Christian Dies Natalis, Christmas Day. Attempts have been made to ratify this date as matter of history, but no valid nor even consistent early Christian tradition vouches for it. The real solar origin of the festival is clear from the writings of the fathers after its institution. In religious symbolism of the material and spiritual sun, Augustine and Gregory of Nyssa discourses on the glowing light and dwindling darkness that follow the natality, while Leo the Great, among whose people the earlier solar meaning of the festival evidently remained in strong remembrance, rebukes in a sermon the pestiferous persuasion, as he calls it, that this solemn day is to be honoured not for the birth of Christ, but for the rising, as they say, of the new sun. As for modern memory of the sun-rites of mid-winter, Europe recognises Christmas as a primitive solar festival, by bon-fires which our 'yule-log," the souche de Noël,' still keeps in mind; while the adaptation of ancient solar thought to Christian allegory is as plain as ever in the Christmas service chant Sol novus oritur.'* Christmas does not appear to have been observed with such toleration as we are permitted to do; for Evelyn, in his Diary," records that the observance of Christmas Day was prohibited in the following years, viz: 1652. "No sermon anywhere, no church being permitted to be open." 1653. "No churches or public assembly." 1654. "No public offices in churches, but penalties on observers, so I was constrained to celebrate it [Christmas Day] at home." 1655. "There was no more notice taken of Christmas Day in churches." 1657. At this time Evelyn went to Exeter chapel to celebrate Christmas Day, when, as Mr. Gunning was giving the Holy Sacrement, the chapel was surrounded with soldiers, and all the communicants and assembly surprised and kept prisoners by them, some in the house, others carried away. As we went up to receive the Sacrament, the miscreants held their muskets against us at the altar." t J. JEREMIAH, Jun. "Be tine, as it were, suspended over my head, towards the latter J. PERRY. SHAKESPEARE'S COMMENTATORS.-Z. Jackson was the author of Shakespeare's Genius Justified, &c. (London, J. Major, 1819); a work which in my opinion satisfactorily settled many points which had hitherto baffled the able and learned commentators, who had previous to this adorned and illustrated the pages of the immortal bard with their erudition and researches. Many passages throughout Shakespeare's dramatic works, through misprints, &c., which tended to mar their beauty, are, in this handy volume, restored according to rule, sound sense, and judg ment. The restorer explains in the preface, that "as a ODDS AND ENDS, SLANG SAYINGS, AND FOLK LORE. printer, I can say, what perhaps no person of that pro--There are many expressions, used by persons belonging to fession ever had or ever will have to say: At one period, the lower as well as the higher classes of the community, three different editions of SHAKESPEARE'S WORKS were which are extremely curious. I have jotted a few of them printing in my office: A part of Mr. Malone's, for the down. Although they may be called "slang" sayings, &c., Company of Booksellers: the plays of LEAR and CYMBE there was a time when they were not consigned to the LINE, each making a volume, with illustrations by Isaac category of despised and useless things. The few sayings Ambrose Eccles, Esq.; and a reprint of that edition, com- and expressions here appended are of apparently modern monly known as Stockdale's Shakespeare. If, then, in the origin; some of them, however, may be suggestive of others course of reading the proofs of these respective editions, more ancient : that I became early acquainted with our inimitable bard, it will appear less extraordinary that at a more advanced period I should become one of his commentators." show that our author had well digested the subject of which he treats, we will quote further his own words: In gloomy obscurity, labouring at times under indisposition, the guillo 1. To overrun the constable : To become insolvent. To get intoxicated. 2. To cop the brewer Το Tylor, vol. ii. pp. 270-271; see also Brand, "Pop. Ant." vol. i. pp. 157, 467, &c., Volney's Ruins of Empires;""Kelly's Curiosities of India, Europe;" "Trad. and Folk-Lore,' PP. 7. 192, 277, &c; The Percy Anecdotes, parts; Hospitality; Malet's "Northern Antiquities," pp. 110-112. Evelyn, vol. i. pp. 297, 300, 322, 527, 341. = = 3. Three sheets in the wind Not quite intoxicated. 4. Too much the monkey Impudent beyond endurance. 5. Working the dead horse To draw wages in advance of the work. 1= Living after the wages have To get discharged from a situation. Out of situation. 7. To get the bullet = To be artful, or "wide awake" to the 13. To be ikey or learey the use of low expressions. "Two hazel nuts I threw into the flame, 14. To smell a rat To suspect a person and to imme-Although this custom is very popular in England, I first diately take action, or for oneself to be on the alert when suspected. 15. To tschihike* distance. 16. To take sugar To call out shrilly to another at a To take [or steal] money. 17. To yawn after another, shows a friendliness between both.t 18. To return after leaving the house is unlucky, unless you sit down. 19. At the tea-table, if one did not wish more, it was the custom to place the spoon in the cup; if this was neglected, the hostess concluded that more was wanted. This custom even now still lingers in some old-fashioned families. 20. If two tea-stalks appear on the surface of a cup of tea, they are to be placed on the back of the left hand, and struck with the back of the right; if they remain unmoved on the left, or adhere to the right, then the one loved will remain true; but if one adheres and the other not she will be false. I have often watched the sensitive countenances of people in this way testing the truthfulness of their admirers. Some I have seen whirl the empty cup round, and invert it, then looking into it (after draining), try to discover the profile of the one who is to be the bridegroom in the scattered leaves on the inside of the tea-cup. Tea stalks are also supposed to foretell visitors, and by some are believed to indicate the person who is to be visited by floating to the side of the individual.‡ 21. On Allhallow Even. I have in my younger days, many a time, repaired to the kitchen with my young friends to carry out the customs belonging to that old festival. Of course, we had bobbing for the apples in a tub of water, nutcracking that is, placing three nuts (chestnuts) on the hob close together, the centre one representing the young man, and others two young ladies; whichever one flew away the remaining two would be forever after as one; if the three flew away in different directions, then affection between them was gone; but if two flew in the same path, then the sign was propitious. This custom was varied by placing only two nuts by the fire. It is when there are two loves loving the one lover that more nuts are used. In some parts of the country the nuts are thrown into the fire, as Gay beautifully describes it: Spelt as pronounced. I suspect this be of Turkish origin. + In other countries, yawning has a more unpleasant meaning For instance, "Among the Zulus, repeated yawning and sneezing are classed together as signs of approaching spiritual possession. The Hindu, when he gapes, must snap his thumb and finger, and repeat the name of some god, as Rama; to neglect this is a sin as great as the murder of a Brahman. The Persians ascribe yawning, sneezing, &c., to demoniacal possession. Among the Moslems generally, when a man yawns he puts the back of his left hand to his mouth, saying, I seek refuge with Allah from Satan the accursed,' but the act of yawning is to be avoided, for the devil is in the habit of leaping into a gaping mouth."-Tylor's "Primitive Culture," vol. i. p. 93. In the Tyrol, the custom is to cross oneself when one yawns, fest something evil should come into one's mouth.-Tylor, ibid. The open mouth is to many people a representation of the mouth of hell. -See Hearne's Print in Hone's Mysteries," p. 138. In the Spectator, Addison's letter, No. 179, is given an account of a twelfth-night custom of yawning for a Cheshire cheese. The yawning commences at midnight, when the whole company is disposed to be drowsy. He that yawns widest, and at the same time so naturally as to produce the most yawns among the spectators, carries home the prize. See a slightly varied account of the superstitions connected with tea-stalks (as in vogue in Cornwall and Devonshire) in Hunt's "Romances and Droll of the West of England," p. 427. The evil most to be dreaded in excessive gaping, is the possible dislocation of the lower jaw.-ED. By many held as a sign of mental vacuity.-ED. knew These glowing nuts are emblems true Till life's fierce ordeal being past, 22. Another custom I have taken part in is, I believe, now almost forgotten. A tall glass jar or tumbler, filled with water, was placed in front of, and close to the fire; then an egg was cracked over it, and the "white only allowed to fall into the water. As the water became warmed, the albumen would, as if by magic, whiten, and disclose the portrait of the individual who is to possess one's heart and hand. Another old custom on Allhallow Even was placing the left hand on an inverted tub, and, turning round twenty times, attempt to strike an apple fastened to If you the wall by a nail, with a stick in the right hand. succeed the apple is yours. This is a very unpleasant custom, I have often seen the performers fall and roll about with giddiness. J. JEREMIAH. the Kentish Gazette, of January 1, 1793. About eleven EFFIGY OF TOM PAINE.-The annexed is copied from o'clock, the effigy of Tom Paine, dressed in mourning, with a pair of stays under one arm, and the Rights of Man under the other, was placed in a cart, drawn by an ass, which took the lead of a numerous procession of the workmen belonging to the Royal Powder Mills, accompanied with several flags and a band of music, playing " God save the King." This procession began at the bottom of West-street (Faversham), and proceeded to the spot of ground in Broad-street, where the gaol formerly stood, on which a gallows was erected, and the effigy underwent the ceremonies of a formal executior, when it continued suspended till the evening, where the fie being kindled, it might truly be said to have vanished in smoke, for the inexpressibles were loaded with crackers, the body with squibs, and the head with gunpowder. F. M. FOLK LORE.-On New Year's Day, in Forfarshire, and, possibly in other parts of Scotland, was a custom among the children of cottars, which consisted in their assembling together and proceeding to the different farmhouses, where they screnaded the farmers' wives by reciting or singing a kind of rhyme of which, after a memory of nearly forty years, I recall the following. On such occasions some ban nocks of a better sort were usually baked for distribution. I give the lines not in the orthodox or regulation orthography of the Scottish tongue, but phonetically, as the sound of the words, drawled out in the dialectic peculiarity of the issue, and to the note there subjoined. This representation, county of Forfar even now still lingers on my ear: as we then stated, was unavoidably omitted.-ED. "Ryse up guidwyff an' binna sweir, An' dael yer braed as lang's yer here, The explanation of the terms which are not perfectly obvious I give as annexed. Guidwyff, the wife of the guidman, the latter a term once limited to designate portioners of land or yeomen, afterwards applied to tenant farmers. The term yeoman was unknown in Scotland, and is used here as a synonym. Binna, means be not; sweir unwilling, indolent; dael=deal; braed-bread; daed dead; mael-meal. PENGUIN. CURIOUS SQUINT IN FAVERSHAM CHURCH.-A curious cross-shaped opening is in the west wall of the north transept of Faversham church, the use of which has, I believe, never been satisfactorily explained. In general appearance it is very much like an arrow-slit. The vertical part of the squint terminates in circles, and measures 26 inches in length; the horizontal portion is square at the ends, measuring 24 inches. An iron ride for a hinge remains, showing the opening was formerly covered by a shutter only, on the outside. At the annual meeting of the Kent Archæological Society this year, I was rather disap. pointed that none of the members attempted to account for the use of this unique squint. I have since gone into the matter, and I believe can now account for its use. Some few years previous to 1774 there stood opposite to the north door of the church a house walled round with stone, known by the name of the Anchor House, in which dwelt some hermits or anchorites before the Reformation. I find Edward Thomasson left by will, in 1494, the sum of 35. 4d. to have his soul prayed for by the "Anchors." Remains of the foundation of this house still exist. In 1834 an ancient well, 2 feet in diameter and 20 feet in depth, was found close by; it was constructed of flint set in clay. I have no doubt the curious squint was for the purpose of allowing the Anchorites to see when the mass for the dead commenced, so that they could add their prayers at the same time. Queries. ELECTORAL BONNET. G. BEDO. [The Electoral Bonnet is a cap of crimson velvet, turned up with ermine. This was borne over the arms of Hanover until some time after the erection of that state into a kingdom in 1814, when a crown was substituted.-ED.] PHOTOGRAM.-I notice that in speaking of the Madonna and Child (see ante, Vol. iii. 6), you use the term photogram. When and by whom was this word first employed to denote a ny work of art reproduced by means of photography? RUBRIC. OLD TOWER, DUNDEE.-This is said to have been founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon, about the twelfth century, but the tower founded by him cannot be the one now standing, which must be much more recent. R. T. EMBLEM OF ST. ANN.-What is the emblem of St. Ann? Can any one inform me? J. B. B. I believe it has nothing whatever to do with tea. TEETOTALLER.-What is the derivation of this name? S. S. QUOTATIONS: AUTHORS WANTED.-Can you or any of your readers help me to the name of the author of the following lines? A friend suggests that they are by the late Alexander Smith, but I hardly think they are quite in his style. Banff. (3.) "The miser old, he counteth his gold, Ten thousand pieces and ten; Day by day he counteth it o'er, And day by day increaseth his store, D. C. [We suppose we must have read lines closely resembling these in a volume of poems by Tavernor Knott, the brother of an artist, in Glasgow, named Pelham Knott; although in a recollection of twenty or five-and-twenty years, it is just possible we may be confounding the poet with the artist, or the reverse.-ED.] IT is often, and unjustly, required from a person who finds fault with any scheme that he should suggest a better or be silent; as if the simple detection of error were little other than a crime." Whence is this taken can you inform me ? J. B. Ravenshaw was the first wife of Mr. Selwyn, Q.C., afterwards Lord Justice Selwyn. J. CK. R. CHAFF (Vol. ii. 289).-Chaff, to banter, is from the Norse káfa, ludicre insultare, káf, insultus ludicrus, káfaz uppá, jocose irritare, "to chaff up." SPERNO. THE EARLIEST ADVERTISEMENT (Vol. ii. 266).-According to a note in Mr. J. H. Fennell's* Catalogue, for March, 1872, appended to No. 1, "An Extraordinary and Unique Collection of Ancient Illustrated Newspapers, twenty-six in number, all printed in 1643, in the Reign of King CHARLES THE FIRST, and all embellished with CURIOUS ENGRAVINGS, each newspapor 8 pp. quarto," ROGER OF THAT ILK (Vol. ii. 289).-There is an estate the date of the first advertisement inserted in a newspaper &c. (price 12 guineas), it would satisfactorily appear that or village in Westmoreland or Cumberland called Roger. was 1643, not 1648. Mr. Fennell, in his note, after enumeThere are also a number of place names in Scotland of rating some of the principal contents of the above collection, which Roger forms a portion as Struckroger, Dumbarton- "Besides the interest of these ancient newspapers, shire; Easter and Wester Rogerton, in East Kilbude; says: and Rogerton, in Moray. as showing the first introduction of engravings into newspapers, the earliest application of the fine arts to British journalism, one of them is specially remarkable as containATHENEUM (Vol. ii. 274, 290, 302).—Your corre-ing the first advertisement ever inserted in a newspaper, as spondent H. states, in regard to the communications on the pointed out by me in a letter to the editor of the TIMES, Athenæum, that they are only half true and the other half published in that journal in 1867, where I quoted it as very imperfect. Being interested in this matter, I shall be proving that advertising originated several years earlier than much obliged to your correspondent if he will kindly cor- our antiquaries and chronologists were aware of." rect what is false and explain what is imperfect. This Waltham Abbey. would be more satisfactory than stating an objection in general terms. C. C. S. B. B. S. HOAX (Vol. iii. 9).-Touching this word, the following sentence, taken from "The London Magazine" (Vol. i 666, 667), will show that, in 1820, literary men spoke of it as a term which had then barely made a place for itself, and so stood in need of some little explanation. The editor, Mr. John Scott, was one of a band, I believe (Charles Lamb, Coleridge, Leigh Hunt, Cowden Clarke, and other men of mark), not at all likely to speak loosely about the rise and uses of particular words and phrases. "What we have taken in hand to do, we mean to perform effectually, after which, the public being completely in possession of the case, we shall hold ourselves discharged from the unpleasant task of watching, and exposing what may be termed the infamous Scotch Hoax. The publication in question ["Blackwood's Magazine "] cannot be more aptly denominated; a Hoax (a word of late origin) being a laughing lie, in which the fraud is more apparent than the pleasantry, and the joke consists almost entirely of mischief." T. J. TULIP MANIA (Vol. ii. 299).—The tulip madness, as it existed in some of the cities of the United Provinces, in 1634-6, will be found set forth in considerable detail in Mackay's Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and in Beckman's History of Inventions. It is mentioned that on one occasion, when only two roots of a species in great demand, the "Semper Augustus," were known to be in the country, one at Amsterdam and the other at Haarlem, one of them drew twelve acres of valuable land as an equivalent, while for the other there were offered 4600 florins, together with a new carriage, two horses, and a complete set of harness. "The Viceroy," valued at 2500 florins, is stated to have been exchanged in the midst of the madness for two lasts of wheat, four lasts of rye, four fat oxen, eight fat swine, twelve fat sheep, two hogsheads of wine, four tuns of beer, two tons of butter, one-thousand pounds of cheese, a complete bed and furniture, a suit of clothes, and a silver beaker. A horticultural friend tells me that "Semper Augustus," which was sold in 1636 for 7000 florins, or 5827. 6s. 8d., may be found offered in the catalogues of 1792, at ten stivers, or 10d. I am informed, moreover, on the same trustworthy authority, that the days for large prices for favourite tulips are far from being over. A friend of his own, the late Mr. Davy, of the King's-road, Chelsea, once paid 100/. for a root and three offsets of a new flower, called "Fanny Kemble; and was also known to have refused 157. 10s. for "La Joie de Davy," a flower of his own breaking. Glasgow. W. N. G. " J. PERRY. CURMUDGEON (Vol. ii. 289, iii. 11).—This word is variously derived by etymologists. Thomson, in his "Etymons," ," says, it means "a miser, a churl; Sax. car modig, from caro; T. karg, chary, avaricious; and G. mod; S. mod the mised." Others say it is a corruption of corn-merchant, which it literally meant, but got corrupted into a slang compound word, because the dealers were supposed to keep up the price of corn by their avarice. J. J. TRADESMEN'S TOKENS (continued from Vol. ii. 301.)No. 210.-I have expressed my opinion that this token issuer was mine host of the " Woolpack." Since writing the notes thereto, I am convinced that my opinion is correct as I have inspected a lease of the house in question from Laurence Robbins to Miles Hodgson. It is thus headed : "This Indenture made the eighthe day of May in the yeare of our Lord Christ according to the accompt now used in the Church of England one thousand sixe hundred and sixty Between Laurence Robins, of Stamford, in the county of Lincolne, Tanner, of th'one part and Miles Hodgson of Stamford Baron, in the county of Northton, vintner of th'other part." The document then proceeds to say that for and in consideration of the rents, reservations, covenants and agreements hereinafter in these presents reserved and mentioned, "Hath demised, granted, and to farme, lett, and by these p'sents doth demise, grant and to farme, letten, mints and assignes all that Messuage or tenements with and sell vnto the said Miles Hodgson, his exectors, adth'appurtenances situat lying and being in Stamford Baron aforesaid, commonly called by the name or signe of the old falcon, or by the signe of the Woolpocket, togeather with all houses, edifices, buildings, barnes, stables, yards, backfils (back-fields ?), gardens, orchards, and appurtenances to the same in any wise belonging or app'taining as the same are nowe in the tenure or occup'on of the said Miles effect from the Feast of the Annunciation of the B.V.M. Hodgson or of his assignes." The agreement was to take last past before the date hereof, and for the term of twelve years. For the first three years of the term Miles was to fish money," and for all the rest and residue of the said pay Laurence Robbins a yearly rent of 87. of "lawfull Eng. term he was to "pay the yearly rent of nyne pounds of lyke money at twoe vsuall feasts or termes in ye yeare (that is to say) the feast of St Michaell Th'archangell and Th'andcia'on of the blessed Virgin Mary by even and equall porcions." If Miles happened to be behind time in paying the rent, due and been lawfully demanded, to enter and repossess Laurence had power within fourteen days after it became * Of 6, Colveston Crescent, Dalston, London, N.E. himself of the property. In the event of Miles wishing to quit possession at the end of the first three years, he was at liberty so to do by giving 6 months' notice of such his intention. Mr. Robbins covenanted that he would, before the feast of the Annunciation of the B. V. M. next ensuing the date hereof “repaire or amend the said Messuage or tenemt., and all outhouses, edifices, buildings, barnes, stables, rackes, mangers, plansheres, gates, dores, walls, fences, and appurtenances thereto belonging of and wth all manner of needful necessary suficient and convenient reparacons and amendment," in addition to which he very liberally promised to be at the expense of sinking a well and having it paved round. This document is endorsed, "Miles Hodgson, his Lease of the Woollpack," and one of the witnesses whose name is attached thereto is L. Blyth. The back part of the inn now runs up to Park Fane, close to Burleigh park, which portion of the park has only been enclosed within the last 80 years, and was formerly open fields. On No. 230, JOHN SHAW.-In the church of Wainfleet All Saints, is or was a blue slab in the south aisle, thus inscribed: "Here lyeth the body of Mr. John Shawe interred April the 17th, 1692, in the 54th year of his age." a similar stone near it is a laudatory inscription in Latin, to the memory of John Shaw, gent., eldest son of John Shaw, who died a bachelor 28th Dec. 1730, in his 67th year. This monument was put down to his memory by his brother, Thos. Shaw, rector of Wyberton, in this county. band was originally the house-Band or Bond. The word Replies to Queries ab extra. PENNYTERSAN, CUNSTONE, &c. (N. & Q., 4. s. vii. 219). I OBSERVE you have adopted a new heading, Replies to Queries ab extra. What follows is a reply sent by me to Notes and Queries some time since, but which not appearing within a reasonable time, I requested to be returned. It is in answer to a correspondent who subscribes himself ESPEDARE, whose communication will be found as indicated above. J. CK. R. My remarks on the name "Cunstone," &c., do not, according to ESPEDARE, commend themselves to the judgment. This however may be as much the fault of the judgment as of the explanation. It is but fitting in one who "would incline to trace the origin of these place names to a Celtic, rather than a Scandinavian source,' to commend the obser vations of those who foster his preconceptions, and to No. 231.-For Of, read In. This coin is figured at p. ignore the testimony of such facts as militate against his 369 of "Oldfield's Topographical and Historical Account of hypothesis. "Nothing can be more hopeless," Pinkerton Wainfleet and the Wapentake of Candleshoe, in the co. of well remarks, "than the use of argument where, far from Lincoln." There the name of the place is spelt thus-being felt, it cannot even be understood." I did not admit anything in regard to the name "Cunstone." I suggested No. 60.-MARGARET, daughter and heiress of Margaret that it designated the memorial stone belonging to the and Paul Gresham, became the first wife of John Wingfield, the fact of the kistvaen, founding on Esq., second son of Rt. W., of Upton, Northants, Esq., and law and court-hills," and that many of the Scottish "conical hillocks," and called "mote Elizabeth (Cecil) his wife, and it was this lady who mar-memorial stones, sculptured and ried for her second husband H. Allington, Esq. Margaret, ciated with personal names borne by the Northmen otherwise, are asso the first wife of John Wingfield, Esq, barrister-at-law, &c, died 14 Feb., 44 Eliz. (1601-2); he married secondly Margaret, widow of John Blyth, of Denton, co. Linc., gent., and dau. of Robt. Thorold, of Haigh, co. Linc., Esq., and was bur. at Tickencote, 3 Sept. 1618. Wanflet. tumulus which enclosed the -concluded thence that the "cairn or stone tumulus " men. tioned by the querist, had probably covered a Scandinavian grave, that of a chief bearing the well-ascertained Norse name of Kon (Kon-r), and had in process of time given its name to the locality. † From this view I see no reason P. 75, line 32, for paying an al, read ob; p. 80, last line but to recede. How the northern word cund or gund should three, insert scaven. The date of the first marriage recorded suggest itself to ESPEDARE as evidence of the possible Celtic in the second note at foot of this page is 1581. P. 104, note. origin of this primeval tomb, it is not given for me to unThe wife of Sylvester Emblin was the eldest dau. of Eras-derstand; but what is Celticism? and who were the Celts? mus Dryden, third son of John, the second, and not of the Do we in fact know anything whatever of the history of first baronet. that semi-mythical people, their arts, customs, manners, or anything other than the one fact which we learn on evidence not to be gainsaid, that the native aborigines of the British Isles were a race of naked barbarians, "without letters or monuments to preserve their history or changing limits." As regards Scotland itself, does there at this moment exist any veritable record relating to the transactions or early history of that country prior to the reign of David I.? Such questions have been often asked but have never been satisfactorily answered. P. 127. The baptism of James Claypole is 1588, not 1538. Dorothy, the wife of Adam who died in 1619, was the second daughter of Robt. Wingfield, of Upton, Esq., and Elizabeth Cecil, dau. of Richd, and sister of the Lord Treasurer. John Claypole, Esq., son-in-law to Oliver Cromwell, was by him made a knight and baronet, 16 July, 1657. In my last paper, vol. 2, p. 234, a slight mistake was made in describing Phineas Lambe's token the date should be 1666, not 666. I am unable to give any particulars respecting the issuer of the Ancaster token, as the parochial registers are lost'previous to 1712. The life of Geo. Boheme, on the same page, should be read as following the notes that precede it on the same page. At p. 236, the reverse of the Donington token should read-Deninton. I will conclude this paper with a token of Gainsborough, that has been communicated to me since the publication of my list. BROVGH J. CK. R. "The administration of public justice on certain hills was not only, common throughout Scandinavia, but was also practised in Scotland."-Henderson's Iceland, Edin. 1819, p. 60. Since the aboli tion of the Althing, or supreme court of justice of Iceland, which from 928 to the year 1800 assembled at Thingvalla, Tynwald Hill, in Man, is the only judicial mound in Europe still used for its original purpose. This is traditionally stated" to be composed of "the soil of the sixteen parishes of the island, to symbolize its jurisdiction over the whole of them, and the right of every parish to be represented in its court." Its "singular form," it is said, "has been preserved through the lapse of nine centuries." Obv. MATTHEW. COATES. 1666=A ship. Rev. IN GAINS His Halfe Penny. The above coin is imperfectly engraved in "Stark's Hist. of Gainsboro'," 2nd edit. p. 183. + See analogous example in the name of the parish of Carluke ("Carneluke-law "the cairn of Loki's tomb); also the place-name HUSBAND (Vol. ii. 289).—I should certainly incline Balkellaw, in Forfarshire, derived from the tomb of a Northman. towards the opinion of Archbishop Trench, that the hus--Article, "Hair Craig." N. & Q., 4 s. vi. 462. |