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a greater surplus can be raised it would be far better than the best philanthropy in all Christendom for preventing suffering in famine years. Another advantage is that it involves less change of situations and less numbers and permanency than manufactures. Again it is less disturbed by caste control than other forms of industry. The Allahabad Christian College has a well chosen staff of experts in (1) horticulture, especially fruits and gardening, (2) agronomy, dealing with soil physics, irrigation, seed selection, use of tools and implements, and (3) dealing with live stock and poultry.

The chief obstacle has been the lack of finance with which to start and equip such enterprises. This has been due in part to the lack of appreciation of its basic nature. That an awakening is come is shown by the proposition to found a training colony in Ceylon under the coöperative management of the mission bodies working in that region. This institution is to be established on the lines of Hampton and its success will wield an untold influence on the future of India and Indo-China. Dr. Frazer gives the following outline of the scheme.

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Our main object will be to send out into the villages messengers who are qualified to bring to the various needs of men something at least of the adequacy of God We would teach our men how to preach in relation to the thought of the people; how to teach in relation to the mind of the child; how also to help the villager in his agricultural difficulties and in matters of local industries, and so far as possible in all things which go to make up village life.

We will teach agriculture until each man can cultivate the fields allotted to him at a profit so that the villages committed to his care in the future may be able to turn to him for advice and counsel in their troubles, or when the monsoon fails, find in him one who can help with a knowledge of irrigation. In his teaching he should have the agricultural point of view common to over 90 per cent of his pupils. It should be here remembered that the agricultural question in India is the question of all questions. The population of India is greater than that of North America, South America, Africa, and Australia rolled into one. means that in that crowded population 90 per cent of whom are engaged in agriculture, there are always thousands on the starvation line, and if the rainy season fails to bring the required amount of moisture, millions will suffer from famine. It will be

seen what a tremendous blessing in such a case the Christian messengers might be could they bring a greater food-producing capacity to the people to whom they go. These leaders are to meet a short time each year for special training and association and every seventh year to return for a year's rest and work in the training school in order to keep up with the progress of the times and to increase the efficiency of the workers. It is hoped that such workers will be useful and sympathetic with the life and needs of their communities and that the instruction given will develop the best features in the social and industrial life of the villages and in this way prevent the denationalizing of the people by a useless education which educated them away from their people and country (23, vol. 42, pp. 34–42).

A movement in close relation to the above is the organization of an interdenominational Industrial Association among those missionary workers in South India who believe in the necessity and value of industrial work. This Association is studying the needs and possibilities of the future work of this kind, being convinced that industrial education should be fostered for economic, social and moral reasons.

The history of social evolution points to the fact that no great civilization has appeared and persisted, which did not go through a long period of training in the handicraft stage. Long years of apprenticeship to silversmiths preceded the Italian Renaissance; and Flanders, with her great industries, her crafts and gilds became the northern center of Humanism. The thesis here maintained is, that only through the development of skill in productive industry can economic efficiency be attained, and that economic efficiency is a prerequisite for the production and training of great intellectual leaders, for only thus can the higher and more abstract literary education be understood and properly assimilated. This latter end is desirable in developing native leaders, but it can be attained only after the economic foundation has been thoroughly established.

In these days when every field is being studied and measured by standards, many are turning to the racial problems with queries as to better methods of ascertaining not only the problems but also the division of the problems

into their constituent parts and finding the best solution for them. No people has been more carefully studied than has the Indian by the Bureau of Ethnology, yet there is a wide chasm between the knowledge stored up and the educational practice among the Indian tribes. We need some expert who can so sift and rearrange these studies as to make them applicable to the present educational situation. There is needed a great deal of study both physical and mental on the Negro for the finding of the best means of developing and socializing that race. Multitudes of immigrants are annually coming to this country and though a number of agencies are working to assimilate them and several school systems are assisting them to learn English and industry, still we are without any definite knowledge as to the most economical and efficient method of introducing them into our civilization.

Special bureaus should be conducted for all of the backward races whose data should be available for practical use in their behalf. Dudley Kidd describes the kind of a bureau which is needed for South Africa. 1. There is need of a body of experts who shall study the peoples. Politicians are seeking to solve the native problem by acting on fancies evolved from their own desires without considering the needs of the natives. By careful study of native thought and custom, symptoms may be discovered which will lead to causes and so get at the roots of the problems.

2. This bureau would study the Kafir child, the inborn capacities of the race, the environment and seek the reason for the arrest at puberty and thus to understand some of the puzzling things in the adult.

3. This body of experts would study educational methods in Europe and America, and the results of experiments in various departments and places; and would spread this information among educators and missionaries; then watch the effect of these educational methods and note whether they were defective or effective in the case of the Kafirs.

4. The bureau would undertake to standardize a system

of anthropometric measurements in all of the African races. When this data is compared with European adults and children it should "apprise us of any incipient changes in physique, or in other characters, as the result of changed environment.

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5. This bureau would experiment on the native capacity for working in iron or wood or with tools or in manufactures. It would seek to foster many of the existing native industries as mat and basket weaving, pottery, spinning, and smithing. It would make detailed study of local conditions of agriculture and stimulate the natives to adapt the proper crop to the soil and season, to put trees on denuded lands, cattle raising and their care. It would study trade and market conditions, the opening of fresh markets, the introduction of new lines of industry and give information concerning the native labor supply.

6. This bureau would study the creation of new wants and desires, the changes of thought "produced by missions, labor demands, commerce and economics and generally act as a buffer between the native races and the white men" (33, p. 278).

At the Race Congress the following scheme was outlined. 1. A humanity league would be organized whose purpose should be to promote the understanding of the social schemes and national ideals of different nations and races and at the meetings of the Congress carefully consider the many problems arising therefrom.

2. The development of exchange professorships in the various universities, Orientals to be invited to western institutions and Occidentals to go to those parts not already in touch with western thinking.

3. The publication of an international journal of comparative civilization which should study the economic, domestic, social, religious and political problems from the different national standpoints and make application of this accumulation of data to the problems of administration and education of the peoples concerned.

4. An organized effort to modify the color and racial prejudices and to oppose the "forcible shutting of the

door in the West against the East with the forcible breaking it open in the East in favor of the West; national chauvinism; national aggressiveness and war" (54, pp. 1-13).

One of the most instructive schemes, embodying, in part, these principles, was the founding in 1908 of the Batak Institute. Colonial powers know far too little of the nations under their rule to properly guide them to a "healthy elevation of the standard of the whole of their social, economic, intellectual and ethical life in harmony with their physical and psychical capabilities." The method of the work is to make collections of all the existing data upon a particular section; then to publish a bibliography or survey of this collection; to secure information from all competent persons working in those regions and upon this basis determine what was known and what was most needed in analyzing this section.

The choice for the first experiment was the Batak tribes living in the mountainous regions of Northern Sumatra.

The Institute undertook to send out (February 1911) an agriculturist with good practical knowledge, who is at the same time no stranger in the department of commerce. His designation was the Karo plateau in the highlands, far inland in the district of the east coast of Sumatra, which is rich in plantations. The purpose of this mission was to bring the natives, especially through practical demonstrations, to a wiser conduct of the principal branch of cultivation, namely, rice and to the growth of such produce as is likely to find a favorable market in the lowlands and afterwards in the Strait Settlements. This official is permanently employed to make the survey of the people and their environment (54, pp. 259-260).

We have great need of a multitude of patient and exact studies in every land, both civilized and uncivilized, of every phase of the social and physical environment to formulate and evaluate the wisest policies in race education. The greatest problem is the selection and preparation of the race-educators.

"It can scarcely be denied," writes Dudley Kidd, "that the early missionaries hardly appreciated the peculiar difficulties of the problems that faced them. They were burning with zeal and imagined that all they had to do was to impart to savages the gift of a Divine religion and a ready made civilization. They

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