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THE SENATE OF LILLIPUT

It appears that he was now enlisted by Mr. Cave, as a regular coadjutor in his magazine, by which he probably obtained a tolerable livelihood. At what time or by what means, he had acquired a competent knowledge both of French and Italian, I do not know; but he was so well skilled in them, as to be sufficiently qualified for a translator. That part of his labour which consisted in emendation and improvement of the productions of other contributors, like that employed in levelling ground, can be perceived only by those who had an opportunity of comparing the original with the altered copy. What we certainly know to have been done by him in this way, was the Debates in both Houses of Parliament, under the name of "The Senate of Lilliput, ," sometimes with feigned denominations of the several speakers, sometimes with denominations formed of the letters of their real names, in the manner of what is called anagram, so that they might easily be deciphered. Parliament then kept the press in a kind of mysterious awe, which made it necessary to have recourse to such devices. In our time it has acquired an unrestrained freedom, so that the people in all parts of the kingdom have a fair, open, and exact report of the actual proceedings of their representatives and legislators, which in our constitution is highly to be valued; though, unquestionably, there has of late been too much reason to complain of the petulance with which obscure scribblers have presumed to treat men of the most respectable character and situation.

This important article of the "Gentleman's Magazine" was, for several years, executed by Mr. William Guthrie, a man

Where solemn themes in fuller splendour shine, (Delightful mixture,) blended with the gay, Where in improving, various joys we find, A welcome respite to the wearied mind.

Thus when the nymphs in some fair verdant mead,

Of various flow'rs a beauteous wreath compose,
The lovely violet's azure-painted head
Adds lustre to the crimson-blushing rose,
This splendid Iris, with her varied dye,

sa es

in the æther, and adorns the sky. -BRITON." B.

35

who deserves to be respectably recorded in the literary annals of this country. He was descended of an ancient family in Scotland; but having a small patrimony, and being an adherent of the unfortunate House of Stuart, he could not accept of any office in the state; he therefore came to London, and employed his talents and learning as an "Author by profession." His writings in history, criticism, and politics, had considerable merit.1 He. was the first English historian who had recourse to that authentic source of information, the Parliamentary Journals; and such was the power of his political pen, that, at an early period, government thought it worth their while to keep it quiet by a pension, which he enjoyed till his death. Johnson esteemed him enough to wish that his life should be written. The debates in Parliament, which were brought home and digested by Guthrie, whose memory, though surpassed by others who have since followed him in the same department, was yet very quick and tenacious, were sent by Cave to Johnson for his revision; and after some time, when Guthrie had attained to greater variety of employment, and the speeches were more and more enriched by the accession of Johnson's genius, it was resolved that he should do the whole himself, from the scanty notes furnished by persons employed to attend in both Houses of Parliament. Sometimes, however, as he himself told me, he had nothing more communicated to him than the names of the several speakers, and the part which they had taken in the debate.

Thus was Johnson employed during some of the best years of his life, as a mere literary labourer "for gain not glory," solely to obtain an honest

1 How much poetry he wrote, I know not: but he informed me that he was the author of the beautiful little piece, "The Eagle and Robin Redbreast," in the collection of poems entitled, The Union, though it is there said to be written by Archibald Scott, before the year 1600. B. Peter Cunningham told Croker that he had seen a letter of Jos. Warton's declaring the poem to have been written by his brother Tom who edited the volume. For many years Guthrie received a regular pension from the ministry of 200: see D'Israeli's Calamities and Quarrels of Authors, i. 5.

support. He, however, indulged himself in occasional little sallies, which the French so happily express by the term jeux d'esprit, and which will be noticed in their order, in the progress of this work.

But what first displayed his transcendent powers, and "gave the world assurance of the MAN," was his "London, a poem

in Imitation of the Third Satire of Juve

nal"; which came out in May this year, and burst forth with splendour, the rays of which will for ever encircle his name. Boileau had imitated the same satire with great success, applying it to Paris; but an attentive comparison will satisfy every reader, that he is much excelled by the English Juvenal. Oldham 1 had also imitated it, and applied it to London : all which performances concur to prove, that great cities in every age, and in every country, will furnish similar topics of satire. Whether Johnson had previously

read Oldham's imitation, I do not know ; but it is not a little remarkable, that there is scarcely any coincidence found between the two performances, though upon the very same subject. The only instances are, in describing London as the sink of foreign worthlessness:

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"No calling or profession comes amiss, A needy monsieur can be what he please." -OLDHAM.

"All sciences a fasting monsieur knows." -JOHNSON.

The particulars which Oldham has collected, both as exhibiting the horrors of London, and of the times, contrasted with better days, are different from those of Johnson, and in general well chosen and well exprest.2

1 John Oldham (1653-1683), known as the English Juvenal for his satires against the Jesuits.

2 I own it pleased me to find amongst them one trait of the manners of the age in London, in the last century, to shield from the sneer of English ridicule, what was some time ago too

There are in Oldham's imitation, many prosaic verses and bad rhymes, and his poem sets out with a strange inadvertent blunder :

"Tho' much concern'd to leave my dear old friend,

I must, however, his design commend
Of fixing in the country-——.”

his friend; his friend was going to leave
this with good critical sagacity, to
him. A young lady at once corrected

It is plain he was not going to leave

"Though much concern'd to lose my dear old friend.'

There is one passage in the original, better transfused by Oldham than by Johnson:

"Nil habet infelix paupertas durius in se,

Quam quod ridiculos homines facit."-v. 152.

which is an exquisite remark on the galling meanness and contempt annexed to poverty: JOHNSON'S imitation is :

"Of all the griefs that harass the distrest, Sure the most bitter is a scornful jest." OLDHAM's, though less elegant, is more just:

"Nothing in poverty so ill is borne,
As its exposing men to grinning scorn.'

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Where, or in what manner, this poem was composed, I am sorry that I neglected to ascertain with precision, from Johnson's own authority. He has marked upon his corrected copy of the first edition of it, "Written in 1738;" and, as it was published in the month of May in that year, it is evident that much time was not employed in preparing it for the press. The history of its publication I am enabled to give in a very satisfactory manner; and judging from myself, and many of my friends, I trust that it will not be uninteresting to my readers.

We may be certain, though it is not

common a practice in my native city of Edinburgh!

"If what I've said can't from the town affright,
Consider other dangers of the night;
When brickbats are from upper stories thrown,
And emptied chamberpots come pouring own
From garret windows." B.

PUBLICATION OF "LONDON”

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"WHEN I took the liberty of writing to you a few days ago, I did not expect a repetition of the same pleasure so soon; for a pleasure I shall always think it, to converse in any manner with an ingenious and candid man; but having the inclosed poem in my hands to dispose of for the benefit of the author, (of whose abilities I shall say nothing, since I send you his performance,) I believed I could not procure more advantageous terms from any person than from you, who have so much distinguished yourself by your generous encouragement of poetry; and whose judgment of that art nothing but your commendation of my trifle 1 can give me any occasion to call in question. I do not doubt but you will look over this poem with another eye, and reward it in a different manner, from a mercenary bookseller, who counts the lines he is to purchase, and considers nothing but the bulk. I cannot help taking notice, that, besides what the author may hope for on account of his abilities, he has likewise another claim to your regard, as he lies at present under very disadvantageous circumstances of fortune. I beg, therefore, that you will favour me with a letter to-morrow, that I may know what you can afford to allow him, that he may either part with it to you, or find out (which I do not expect), some other way more to his satisfaction.

"I have only to add, that as I am sensible I have transcribed it very coarsely, which, after having altered it, I was obliged to do, I will, if you please to transmit the sheets from the press, correct it for you; and take the trouble of altering any stroke of satire which you may dislike.

By exerting on this occasion your usual generosity, you will not only encourage learning, and relieve distress, but (though it be in comparison of the other motives of very small account) oblige in a very sensible manner, Sir, your very humble servant,

"SIR,

you

"SAM. JOHNSON."

"TO MR. CAVE. "Monday, No. 6, Castle-street.

If

"I AM to return you thanks for the present you were so kind as to send by me, and to intreat that will be pleased to inform me by the pennypost, whether you resolve to print the poem. you please to send it me by the post, with a note to Dodsley, I will go and read the lines to him, that we may have his consent to put his name in the title-page. As to the printing, if it can be set immediately about, will be so much the author's friend, as not to content myself with mere

1 His Ode Ad Urbanum, probably. (N.) B.

37

I propose, if my

solicitations in his favour.
calculation be near the truth, to engage for the
reimbursement of all that you shall lose by an
impression of 500; provided, as you very gene-
rously propose, that the profit, if any, be set aside
for the author's use, excepting the present you
made, which, if he be a gainer, it is fit he should
repay. I beg that you will let one of your ser-
vants write an exact account of the expense of
that I may know what I engage for.. I am very
such an impression, and send it with the poem,
sensible, from your generosity on this occasion,
of your regard to learning, even in its unhappiest
deserving of the gratitude of those who suffer so
state; and cannot but think such a temper
often from a contrary disposition.

"I am, Sir, your most humble servant,
"SAM. JOHNSON." 2

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"I WAITED on you to take the copy to Dodsley's as I remember the number of lines which it contains, it will be no longer than Eugenio,' 3 with the quotations, which must be subjoined at the bottom of the page; part of the allowed it) consisting in adapting Juvenal's beauty of the performance (if any beauty be sentiments to modern facts and persons. It will, with those additions, very conveniently make five sheets. And since the expense will be no more, I shall contentedly insure it, as I mentioned I beg it may be sent me by the penny-post, that my last. If it be not therefore gone to Dodsley's, I may have it in the evening. I have composed a Greek Epigram to Eliza, and think she ought to be celebrated in as many different languages you will begin upon the poem, for it is a long way as Lewis le Grand. Pray send me word when I would leave my Epigram, but have not day-light to transcribe it.

in

to walk.

I am, Sir, "Yours, &c. "SAM. JOHNSON."

2 Dr. Hill tells us that the original letter contains an additional paragraph,-"I beg that you will not delay your answer.'

3 A poem, published in 1737, of which see an account under April 30, 1773. B.

4 Mrs. Elizabeth Carter (1717-1806), daughter of Dr. Nicholas Carter, was one of the most learned of her sex. She was mistress of many languages, ancient and modern, and occasionally condescended to poetry, in which she was not so well versed. Her most remarkable performance was a translation of the Discourses of Epictetus, of which George Long, in the preface to his translation, has said that probably no Englishman could have bettered it at the time. erudition did not prevent her from being an agreeable companion and a sensible woman. Johnson (says Hawkins) hearing a lady once praised for her learning, observed: "A man is in general better pleased when he has a good dinner upon his table, than when his wife talks Greek. My old friend Mrs. Carter could make a pudding as well as translate Epictetus."

Her

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"I AM extremely obliged by your kind letter, and will not fail to attend you to-morrow with IRENE, who looks upon you as one of her best friends.

"I was to-day with Mr. Dodsley, who declares very warmly in favour of the paper you sent him, which he desires to have a share in, it being, as he says, a creditable thing to be concerned in. I knew not what answer to make till I had consulted you, nor what to demand on the author's part, but am very willing that, if you please, he should have a part in it, as he will undoubtedly be more diligent to disperse and promote it. If you can send me word to-morrow what I shall say to him, I will settle matters, and bring the poem with me for the press, which, as the town empties, we cannot be too quick with. I am, Sir,

"Yours, &c.

"SAM. JOHNSON."

To us who have long known the manly force, bold spirit, and masterly versification of this poem, it is a matter of curiosity to observe the diffidence with which its author brought it forward into public notice, while he is so cautious as not to avow it to be his own production; and with what humility he offers to allow the printer to "alter any stroke of satire which he might dislike." That any such alteration was made, we do not know. If we did, we could not but feel an indignant regret; but how painful is it to see that a writer of such vigorous powers of mind was actually in such distress, that the small profit which so short a poem, however excellent, could yield, was courted as a "relief."

It has been generally said, I know not with what truth, that Johnson offered his "London" to several booksellers, none of whom would purchase it. To this circumstance Mr. Derrick 1 alludes in the following lines of his " 'Fortune, a Rhapsody:

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Will no kind patron JOHNSON Own?
Shall JOHNSON friendless range the town?
And every publisher refuse

The offspring of his happy Muse?"

1 Samuel Derrick, an Irishman (1724-69), was apprenticed to a linen-draper, which useful business he abandoned for the stage, and the stage very soon for literature. He succeeded Beau Nash as Master of the Ceremonies at Bath, where he was more in his element, but his loose and extravagant life kept him always in want.

But we have seen that the worthy, modest, and ingenious Mr. Robert Dodsley had taste enough to perceive its uncommon merit, and thought it creditable to have a share in it. The fact is, that, at a future conference, he bargained for the whole property of it, for which he gave Johnson ten guineas; who told me, "I might perhaps have accepted of less; but that Paul Whitehead had a little before got ten guineas for a poem ; and I would not take less than Paul Whitehead."

I may here observe, that Johnson appeared to me to undervalue Paul Whitehead upon every occasion when he was mentioned, and, in my opinion, did not do him justice; but when it is considered that Paul Whitehead was a member of a riotous and profane club, we may account for Johnson's having a prejudice against him. Paul Whitehead was, indeed, unfortunate in being not only slighted by Johnson, but violently attacked by Churchill, who utters the following imprecation:

May I (can worse disgrace on manhood fall?) Be born a Whitehead, and baptized a Paul!" yet I shall never be persuaded to think meanly of the author of so brilliant and pointed a satire as "Manners."

Johnson's "London" was published in May, 1738; 3 and it is remarkable, that it

2 The Monks of Medmenham Abbey, a society of dissipated men of fashion who dubbed themselves Franciscans after their leader Sir Francis Dashwood. Their Rabelaisian motto, Fay ce que vous voudras, may still be seen over the doorway of the picturesque ruins on the banks

of the Thames between Henley and Marlow. Lord Sandwich and Wilkes were both members of this precious crew. See Almon's Life of Wilkes and Sir George Trevelyan's Early History of

Fox.

3 Sir John Hawkins, p. 86, tells us, "The event is antedated, in the poem of London:' but in every particular, except the difference of a year, what is there said of the departure of Thales, must be understood of Savage, and looked upon as true history." This conjecture is, I believe, entirely groundless. I have been assured that Johnson said he was not so much as acquainted with Savage, when he wrote his London. the departure mentioned in it was the departure of Savage, the event was not antedated but foreseen; for London was published in May, 1738, and Savage did not set out for Wales till July, 1739. However well Johnson could defend the credibility of second sight, he did not pretend

If

RECEPTION OF THE POEM

39

become cold and callous, and discontented with the world, from the neglect which he experienced of his public and private worth, by those in whose power it was to gratify so gallant a veteran with marks of distinction. This extraordinary person was as remarkable for his learning and taste, as for his other eminent qualities; and no man was more prompt, active, and generous, in encouraging merit. I have heard Johnson gratefully acknowledge, in his presence, the kind and effectual support which he gave to his ""London," though unacquainted with its author.

came out on the same morning with Pope's
satire, entitled "1738"; so that England
had at once its Juvenal and Horace as
poetical monitors. The Reverend Dr.
Douglas, now Bishop of Salisbury,1 to
whom I am indebted for some obliging
communications, was then a student at
Oxford, and remembers well the effect
which "London" produced. Every body
was delighted with it; and there being
no name to it, the first buzz of the literary
circles was, 66
Here is an unknown poet,
greater even than Pope.' And it is re-
corded in the "Gentleman's Magazine
of that year, that it "got to the second
edition in the course of a week."

2

3

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One of the warmest patrons of this poem on its first appearance was General Oglethorpe, whose "strong benevolence of soul" was unabated during the course of a very long life; though it is painful to think, that he had but too much reason to

that he himself was possessed of that faculty. B. Dr. Hill, however, gives good reasons for believing Boswell to have been mistaken. 1 Dr. Douglas (1721-1807), the son of a Scottish merchant, was educated at Oxford, appointed chaplain to the Third regiment of Footguards, and was present with them at Fontenoy. He was afterwards tutor to Lord Bath's eldest son. He published many books, theological and others, including editions of Clarendon's History and Cook's Voyages. In 1787 he was made Bishop of Carlisle and in 1791 translated to the See of Salisbury.

2 Page 269. B.

3 "One, driven by strong benevolence of soul, Shall fly, like Oglethorpe, from pole to pole."

Pope's Imitations of Horace, ii. 2, 276. James Edward Oglethorpe (1698-1735) was educated at Oxford, served under Prince Eugene against the Turks, and had a command in the rebellion of 1745, where he was considered to have been rather too lenient to the enemy. His conduct was the subject of an inquiry, and though he was acquitted, he was never afterwards employed, He sat for several Parliaments, where he acquired the reputation of a Jacobite. The quotation refers to his exertions in the reform of our prisons and the colonization of the province of Georgia, where he spent ten years. His wisdom does not seem to have been always equal to his philanthropy. Horace Walpole (Letters viii. 548) thus describes him in his eighty-seventh year: "His eyes, ears, articulation, limbs, and memory would suit a boy, if a boy could recollect a century backwards. His teeth are gone; he is a shadow and a wrinkled one; but his spirits and his spirit are in full bloom: two years and a half ago he challenged a neighbouring gentleman for trespassing on his manor."

Pope, who then filled the poetical throne without a rival, it may reasonably be presumed, must have been particularly struck by the sudden appearance of such a poet; and, to his credit, let it be remembered, that his feelings and conduct on the occasion were candid and liberal. He requested Mr. Richardson, son of the painter, to endeavour to find out who this new author was. Mr. Richardson, after some inquiry, having informed him that he had discovered only that his name was Johnson, and that he was some obscure man, Pope said, "He will soon be déterré." We shall presently see, from a note written by Pope, that he was himself, afterward more successful in his inquiries than his friend.

That in this justly-celebrated poem may be found a few rhymes which the critical precision of English prosody at this day would disallow, cannot be denied; but with this small imperfection, which in the general blaze of its excellence is not perceived, till the mind has subsided into cool attention, it is, undoubtedly, one of the noblest productions in our language, both for sentiment and expression. The nation was then in that ferment against the Court and the Ministry, which some years after ended in the downfall of Sir Robert Walpole; and as it has been said, that Tories are Whigs when out of place, and Whigs Tories when in place; so, as a Whig Administration ruled with what force it could, a Tory Opposition had all the animation and all the eloquence of

4 Sir Joshua Reynolds, from the information of the younger Richardson. B.

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