- CHAPTER XIII. 66 - No PAGE Meaning of the term "crag "—Where these beds are found— CHAPTER XIV. THE STORY OF A BOULDER. Its restless life-The Glacial period-Extent of Glacial de- PAGE 238-253 The last of the race-Incompleteness of the story-Gravel- pits, and where-Valley or river gravels-How formed— River terraces-Difference in age of gravels-How detected -Peculiar appearance of pebbles in valley gravels-Heights of former river levels-Evidences of rigorous climate— Valleys scooped out-Evidences of man's first appearance— Flint implements in river or valley gravels-Proofs of their human workmanship-The antiquity of man-Identity of pattern in flint implements-Palæolithic types of ditto-con- temporaries of primitive man-The Mammoth-Woolly-haired Rhinoceros, &c.-Why human bones not found with flint implements-Roman and Saxon cemeteries-Percolation of running water-Teeth and tusks most enduring-Stalag- mite in limestones-How it preserves fossils - Human bones under ditto Kent's Cavern-Evidence of human habitation of ditto-The "Reindeer" period-Bone caves in Southern France-Artistic attempts-The Neolithic period. - How distinguished - Stone weapons - Distribution of Neolithic and Palæolithic implements-The Lake Dwellings APPENDIX, giving Table of Rock Strata in British Islands-Ex- "We turned, we wound About the cliffs, the copses, out and in, Hammering and clinking, chattering stony names Grew broader towards his death, and fell, and all TENNYSON'S Princess. HERE are few rock substances on the surface of the globe which have received more discussion and been more investi gated than myself. I am somewhat proud of the attention I have received in this respect, for most of the leading geologists of every country, during the last century, have devoted themselves to the task of seeking out my antecedents. I am acquainted with a whole library of books, all most learnedly written, and various of them proving the reverse of the other, which have been penned on this inexhaustible subject. Even yet the question can hardly be regarded as finally settled. Every now B and then some moot point or another crops up to engage the attention of philosophers, but, thanks to the progress of other sciences, the investigation of these is no longer confined to verbal expressions. It is not a little amusing to remember the hot discussions which were held over me at the beginning of the present century. Philosophers though they professed to be, the disputants resembled political squabblers more than anything else. One set declared I was born amid fire; the other that I was of purely watery origin. Each party believed in their own ipse dixit, and, as nothing could be absolutely proved, backed their own opinions by personalities. Somehow or other the former sect, who were called Plutonists, got the better of the latter, who were termed Neptunists. (The origin of these phrases my listeners will not find it difficult to understand.) But my Plutonic commentators carried their victory too far. Not content with proving that I was not a mere aqueous rock, they proceeded to declare I was nothing more nor less than one which had cooled down from a fused condition, something like iron slag; nay, it was even urged that I was older than any other rock, and the theorists mapped out an idea which existed for many years afterwards, chiefly owing to its remarkable novelty-showing how the whole universe was formerly one great cosmical fog; that this diffused matter was condensed into suns, planets, and satellites, each of which existed for ages in a molten condition, owing |