wall of the garrifon. Here bones are found that are apparently human; and thofe of them that appear to be of the legs, arms, and vertebræ of the back, are scattered among others, of various kinds and fizes, even down to the fmallest bones of fmall birds. I found here the complete jaw-bone of a fheep; it contained its full complement of teeth, the enamel of which was perfect, and its whitenefs and luftre in no degree impaired. In the hollow parts of fome of the large bones was contained a minute cryftallifation of pure and colourleis calcareous fpar; but, in moft, the interior part confifted of a iparry cruft of a reddifh colour, fcarcely in any degree tranfparent. "At the northern extremity of the mountain, the concretion is generally found in perpendicular fiffures. The miners there, employed upon the fortifications, in excavating one of thofe fiffures, found, at a great depth from the furface, two ikulls, which were fuppofed to be human; but, to me, one of them, if not both, appeared to be too small for the human fpecies. The bone of each was perfectly firm and folid; from which it is to be prefumed, that they were in a ftate of maturity before they were inclofed in the concretion. Had they appertained to very young children, perhaps the bone would have been more porous, and of a lefs firm texture. The probability is, that they belonged to a fpecies of monkey, which ftill continues to inhabit, in confiderable numbers, thofe parts of the rock which are to us inacceffible. "This concretion varies, in its compofition, according to the fituation in which it is found. At the extremity of Prince's Lines, high in the rock which looks towards Spain, it is found to confift only of a reddifh calcareous earth, and the bones of fmall birds cemented thereby. The rock around this fpot is inhabited by a number of hawks, that, in the breeding feafon, neftle here, and rear their young; the bones in this concretion are probably the remains of the food of thofe birds. At the bafe of the rock, below King's Lines, the concretion confifts of pebbles of the prevailing calcareous rock. In this concretion, at a very confiderable depth under the furface, was found the under part of a glafs bottle, uncommonly fhaped, and of great thickness; the colour of the glafs was of a dark green. "In many parts of the rock I have found concretions, in which there are no bones of any kind; and on the elevated parts of the mountain, where the flopes are rapid, I have found a breccia (if I may fo call it), entirely confifting of fnail-fhells, combined in a mals of opaque ftalactitical fpar of a yellowish brown colour. The various progreffive augmentations of this matter were to be traced in various fhades of the fame colour, which, like the zones of the antique alabafter, curve round, and follow the form of the fhell. The purer matter of this fpar has penetrated the shells, and in their interior hollows has formed a lining of fmall cryftals, generally colourless and perfectly transparent. "I have bestowed more time in endeavouring to defcribe the compofition, and the real fituation, of this concretion of bones, than the fubject, in the estimation of many, will feem to deferve, and indeed more than it deferves in my own opinion; but where an erroneous opinion has obtained a footing, in confequence of inaccurate obfervations and partial defcription, it is the duty of every new observer to endeavour to correct it. ANTI 1 ANTIQUITIES. ESSAY on the TOPOGRAPHY of the ILIAD *, by Profeffor HEYNE, of Gottingen, Aulic Counsellor to His BRITANNIC MAJESTY, &C. [From the fourth Volume of the TRANSACTIONS of the ROYAL SOCIETY of EDINBURGH.] "F OR nine years had the war between the Greeks and Trojans been carried on. The former now lay encamped in the neighbourhood of Troy, when the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon occafioned a divifion in the army. "Agamemnon, to convince Achilles that, even without his affiftance, victory might be obtained, caufes the army to march out of the camp, and advance towards the city. Hitherto the Trojans had kept clofe within their walls, following the advice of their old men f, who faw plainly, that, if a fiege fhould actually take place, the Greeks could make little impreffion on the town: for the first rudiments of the arts of attack were then hardly known. Encouraged, however, it should feem, by intelligence of the divifion in the Grecian army, the Trojans quitted the city, and met the Greeks in the field;-a new gratification to the proud fpirit The prefent effay follows out the train of ideas, fuggefted in a paper read before the Royal Society of Sciences at Gottingen, De acie Homericâ, et oppugnatione a Trojanis fa, in the year 1783, published in the fixth volume of their Tranfactions. All the difquifitions, there introduced, refpecting the origin of military tactics, the manner of drawing up an army, and giving battle, and the art of fortifying and attacking a poft, as defcribed in the Iliad, are here omitted; many topics, on the other hand, are now corrected and enlarged. That effay was my first on the topography of the Iliad; a fubject involved in fo much difficulty. I allowed myself then to be mifted by respect for Pope and Wood, fo far as to renounce my own ideas, and to mould, according to the reprefentations of thefe gentlemen, the views I had drawn from Homer himfelf. I foon found, however, that I had trufted to bad guides, and at once refolved, laying afide all fecondary aids, to attempt, from the defcriptions given in the poem itself, a sketch of the topography of the Iliad, fuch as Homer exhibits it. This effay I now prefent to the public. I had for a long time thrown it afide, when its coincidence with the information collected by M. Chevalier on the subject, induced me to revife it, and now inclines me to submit it, for further inveftigation, to the friends of the poet. Amendment after this will be an easy task." "Iliad, XV. 721, &c. The fage Polydamas, afterwards, likewife, when the defign of an attack upon the camp feemed likely to mifgive, gave his advice rather to retire again within the city, and take refuge, as formerly, behind the walls. But the rash Hector would not confent (XVIII. 266. &c.). Unquestionably the long fiege mut have proved extremely haraffing. The provisions, as well as the treafure, of Priam ware exhausted, as Hector himself urges. (Ibid., 288.) H. of of Achilles, that now, for the first time, when it was known he was not with the army, the Trojans hould venture out into the plain. *. "The two armies met. Four principal battles are defcribed in the Iliad. The first (the subject of our present investigation), on the plain between the camp and the city (II. IV. 422., VI. 306.); the fecond, when the Greeks were driven back to their camp, (Iliad, VIII. 55—213):-the third, which extends not only to the flight of the Grecians into their camp, but likewife to the ftorming of the camp itfelf by the Trojans, who break in and fet fire to a fhip, till at length they are repulfed, and pursued almost to the city by Patroclus. Here Patroclus falls; and the Greeks put to fight are once more driven back to their camp. (Iliad, XI-XVIII.) In the fourth battle, Achilles beats back the Trojans again to the city, and crowns his victory by the fall of Hector. "No lively idea can be formed, either of thefe battles, or of the ftorming of the camp, without fome general conception of the environs of Troy. "From Mount Ida, run two hilly ridges from the east down to the fea, where two promontories bound a jutting beach. The promontory on the north is Rheteum; that on the fouth Sigeum. Within these two ridges lies a plain, floping down to the fhore, and inclofed within their femicircular compafs. (Strabo, XVIII. p. 892. B.) In this plain run two rivers: on the north fide the Simoïs; on the fouth the Scamander, called also the Xanthus. The latter now difcharges itself into the fea to the fouth, below Sigeum, but formerly, before approaching the fhore, it must have united with the Simoïs, fo that both rivers had a common outlet into the fea, above or to the north of Sigeum. This embouchure was furrounded with many marfhes, and hence was called Stomalimné; a name which occurs but once in Homer, in an interpolated paffage. (Iliad, VI. 4.) The exact fituation is laid down by Strabo (XIII. p. 8o. A. Pliny, V. 20. 33.†). “The Grecian fleet was drawn on fhore at a place between the two promontories. The distance betwixt the two, according to Strabo (p. 890. B. 891. A.), was 60 stadia (about two German or nine English miles), in a direct courie by fea. The curvature of the land, however, would increafe the diftance in keeping along the fhore ‡. "It is generally fuppofed, that the Grecian camp extended from cape to cape. This notion involves very confiderable difficulty. Had it done fo, the camp muft have reached beyond the Simoïs, and the marshes on both fides of it; a circumftance by no means probable, particularly as the ftream is fo apt to overflow; and not the smallest trace occurs in Homer, either of the river running through the camp, Once only Hector had ventured beyond the Scean gate, as far as the beech tree; but on that occafion he with difficulty efcaped from Achilles." "Of all thefe places, the charts of Pope and Wood give very different views; that of M. Chevalier, however, accords exactly with what is faid by Strabo and Pliny." "D'Anville, in his defcription of the Hellefpont, (Memoires de l'Académie des Inferiptions, tom. XXIV. p. 329.) allows only half the diftance; M. Chevalier does the fame (ch. VIII.), on the authority of the paffage in Pliny (v. 33.), where the distance is reckoned from anteum. Still, however, it is a contefied point, what part of the coaft muft properly be regarded as Rheteum. (I. IX. 952, &c.) H. or er of the left wing being ftationed beyond the river. When Homer, therefore, fays, that the fhips occupied the whole fhore between the two promontories, he probably fpeaks in a poetical style, to convey a magnificent idea; and it is more likely that the camp only ftretched on both fides towards the promontories Rheteum and Sigeum, and that on the north-east it extended to the Simoïs. "Within this fpace were the fhips of the Greeks hawled up on the land, at a confiderable diftance from the fhore, with their fterns towards the land, and arranged in feveral rows t. The rows, however, must have been drawn backwards according to the oblique direction of the whole camp from the north towards Sigeum. Behind the foremost row of the fhips the troops were encamped, fo that the fhips themselves must have ferved for a kind of rampart, as is plain from a comparison of different paffages . In the rear of the left wing must have been the marshes called Stomalimné. Strabo affligns particular names to feveral parts of the coaft, though he has not put them down in geographical order . As only one part of the coaft bears the name of Station of the fleet, it may perhaps be inferred from this, that the Grecian camp occupied only a part of the beach. "The fhips ftood in the order in which they had been drawn afhore. The veffels of Protefiläus, accordingly, occupied the foremost place; and next to them were the fhips of Ajax, the fon of Telamon. (Iliad, XIII. 681. XV. 706, &c.) Ajax was ftationed towards Rheteum, confequently on the left wing of the camp; Achilles, with his Myrmidons, on the right towards Sigeum §. In regard to the two extremities there is no doubt; but the arrangement in the intermediate fpace cannot be fo exactly afcertained; unlefs, perhaps, thus far: Near to Ajax, and farther to the right, lay Idomeneus, with the Cretans (Iliad, X. 112.); beside him Neftor, with his Pylians; then followed Meneftheus, with the Athenians; next to him was Ulyffes; near to whom were ftationed the Argives, Myceneans, and Lacedæ "ILIAD, XIV. 35.καὶ πλᾶσαν ἀπάσης Ηϊόνος στόμα μακρὸν, όσον συνείςγαθον ἄκραι. "He does not exprefsly name either Sigeum or Rheteum; on the contrary, he always places the camp on the Hellefpont, in the more extenfive fignification of that term, as meaning the northern part of the gean Sea." "The hips are therefore faid to have flood пpóngorai, (XIV. 35.) parallel and behind one another, like the steps of a ladder. This is the meaning we learn from Herodotus, (VII. 183.)" "Iliad, XV.653, &c. 408. 426. XIV, 34." "Strabo (XIII. 990. A.). After Rhateum follows Sigeum, a town in ruins, then the station of the fleet, (To Naura), and the harbour of the Greeks, ( Axav ,) and the Grecian camp (To Axaïniv orgarówɛdov,) and Stomalimné, and the mouth of the Scamander (viz. of the Scamander united with the Simois), then the promontory of Sigeum.' Compare Mela, I. 19. Pliny, V. 50.33." "§ Iliad, XI, ad init. It is true that in XVII. 492. it is faid, that the horses of Achilles would not return without Patroclus to the Hellefpont, å↓ inì ñas ini adatùy 'Exahsmove. But this whole northern arm of the Ægean Sea, before the entrance of the ftrait, is more than once called the Hellefpont. (Iliad, XVIII. 150. XXIV. 346.. Odyff. XXIV. 82. alfo Iliad, VII. 86. XII. 30. XV. 233 XXIII. 2.) And hence muft be derived the explanation of the epithets harus and dreigas, which do not feem well applied to the proper Hellefpont; though, Indced, broad and narrow are relative terms."monians; |