for the period when their own increasing strength, and the weakness of the common enemy, might enable them to resume the struggle. The question for Austria to consider, was not the justice of the war, but its expediency; not her right of resisting, but practically whether she had the means of effectual opposition. An opportunity now presented itself which seemed in the highest degree tempting. Bonaparte was absent in Spain, engaged in a distant conquest, in which, besides the general unpopularity of his cause, obstacles had arisen which were strangers to any previous part of his history, and resistance had been offered of a nature so serious, as to shake the opinion hitherto entertained of his invincibility."

Napoleon was on his way to the frontiers a few hours after the telegraphic dispatch announced the invasion of Bavaria. He reached Strasburg on the 16th, at four in the morning, accompanied by Josephine, whom he left there; and he then proceeded onwards to Dillingen, where he met the King of Bavaria, who had been compelled to retire from Munich with all his family. Josephine remained some time at Strasburg, anxiously watching the progress of a campaign the termination of which was destined to bring about events fraught with melancholy importance to herself.

The army which Napoleon commanded was considerably inferior in numbers to the immense masses of Austria; besides which, on his hurried arrival at the seat of war, he found his forces unskilfully disposed, through an error originating with Berthier. His army extended in a long line from Augsburg to Ratisbon, presenting to the enemy a weak centre, through which they might have penetrated with ease, and divided his force. He immediately stationed himself in this point of danger, at the head of the Bavarians, and the troops of the Confederation of the Rhine, and sent exact and urgent orders to Massena and Davoust, commanding the two wings of the army to advance by a lateral movement towards their common centre, by forced marches, with vigilance and speed. The order for these daring movements was given on the 17th of April. On the 20th, when, according to his calculations, the necessary time for effecting them had elapsed, Napoleon made a sudden assault on two Austrian divisions at Abensberg, com manded by General Hiller, and the Archduke Louis. In the middle of the battle, Davoust appeared on the right flank of the Austrians; and, almost at the same moment, Massena attacked their rear, broke their line, and threw them into disorder. They were totally defeated, with the loss of eight thousand men. Napoleon afterwards spoke of this manœuvre as one of the finest of his conceptions in the art of war. A more striking example could scarcely be found of the confidence of

Napoleon in his power of making successful combinations of masses, at various distances, so as to bring them to act consecutively, or at the same time, upon a given spot; since he had thus commenced a battle when his two wings were not in sight, yet upon the arrival of which within a brief space the good result depended. He followed up his victory the next day at Landshut, where the fugitives lost nine thousand prisoners and thirty pieces of cannon, besides ammunition and baggage.

The Archduke Charles had meanwhile concentrated his principal army, consisting of one hundred thousand men, at Eckmühl. On the 22nd, he was attacked by Napoleon with his whole force. The French army advanced in divisions by different routes, and appeared on the field with the regularity of the movements in a game of chess. The Austrians were driven from all their positions, and retreated in disorder, leaving all their wounded, great part of the artillery, fifteen stand of colours, and twenty thousand men, in the power of the French.

The archduke attempted to cover the retreat of his army by defending Ratisbon. The ancient city was stormed by the pursuing French. A breach was quickly effected in the walls; but the Austrians, crowding to the point of danger, poured so deadly a fire upon the assailants, that

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