means his wealth is entirely (all) due to himself. 3. Cheat age into believing itself to be youth. Beguile, from guile, an old French form of wile. 4. Snow-white hair. 5. Free not oppressed by sorrow or ill-health. 6. Story. The root of the word is the Latin for, I speak. Hence also fate (=the thing spoken and not to be recalled), affable, ineffable, etc.

Ex. 15. Draw out a table of the measures of the different sets of verses in the preceding chapter, thus :—

Ex. 16. Prepare the passage from Denham with the following notes:1. Inundation, from Latin unda, a wave. Hence also undulate, etc. It will be noticed that the genius of the language has always appropriated the more technical meaning to the Latin synonym. Thus session is more technical than sitting; undulating than wavy; inspect or examine than look at; discuss than talk about,—and so on. 2. Bounty. The older meaning is goodness; but it has become tinged by the same influences as have marked the work charity. 3. The old pronunciation of wind is still retained in poetry, but only when the rhyme requires it. Dr. Johnson used to defend the old fashion: "I can find it in my mind to call it wind; but I cannot find it in my mind to call it wind." 4. In prose boast of is the phrase. 5. Tributes, from Latin tribuo, I give. 6. Grateful for what the Thames has done for them. 7. Ships. 8. The East and the West Indies. The West Indies were so called by Columbus, under the mistaken idea that he had reached the western islands of India. The same mistake is found in the name American Indian. 9. Wants is wanting. Want is a relation of wan, and wane; and its earlier meaning is to be without. Its secondary meaning came, by an easy transition, to be to desire. 10. The habit of putting the stronger emphasis on the no has made of these two words one, with the odd pronunciation of nuthing.

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Ex. 17. Prepare the first passage from Marvell, with the following notes 1. Ride, as it were at anchor. So we have Yarmouth and other Roadswhere ships ride. 2. It is not necessary to pronounce it winds here. 3. The what is emphatic, and thus makes the line begin with a trochee, while the rest of the line is iambic. This gives force to the exclamation. 4. The emigrants were driven from England by the severe enactments passed during the reign of Charles I. 5. Enamel-a curious form of the word smelt. The en is a pretix, as in enlarge. There is a Low Latin word smaltum, which gives Italian smalto and French esmail and émail; and lastly our English enamel. Smalt is another form: blue enamel. 6. Fowls. This use of the word shows that even in the seventeenth century the distinction between fowls and birds had not been made. Fowl is simply a contraction of AngloSaxon fugol (Ger. Vogel) by softening the g into a w, as we have done in

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sorge (sorrow) and morge (morrow). 7. Ormuz Persia. Compare Milton's phrase, The wealth of Ormuz or of Ind. 8. Ambergris = gris amber, i.e., gray amber. 9. Rather than of the things previously mentioned. 10. A subjective possessive admissible only in poetry = the pearl of the Gospel. 11. The Gulf of Mexico.

Ex. 18. Prepare the passage on Holland, with the following notes:

4.

1. Compare with the phrase play at ducks and drakes. 2. An allusion to the battles of the Pygmies and the Cranes; the Pygmies (from Greek uyun, a fist) were said to be a people of Thrace, thirteen inches in height, always at war with the Cranes. 3. Among the blind, the one-eyed is king." Drain-softened form of Anglo-Saxon drehnigean. 5. A Persian custom. 6. The use of the word discern instead of see is very fine. Discern = see with a great deal of trouble-an enormous amount of looking for. 7. We should have expected a land; but an earth makes the statement still more ludicrous. 8. Leaky. 9. A title (Pater Patria) given by the Roman Senate, among others to Cicero, for extraordinary services. 10. Embankment. 11. Plot had not in Marvell's time the underhand meaning it now has. 12. Compare Sydney Smith's description of a Dutch burgomaster hunting a rat in a dyke.

Ex. 19. Prepare the passage from Lovelace, with the following notes :1. Althea another nom de plume for Miss Sacheverell. 2. The grates of the prison. 3. Tangle-for derivation, see note 11 to Ex. 2 on p. 232. 4. Fly about freely. 5. Allay, a form of alloy. Alloy is from French aloyer (Latin allegare), to arrange (or mix) according to law (à la loi). Allay, to mitigate thirst or pain, seems to be a reduced form of alleviate. The crossshades of meaning add beauty to the epithet. 6. In the old sense = =free from care. 7. An allusion to the old Roman custom of providing each guest asked to dinner with a garland of roses. 8. There is an old proverb, Grief makes thirst." 9. Steep-of Scandinavian origin to cause to stoop. 10. Tipple had not then the low signification it has now. It is a continuative of tip to slant over. = 11. Shriller than ever, in spite of my confinement. 12. Set at large. 13. Older form found in Chaucer is crull. 14. Cage-a French form of the Latin cavea, a cave or cell. 15. The emphasis here contradicts the verse-accent, and makes the that more emphatic. Scan the line thus:

Thát— || for a hérm | itáge | .

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16. Soar, from Latin aura, a breeze, and then the French essorer. of this kind and degree.

17. Such: =

Two names omitted from the previous list of authors may be given

here:

WILLIAM DAVENANT (1605-1668) was the son of a vintner at Oxford. In 1628 he began to write for the stage. The Civil War interrupted his labours, and he took the royalist side. He worked so hard in the king's cause that he received the title of knight. In 1660 he was made Poet-Laureate. His best known poem is Gondibert --which is written in the quatrain (of 5 x a) employed by Dryden in his Annus Mirabilis. He also wrote some plays; but the style of them is much below par.

JOHN CLEVELAND (1613-1658) was another strong royalist, and the best satiric poet upon that side. He was a Cambridge man. He had a bitter hatred of the Scotch, and is the author of the celebrated epigram

Had Cain been Scot, God would have changed his doom;

Not forced him wander, but confined him home.

His chief poems were satires, which have not outlived their contemporaneous popularity. Dr Trench quotes, in his Household Book of English Poetry, his lines on Ben Jonson.

1.

CHAPTER XIV.

JOHN DRYDEN.

OHN DRYDEN was born on the 9th of August, 1631 (fifteen years after the death of Shakspeare, and one year before the birth of Locke), at Aldwinkle, in Northamptonshire. His father, Erasmus Driden (the old people spelt the name with an i), was a landowner and justice of the peace for the county.

The family were all Puritans and Commonwealthmen. His mother's name was Mary Pickering, a sister of Sir Gilbert Pickering, chamberlain to Oliver Cromwell. John Dryden was the eldest of a family of fourteen. Nothing is known about his early education except that he entered Westminster School—then under the "great" Dr. Busby-as a king's scholar. He says that "Master Busby used to whip a boy so long till he made him a confirmed blockhead;" and yet he dedicated one of his poems to Dr. Busby, and sent him two of his sons. In 1650 Dryden gained a Westminster scholarship, and entered Trinity College. He took his degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1654. His father died a few months after this, leaving him a small estate, which brought him in about £60 a year.

2. In 1657 he came to London to "seek his fortune," and was 'employed by Sir G. Pickering as his secretary. On the death of Cromwell in 1658, and on the Restoration in 1660, Dryden took to writing plays as his only likely means of earning a living. There was at that time no "book-buying" public; and the patronage of a nobleman was needed if an author thought of publishing a work. His first play was "The Wild Gallant," a comedy; and it was completely unsuccessful. Dryden was married to Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of the Earl of Berkshire, on the 1st of December 1663. It was not a happy marriage. The lady had the positive defect of a very violent temper, and the negative defect of being quite unable to feel any sympathy with her husband's literary pursuits. In 1665 the plague appeared in