prophet, or bard; the Greeks a maker (poietes). 5. His own material. He gets it all "out of his own head." Conceit thought. 6. End=purpose. 7. The effects which the poet produces in men's minds are not only good, but are delightful at the same time; he brings not only benefit, but pleasure. 8. Surpass. 9. Moving-producing emotion. 10. That Sith. Sidney puts in that as a representative (or pro-conjunction) of sith, to prevent the repetition of it in less important clauses. Compare the French custom of putting que for lorsque or quand, to avoid the too frequent repetition of them.

Ex. 7. Turn the passage In Praise of Poetry into modern English. Omit the since (sith), and break up into short sentences.

Ex. 8.-Prepare the passage from Hooker on pp. 149 and 150, with the following notes:

1. We should now say, administereth. 2. First original causes—a good example of Hooker's tautology. He is very fond of adding the corresponding Latin word to the English, as if the English word did not contain a sufficiently defined meaning. 3. Observance. 4. Loosen and dissolve-another example of the remark in note 2. 5. Turning or rotation. 6. Created things.

Ex. 9. Write a short and clear statement of Hooker's views on Law-as they appear in this passage.

Ex. 10. Prepare the passage on p. 151, with the notes.

Ex. 11. Work out Lyly's contrast between Learning and other kinds of human labour, and state clearly the reason of this contrast. [Learning is an attempt to spell out the laws of an infinite universe-to ascertain the thoughts of an Infinite Mind, etc., etc.]

Ex. 12. Prepare the passage on Learning from Bacon on p. 153, with the following notes :-

1. For as for, or as regards. 2. Conceit notion or thought. From Latin conceptus, from concipere, from capere to seize. The idea is that the mind seizes hold of a number of things together (con) and combines them into one notion. In fourteenth to sixteenth century English, "a conceited person" meant a man full of thoughts; now it means a man with his thought too much directed to himself. Chaucer calls Homer "a conceited clerk "; and a sixteenth century author speaks of Cicero's having said something "most pleasantly and conceitedly," i.e., pithily, or wittily. 3. Probably the roundabout Latin way of saying a leisurely privacy or indolent retirement. 4. Hireling. This is a double diminutive and is hire-el-ing. We have el in little (formerly litel), sparkle; and we have ing in lording (=son of a lord or little lord), farthing (=fourthing) and others. We have the 7 and the ing in duckling, gosling, darling (=dearling), nestling, yearling, etc. 5. Raises or exalts. 6. Unreal courage. Bacon and his contemporaries-Shakspeare and others-often pluralized abstract nouns, like industries, knowledges, loves "(Wherein has Cæsar thus deserved your loves?" Shakspeare), wills ("The wills above be done!" Shakpeare's Tempest), etc. 7. In regard of their own designments with reference to their own private (or selfish) purposes (designs). 8. Purchase result or gain derived from the action. The word is from

pourchasser, to hunt down. Then it came to mean to obtain. Chaucer says, speaking of the begging Friar,

His purchas was well bettre then his rente.

That is, what he gained by begging was more than the rente he paid for the right to beg. 9. Hold take possession of, restrain, withhold.

=

Ex. 13. Prepare the passage on p. 154, with the following notes :

1. Plaine is here an adverb, and modifies set. In Old English, down to the fourteenth century, the usual way of forming an adverb from an adjective was to add an e (and only sometimes an ly). Thus we have in Chaucer,

Or if men smot it with a yerdë smertë

i.e., "if men struck it smartly with a rod." This gives the reason why so many adverbs still decline to take the ly, as fast, quick, slow, etc. We do not say Run fastly. 2. Comely is connected with become and German bequemen. 3. Almost hardly ever. 4. In other respects. 5. The fact that then is the same word as than comes out clearly when we find it after rather. Rather= sooner. "I would sooner have this, then that." 6. Good manners. 7. Alwaies-an old possessive of all way. 8. Le Bel, more correctly. 9. Feature. 10. Bacon rates complexion lowest; above this he puts beauty of feature; and lastly, beauty of figure-as seen in grace of movement. The first sight of a beautiful person generally disappoints, because it is absolutely new, and we cannot connect it with something else. This agrees with Wordsworth's view :

True beauty dwells in deep retreats.

11.

12. Something hitherto unknown. 13. Of whom. Whereof is now = of which. 14. A lucky stroke. 15. The meaning seems to be; "Youth can be beautiful, but not comely, except by a sort of allowance." 16. Turn out well, if it alight on a worthy owner.

Ex. 14. Prepare the passage on p. 155, with the following notes:

1. Thing created. 2. We should now say senses; but Bacon's word is more distinct and definite-sense as opposed to reason. 3. Sabbath work=the "work" (which does not involve labour, or pains, or action) of his day of rest. 4. Matter=material, out of which the world was framed. 5. Breatheth and inspireth mean the same thing. It is another of those double phrases, one word English and the other Latin, so common in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These doubles are most frequent in Hooker, who has cecity and blindness, nocive or hurtful, sense and meaning. It looks like a conflict between the two elements. 6. Adorned. The poet was the Roman poet Lucretius. 7. The inferior sect was the Epicurean, which did not command so large a following as the dominant sect of the Stoics. 8. Toss is of Welsh extraction. 9. Vantage, from French avant. 10. Provided. 11. Professor Bain objects to this sentence as very affected and "euphuistic" in style. But the three statements made in it are real and important truths; and the only admissible objection seems to be to their curtness.

Ex. 15. Turn into modern English the following sentences from Bacon's Essays:

1. Honour aspireth to death; Feare preoccupateth1 it.

2. Lies make for2 Pleasure, with Poets.

3. The Inquirie of Truth is the Love-making or Wooing of it.

4. Clear and Round Dealing is the Honour of Man's Nature.

5. The most vitall parts are not the quickest of Sense.

4

6. There is no passion in the Minde of man so weake, but it Mates, and Masters, the Feare of Death.

7. The true placing of Bounds importeth 5 exceedingly.

8. Whereas the Meaning ought to govern the Terme, the Terme in effect governeth the Meaning."

9. The ablest men, that ever were, have had all an Opennesse, and Francknesse of dealing; And a name of 7 Certainty, and Veracity.

Ex. 16.-Turn into modern English the following sentences from the Essays:

1. For Souldiers, I finde the Generalls commonly in their Hortatives, put Men in minde of their Wives and Children.

8

2. Men of Noble birth are noted to be envious towards New Men, when they rise. For the distance is altered; and it is like a deceipt of the Eye, that when others come on, they thinke themselves goe backe.

3. Where there is no Comparison, there is no Envy.

4. Persons of violent and undertaking 9 Natures, so they may have Power, and Businesse, will take it at any cost.

5. Of all other Affections, Envy is the most importune 10 and continuall. 6. The Arch-flatterer, with whom all the petty Flatterers have intelligence, is a Man's Selfe."1

7. Greate Persons are the first that finde their owne Griefs; though they be the last that finde 12 their own Faults.

8. Be not too sensible, 13 or too remembring, of thy Place, in Conversation.

9. There is in Humane 14 Nature, generally, more of the Foole, then of the Wise.

Ex. 17.-Turn the following sentences from the Essays into modern English:

1. Goodness answers to the Theologicall Vertue Charitie, and admits no Excesse,15 but Errour.

2. It is well, when Nobles are not too great for Soveraignty, nor for Justice. 3. In great oppressions, the same Things, that provoke the Patience, doe withalle mate the Courage.16

4. God never wrought Miracle, to convince Atheisme, because his Ordinary Works convince it.

5. Man is of Kinne to the Beasts, by his body; And if he be not of Kinne to God by his Spirit, he is a Base and Ignoble Creature.

6. They may sometimes discourse high, 17 but that doth little hurt.

7. If Things be not tossed upon the Arguments of Counsell, they will be tossed upon the Waves of Fortune.18

8. A long Table, and a square Table, or Seats about the Walls, seeme Things of Forme, but are Things of Substance.19

9. It were better, to meet some Dangers halfe way, though they come nothing neare, then to keepe too long a watch upon their Approaches: For if a Man watch too long, it is odds 20 he will fall asleepe.

NOTES ON EXERCISES 15, 16, & 17.

1. Anticipates. 2. A phrase restored lately to the language by Mr. Matthew

Arnold, and much superior to its Latin equivalent conduce. 3. The quickest. But the original meaning of quick was vital; and Bacon's use of it marks the fact that in the beginning of the seventeenth century, it had come to mean speedy, nimble. 4. Mates=matches. We should now say rises equal, and even superior, to. 5. Is of exceeding importance. 6. This is a golden precept. It explains in two lines the cause of half the errors made by mankind. We take a word and make it contain a certain meaning, instead of finding out what meaning the word really does contain. The word education, for example, means a thousand different things with a thousand different persons. 7. We should now say a name for, or a reputation for. 8. The p belongs to the root, as it comes from decipere, to "take in." 9. Enterprising. 10. Importunate. 11. And a further and fair deduction from this statement of Bacon's is: That, if we did not flatter ourselves, we should not even understand other flatterers. 12. Find out. 13. Conscious of your own rank. 14. Human. The distinction between human and humane-which arose from an accident of spelling-did not exist in Bacon's time. 15. Goodness may make mistakes; but there cannot be too much of it. 16. Raise the courage up till it is equal to the attacks and annoyances. 17. Talk big. 18. If plans are not debated thoroughly, they may be all broken up by circumstances. 19. Form and substance were the old opposites of the schoolmen. 20. The "odds" are against his keeping awake. (Awake =on wake on wait on watch.)

1.

CHAPTER X.

THE MINOR POETS CONTEMPORARY WITH SHAKSPEARE.

HE mental activity of the age of Elizabeth and of King James I. was not entirely absorbed by the drama. Other kinds of poetry were cultivated. The most considerable minor poets of this period are GEORGE CHAPMAN, ROBERT SOUTHWELL, SAMUEL DANIEL, MICHAEL DRAYTON, SIR JOHN DAVIES, JOHN DONNE, the two FLETCHERS (PHINEAS and GILES), and WILLIAM DRUMMOND. It is impossible to do more in this book than to give the shortest notice of their lives and writings.

2. GEORGE CHAPMAN (1557-1634) is known, not only by his plays, but also, and chiefly, by his translation of HOMER. He translated both the ILIAD and the ODYSSEY.1 Charles Lamb says of him, "He would have made a great epic poet, if, indeed, he has not abundantly shown himself to be one; for his Homer is not so properly a translation, as the stories of Achilles and Ulysses rewritten. The earnestness and passion which he has put into every part of these poems would be incredible to a reader of more modern translations. Passion (the all-in-all in poetry) is everywhere present, raising the low, dignifying the mean, and putting sense into the absurd." He is said to have boasted that he translated twelve books in fifteen weeks; and from this haste comes, no doubt, its roughness. He was daring and picturesque in his use of compound epithets, such as "the ever-living gods," "the many-headed hill," "the ivory-wristed queen." Professor Craik says: 'Rude and negligent upon the whole as it is, Chapman's is by far the most Homeric Iliad we yet

66

1 The word Iliad comes from Ilion, the Greek name for Troy; and hence it means The Tale of Troy. Odyssey comes from Odysseus, the Greek name for the man called by the Romans Ulysses; and the poem relates his Wanderings after the end of the siege.