also, that you may have rooms both for summer and winter; shady for summer, and warm for winter. You shall have sometimes fair houses so full of glass, that one cannot tell where to become to be out of the sun or cold. For inbowed windows, I hold them of good use; (in cities, indeed, upright1 do better, in respect of the uniformity towards the street;) for they be pretty retiring places for conference; and besides, they keep both the wind and sun off; for that which would strike almost thorough the room doth scarce pass the window. But let them be but few, four in the court, on the sides only.2

turned to a grotta, or And only have open

Beyond this court, let there be an inward court, of the same square and height; which is to be environed with the garden on all sides;3 and in the inside, cloistered on all sides, upon decent and beautiful arches, as high as the first story. On the under story, towards the garden, let it be place of shade, or estivation. ing and windows towards the garden; and be level upon the floor, no whit sunken under ground, to avoid all dampishness. And let there be a fountain, or some fair work of statua's in the midst of this court; and to be paved as the other court was. These buildings to be for privy lodgings on both sides; and the end 1 for privy galleries. Whereof you must foresee that one of them be for an infirmary,5 if the prince or any special person should be sick, with chambers, bed

1 ad planum ædificii, et minime protuberantes.

2 duæ scilicet ex utroque latere areœ.

8 horto per exterius circumcincta.

4 latus transversum.

5 curandum vero ut aliquæ, tam ex cameris et conclavibus, quam ex porticibus, designentur ad usum infirmorum.

chamber, antecamera, and recamera, joining to it.1 This upon the second story. Upon the ground story,2 a fair gallery, open, upon pillars; and upon the third story likewise, an open gallery, upon pillars, to take the prospect and freshness of the garden. At both corners of the further side, by way of return, let there be two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily paved, richly hanged, glazed with crystalline glass, and a rich cupola in the midst; and all other elegancy that may be thought upon.5 In the upper gallery too, I wish that there may be, if the place will yield it, some fountains running in divers places from the wall, with some fine avoidances.6 And thus much for the model of the palace; save that you must have, before you come to the front, three courts. A green court plain, with a wall about it; a second court of the same, but more garnished, with little turrets, or rather embellishments, upon the wall; and a third court, to make a square with the front, but not to be built, nor yet enclosed with a naked wall, but enclosed with tarrasses, leaded aloft, and fairly garnished, on the three sides; and

8

1 Habeant autem portiones singulæ ægris destinatæ, (ut moderni loquuntur) Ante-Cameram, Cameram ad cubile, et Re-cameram.

2 At latus transversum solarii inferioris, versus hortum convertatur in porticum, spatiosum, &c.

8 Rursus supra solarium tertium, ex omnibus tribus lateribus, statuantur porticus elegantes, &c.

4 ad angulos duos lateris transversi in solario secundo.

5 Sint autem conclavia illa rebus curiosis omnigenis et spectatu dignis referta.

6 qui per secretos tubos iterum transeant. The following sentence is inserted here in the translation: Interior autem pars in solario superiore, versus aream, formetur in porticus et ambulacra, bene munita et obducta, ad usum convalescentium.

7 The translation adds: nam de balneis et piscinis non loquor.

8 Area viridis, gramine vestita, cum pariete in circuitu, et juxta parietem arboribus, ordine positis, sata.

cloistered on the inside, with pillars, and not with arches below.1 As for offices, let them stand at distance, with some low galleries, to pass from them to the place itself.

XLVI. OF GARDENS.

3

GOD ALMIGHTY first planted a Garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures. It is the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man; without which buildings and palaces are but gross handyworks: 2 and a man shall ever see that when ages grow to civility and elegancy, men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater perfection. I do hold it, in the royal ordering of gardens, there ought to be gardens for all the months in the year; in which severally things of beauty may be then in season. For December, and January, and the latter part of November, you must take such things as are green all winter: 5 holly; ivy;

1 sed ambulacris supra columnas, non arcus, erectis; in summitate vero plumbo vel lapide quadrato coöpertis, et ad latera elegantibus statuis parvis, ænei coloris, munitis clausam.

2 manûs tantum sunt opera, nec sapiunt naturam.

8 citius pervenire ad ædificiorum pulchritudinem quam ad hortorum elegantiam et amanitatem.

4 in quibus separatim plantæ quæ illo mense florent et vigent producantur. The scene in the "Winter's Tale," where Perdita presents the guests with flowers suited to their ages, has some expressions which, if this Essay had been contained in the earlier edition, would have made me suspect that Shakespeare had been reading it. As I am not aware that the resemblance has been observed, I will quote the passages to which I allude in connexion with those which remind me of them.

5

Reverend Sirs,

For you there's Rosemary and Rue; these keep
Seeming and savour all the winter long.

Grace and Remembrance be to you both,

And welcome to our shearing.

bays; juniper; cypress-trees; yew; pine-apple-trees;1 fir-trees; rosemary; lavender; periwinkle, the white, the purple, and the blue; germander; flags; 2 orangetrees; lemon-trees; and myrtles, if they be stoved; and sweet marjoram, warm set. There followeth, for the latter part of January and February, the mezereontree, which then blossoms; crocus vernus, both the yellow and the grey; primroses; anemones; the early tulippa; hyacinthus orientalis; chamaïris; fritellaria. For March, there come violets, specially the single blue, which are the earliest; the yellow daffodil; the daisy; the almond-tree in blossom; the peach-tree in blossom; the cornelian-tree in blossom; sweet-briar. In April follow, the double white violet; the wallflower; the stock-gilliflower; the cowslip; flower-delices, and lilies of all natures; 5 rosemary-flowers; the tulippa; the double piony; the pale daffodil; the

6

1 In place of "pine-apple-trees," the translation has buxus, pinus, abies. 2 Irides quoad folia.

8 juxta parietem et versus solem satus.

pseudo-narcissus luteus.

I would I had some flowers o' the Spring, that might
Become your time of day

....

Daffodils,

That come before the swallow dares, and take

The winds of March with beauty: Violets (dim
But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes,
Or Cytherea's breath): pale Prime-roses,
That die unmarried, ere they can behold
Bright Phoebus in his strength.

bold Oxlips, and

The Crown Imperial: Lilies of all kinds,
(The Flower-de-Luce being one).

6 narcissus verus.

French honeysuckle; the cherry-tree in blossom; the dammasin and plum-trees in blossom; the white thorn in leaf; the lilac-tree. In May and June come pinks of all sorts, specially the blush-pink; roses of all kinds, except the musk, which comes later; honeysuckles; strawberries; bugloss; columbine; the French marigold; flos Africanus; cherry-tree in fruit; ribes ; figs in fruit; rasps; vine-flowers; lavender in flowers; the sweet satyrian, with the white flowers; herba muscaria; lilium convallium; the apple-tree in blossom.2 In July come gilliflowers of all varieties;3 musk-roses; the lime-tree in blossom; early pears and plums in fruit; genitings, quadlins. In August come plums of all sorts in fruit; pears; apricocks; berberries; filberds; musk-melons; monks-hoods, of all colours. In September come grapes; apples; poppies of all colours; peaches; melocotones; nectarines; cornelians; wardens; quinces. In October and the beginning of November come services; medlars; bullaces; roses cut or removed to come late; holly-oaks; and such like. These particulars are for the climate of London; but my meaning is perceived, that you may have ver perpetuum, as the place affords.

1 Flos Africanus, simplex et multiplex. The "French Marigold" is omitted in the translation.

2 The translation adds; flos cyaneus: [the corn-cockle].

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Sir, the year growing ancient,

Not yet on Summer's death, nor on the birth

Of trembling Winter, the fairest flowers o' the season
Are our Carnations and streaked Gilly-vors

(Which some call Nature's bastards).

....

Here's flowers for you:

Hot Lavender, Mints, Savory, Marjoram,
The Mary-gold, that goes to bed wi' the Sun,
And with him rises, weeping: These are flowers
Of middle Summer, and I think they are given
To men of middle age.