Some of the metals, namely, iron, bismuth, and | trating the particles of matter, and increasing their antimony, possess, in common with water, and solutions of crystallizable salts, the property of expanding at the moment of their becoming solid. To this property, in iron, we are indebted for the sharp impression it receives from the mould in which it is cast. Antimony, in combination with other metals, is employed with a similar result, for printing-types. The impressions on the current coin of the realm, whether copper, silver, or gold, are all produced by stamping. Many articles of plate and ornamental jewellery are also stamped. The precious metals, both pure and alloyed, contract in passing from the fluid to the solid state. If they were cast in moulds, they would receive impressions that would be indistinct and imperfect. Aëriform bodies differ essentially from solids and liquids, not only in their rate of expansibility, but also in not being subject to the same irregularities. Whatever may be the character of an aëriform body, whether it be a vapour, or a gas, simple or compound, all are obedient to the same law as respects the influence of heat, and all expand, in an equal degree, by the addition of equal quantities of that subtile element. If we take a large flaccid bladder, containing a few cubic inches of air, and tie it securely, on placing the bladder in boiling water, we shall observe a vast increase in the bulk of the contained air. By holding the bladder a few minutes before a fire, it will become still more distended. Here is an instance of the expansion of an aëriform body. If the bladder be placed, in its expanded state, in cold water, it will be restored to its former dimensions; the air imparting to the water the heat which had been temporarily united with it. 480 dimensions, or by diffusing itself among them and THERE is a branch of useful training, which cannot be too As thheedfully regarded; I mean, the education that children give themselves. Their observation is ever alive and awake, to the circumstances which pass around them; and, from the circumstances thus observed, they are continually drawing their own conclusions. These observations and conclusions have a powerful influence in forming the characters of youth. What is imparted in the way of direct instruction, they are apt to consider as official; they receive it, often, with downright suspicion; generally, perhaps, with a sort of undefined qualification and reserve. It is otherwise with what children discover for themselves. matter of self-acquisition, this is treasured up, and reasoned upon; it penetrates the mind, and influences the conduct, beyond all the formal lectures that ever were delivered. Whether it be for good, or whether it be for evil, the education of the child is principally derived from its own observation of the actions, the words, the voice, the looks, of those with whom it lives. The fact is unquestionably so; and since the fact is so, it is impossible, surely, that the friends of youth can be too circumspect in the youthful presence, to avoid every, the least appearance of evil. This great moral truth was keenly felt, and powerfully inculcated, even in the heathen world. But the reverence for youth of Christian parents, ought to reach immeasurably further. It is not enough that they set no bad example; it is indispensable, that they show forth a good one, It is not enough that they seem virtuous; it is indispensable that they be so. The rate of expansion of aëriform bodies, is (one four hundred and eightieth) of their volume, for every degree of Fahrenheit's thermometer: 480 cubic inches of air, or gas, at 32°, becoming 481 at 33°; 482 at 34°; 483 at 35°; and so on for every additional degree of heat. To this susceptibility of change, by every variation of temperature, we owe much of our health and comfort in the open air, as well as in our private dwellings. The currents that prevail out of doors, and the ventilation that goes on silently within, are alike dependent on the changes to which air is subjected by the presence or the absence of certain quantities of heat. Air, as it becomes heated, ascends, a colder and heavier column flowing in to supply its place. On this principle it is, that the fire burns in a grate, and smoke issues at the top of a chimney, that the stratum of air near the ceiling of a room, or public edifice, when it is ineffectively ventilated, is unfit for respiration, and that when the door of a heated room is open, a current of cold air sets inwards at the bottom, whilst a corresponding current of warm air sets outwards near the top. As air expands so readily, by a slight increase of temperature, it is a dangerous practice to place fermented liquors, as ale or porter, in stone or glass bottles, near a fire. Serious accidents ha been occasioned by the bursting of bottles thus incautiously exposed to heat. The Christian parent ought to be a living exemplification of Christianity. His house, his habits, his family, his associates, his pursuits, his recreations, ought all to be so regulated, as to evince that religion is, indeed, the parent of order, the inspirer of good sense, the well-spring of good humour, the teacher of good manners, and the perennial source of happiness and peace. Accustomed to live and breathe in such a holy atmosphere, it is morally impossible that a child can materially go wrong. And this, in the valuable branch of a Christian education.-BISHOP highest sense of the word, is incomparably the most JEBB. We know no more of the forms or sizes of the ultimate particles of matter, than we do of the true nature of heat; but we think it is not difficult to understand why liquids expand more than solids, and aëriform bodies more than liquids. In solid bodies, there exists a certain attractive force, by which their particles are held together, and which is directly opposed to the expansive energies of heat. We may Do not depreciate any pursuit which leads men to conreasonably infer that heat operates, either by pee-template the works of their Creator.-SOUTHEY, 248 THE SATURDAY MAGAZINE. THE HART AND THE HIND. THE ANTELOPE. THE Hind and the Roe, the Hart and the Antelope, have always been held in the highest estimation by the Orientals, for the voluptuous beauty of their eyes, the delicate elegance of their form, and their graceful agility of action. In the Sacred Writings, therefore, as well as in other literary compositions of the East, we frequently meet with direct references, or incidental allusions, to their qualities and habits. The Hart, which is the Stag or male Deer, is one of The size of the Deer's antlers is in proportion to a vegetable they grow from the extremities; like a The Hart is a ruminating animal, and divides the The Deer seems to resemble the Goat, in being remarkably sure-footed, and delighting in elevated situations. To this it adds extraordinary swiftness, The Hind or female Stag, is a lovely creature, and S. and will bound, with agility, more than fifty feet. of an elegant shape: she is more feeble than the Hart, and is destitute of horns. [Scripture Natural History.] 1 NERAL! TERATURE Magazine. DECEMBER, 1834. PRICE ONE PENNY. UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION, APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE. 250 SKETCHES OF THE HIGHLANDS AND ISLANDS OF SCOTLAND. PART THE THIRD. MULL.-EMIGRATION. ON our return to MULL, we found the harbour of Tobermory The obstacles to Emigration have been now, in a great The time to which emigration, for the purpose of settling, must be referred, is that of the breaking up of the ancient Highland system, during the early and middle period of the last century. The chiefs, whose power depended on the number of their clansmen and retainers, and who were indemnified for the expense of maintaining them, partly by low rents and partly by military service, found themselves transformed, by the operation of law, into mere landlords; and compelled to adopt a new mode of living, and more productive management of their estates. The transition, retarded by the force of ancient habits, by the ties of relationship and of clanship, by humanity, as well as by indolence, pride, and prejudice, occupied a considerable period; involving the enlargement of farms, the introduc tion of sheep, and the diminution of farm-servants, useless Its effect, in retarding the progressive increase of the "Some method to stop this epidemic desire of wandering, which spreads its contagion from valley to valley, deserves to be sought with great diligence. In more fruitful countries, the removal of one only makes room for the succession of another: but in the Hebrides, the loss of an inhabitant leaves a lasting vacuity; for nobody born in any other and an island once depopulated will remain a desert, as part of the world, will choose this country for his residence; long as the present facility of travel gives every one who The influence of the change of system on population, is discontented and unsettled, the choice of his abode." may be further illustrated by the following quotation from Lord Selkirk's work. "There is no part of the Highlands where the change in the system of management has advanced so far towards maturity as in Argyleshire. In Dr. John Smith's Survey we find this remark: The state of population in this of that Country, drawn up for the Board of Agriculture, be seen in the statistical table. Although many parishes county, as it stood in 1755, and as it stands at present, may have greatly decreased in their number of inhabitants, owing to the prevalence of the sheep-system, yet upon the ago. This is owing to the greater population of the town whole the number is greater now than it was forty years doubled their joint numbers in that period; so that, if of Cambleton, and village of Oban, which have more than county will be found to have decreased considerably.' these are left out of the reckoning, the population in the "The fact is curious and valuable: the population of Argyleshire has not diminished on the whole, yet the value of produce which is now sent away to feed the inhabitants of a distant part of the kingdom, is much greater than formerly." The unquestionable result of the substitution of order, economy, and judicious and well-regulated employment of the resources of the Highlands, for the vicious system which it superseded, and the consequent augmentation of been, notwithstanding the partial diminution of the popuwealth, comfort, civilization, and moral improvement, has lation in some few districts, the material increase of its total amount, which may be proved by reference to the been necessary, is a question involving several considestatistical tables. Whether emigration to foreign parts has rations. Johnson observed to Boswell, upon hearing read a letter written by Sir Hector Maclean, from Georgia, of Coll, dissuading him from letting his people go there, where he was employed in settling a colony, to the Laird on the assurance that there would soon be an opportunity of employing them better at home; that "the lairds, inSubsequent experience has most fully proved the truth of The progressive developement of the stead of improving their country, diminished their people." resources of the country has since afforded employment this observation. and subsistence to a population, compared with which the emigrants form but an infinitely small fraction. Lord Selkirk himself, an active and intrepid personal promoter of emigration, but recommending it with no empirical partiality, deemed it subordinate to the primary object of improving the agriculture and the fisheries; yet he did not apparently foresee the very ample extension of the latter, which has since contributed so much to the wealth of the Northern Highlands, and of Scotland in general. The complaints of excessive population in Scotland, during the last century, were really as inapplicable as to England, in the reign of Henry VII., when a similar change of system occurred; or to Ireland, when that fertile country was thinly peopled and wretchedly cultivated. Emigration was, indeed, materially checked by the demands for labour and capital, produced by the increasing attention to domestic improvement. | is an accumulation of paupers. The removal of the super fluous population becomes, sooner or later, necessary, how ever distressing to the feelings of the proprietor, and oppressive to the people: and emigration may be often resorted to under such circumstances as a happy resource, where the landlord is ready to contribute his assistance to the purpose. Of the beneficial result of such an arrangement, a recent emigration from the Isle of Rum, effected by the joint efforts of landlord and tenants, affords a striking instance. I am indebted for the account of it, to a gentleman who was personally engaged in it. The people of this island were an indolent race of gentlemen; some of whom had held commissions in the Fencible Regiments; fishing for their amusement, living on good mutton, lying in bed in rainy, and on the grass in fine weather, and paying little or no rent. At the time of their emigration, they owed The late Duke of Sutherland employed the whole of the Coll, their landlord, upwards of 2000l., which he could have population which he ejected from their glens, profitably and recovered by the sale of their stock, which amounted to happily on his coast, which previously supplied only a few double that sum. But he not only declined this mode of cottagers with subsistence. Several other proprietors have indemnifying himself, but contributed 6007. towards the acted similarly. Emigration was also directed to the Low-emigration of the poorer class. The island has since yielded lands of Scotland by the growth of manufactures, of towns, a rental of 800%. and improving agriculture, though the Highlanders could be brought little to the actual employment of the loom; and, during the war, it was stopped by the demands of the military service. Yet, as the developement of the means of employment could not invariably coincide with the progress of the change of system, and the situation of estates sometimes precluded the transfer of the tenants from one part of them to another, emigration proved eminently advantageous in preventing an accumulation of poverty, misery, and crime, and the general prevalence of those disorders which occurred in particular districts, and which, had the transition been effected simultaneously in all parts of the country, instead of diffusing itself gradually during two thirds of a century, might have involved the kingdom in another rebellion. The circumstances of these regions have been now materially altered. The Irish, working for lower wages, have supplanted the natives in the Lowlands; peace has almost put an end to military recruiting; and the consequent redundance of population has been materially augmented by the recent failure of one branch of employment already adverted to, the manufacture of Kelp. The peculiar emergency to which the people are reduced, appears to justify that loud cry for emigration in which landlords and tenants join, blending with the general voice of the nation in its favour. All disinclination to it has ceased. The agent for an estate on the coast, near Sky, assured me that, in a single parish, there were 300 persons anxious to proceed to America; and poverty alone restrains multitudes from embarking. The assistance of government is desired, and the occasion deemed appropriate. But the assumption of permanent distress as the result of this temporary failure of a valuable resource, the only, and still inadmissible ground on which national aid can be solicited, may be fairly questioned. The precarious, but often ample, profits of the kelp, have counteracted the progress both of agriculture and the fisheries. The maritime farms which yield the kelp in Orkney, and in other parts of Scotland, have been notoriously usually the worst cultivated; and the fisheries, which demand the almost exclusive attention of those employed in them, and which invariably decline, when occupation and subsistence can be procured on shore, have also suffered from the kelp; and the idle lounging habits produced by the mode of employment which it affords, have been prejudicial to industry. Let the proprietors of the maritime farms bend their attention to the soil and to the sea, profiting by the numerous examples of successful speculation and exertion before their eyes, and they will perhaps discover that temporary distress has been, in this instance, in conformity to the ordinary dispensation of Providence, in eliciting good from evil, productive of substantial benefit both to themselves and to their tenants. That emigration to America may still continue to be advantageous to Scotland, if pursued with moderation, and without extraneous encouragement, cannot be questioned. Though, on the introduction of sheep, many landlords provided permanently for their ejected tenants, others adopted the temporary expedient of placing them on small allotments, upon which they have multiplied and become burdensome. The usual result of negligence and of mistaken humanity, on the part of the landiord or his agent, Emigration should be, however, regarded as affecting not merely the interest of landlord and tenant, or of the nation of which they form a part, but that of the new world to the peopling of which it contributes. And may it not be hoped, that the continual supply of families nurtured under the fostering influence of our Constitution in Church and State, professing generally the Protestant faith in its purity, enjoying the benefits of education denied to their forefathers, may tend to the diffusion of order, social happiness, and Christian knowledge, through empires yet unborn? And is the expectation romantic and visionary, or rather, is it not warranted by the enthusiasm which the prospect of the land of his ancestors awakens in the breast of the enlightened American, that the descendants of the Scottish emigrants, retaining their ancient language, literature, songs, and religion, and animated by The stirring memory of a thousand years, the land of their fathers, their heroes, and their martyrs, may perpetuate that characteristic hereditary attachment to so exquisitely expressed by the poet. O Caledonia! stern and wild, Land of brown heath and shaggy wood, That knits me to thy rugged strand! Each emigrating family may thus become a link in the mighty chain, which may hereafter bind the old world to the new, in the bonds of mutual good-will and common philanthropy. The following extract from STEWART'S Sketches, affords a gratifying instance of the perpetuity of Highland attachment, exhibited by some emigrants from the estate of one of his kinsmen, corroborative of these observations. "It is now upwards of thirty years since the first detachment emigrated; but so far are they from entertaining a spirit of hostility to this country, that they cherish the kindest feelings towards their ancient homes, and the families of their ancient lairds; their new possessions are named after their former farms, and their children and grand-children are named after the sons and daughters of their lairds; and so loyal were they to the king and government of this country, that to avoid serving against them in the late war, several emigrated from the States to Canada, when the young men entered the Royal Militia and Fencibles. Such are the consequences of considerate treatment, and of voluntary emigration." LOCH SUNART; STRONTIAN; CONNAL FERRY; LOCH SUNART, a narrow arm of the sea, extending twenty |