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ses she agin, 'do you now go down to the ind ov the barn there an' walk back agin, as if you war cumin' up to make yer obeyglance to the quollity, an' I'll stay here an' misrepresint Mr. Crosby the lan'lord himself.'

"With that, away hops Mick to the far ind of the barn, an' back he cums agin wid a hell ov a swagger-a hand on aiche hip, an' his hat on three hairs, far proudher an' statelier, by gawnies, than Mr. Crosby, or any lord in the kingdom. But I couldn't stand it! for when I seen poor ould Katty puffin' out hur ould lanthairn jaws to make hurself look fat an' grand like the lan❜lord, an' whin I seen Mick throwin' out his shins like a hin afore day, an' cumin' up as cockit to the mother as if he actially thought the gentleman himself was afore him, I gev way, an' burst out a laughin' so loud that I thoroughly frightened the acthers out ov their wits for the minnit.

"What the divil is that?' ses Mickel growin' red. "Ogh!' ses the mother, if we're seen or hard we'll be the shows ov the counthry!'

"Never mind,' ses Mick again, aiger to begin the practissin', it is some one sneezin' without, or the gandher cacklin'. Now, mother, ye'r to spake to me as Misther Crosby.'

"I'm proud to see you, Misther Mickel Neville, ov the Mill,' ses Katty, in a grand voice, to imitate the squire. "I'm oblegated to yer honer, sir,' ses Mick also grand, but keepin' the hat on, an' the hands still on the hips. "Now, mother,' ses he agin, you must say-Misther Neville I've won my election canvass-an' you'll see the fine answer I'll make.'

"Misther Neville,' ses Katty, repatin' the words as desired, 'I've won my election canvass.'

"Then yer worship will soon set sail-haw! haw! haw!' ses Mick laughin' hearty at his own joke.

"Eh, mother, wasn't that nate?' ses he. "Now,' ses he agin, 'ye ought to say-Misther Neville will you do my sisther the honer of dancin' wid hur? an' ye'll hear as good a reply as the other.'

"Well, Katty repated the words 'will you do my sisther the honor ov dancin' wid hur?'

"Would a duck swim?' ses Mick smirkin', especially wid beauty for his iliment! ha! ha! ha! Eh, mother, won't that settle their hash?'

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Ogh! it's yerself is the boy in the mornin'!' ses the delighted mother, while I had the whole tail of my coat thrust into my mouth to help me to keep in the laffin.

"After all, mother,' cries Mick, 'you have no gumshin! Ye must suppose now, that Miss Crosby an' I is standin' on the flure ready to dance, an' it's your bisness to reprisint Jemmy Maguire the Piper; so away wid ye, an' get ye'r chanther.'

"Well, I looked to see what id come nixt, an' before I could wink my eye-success to Katty!--she was sated in style on a couple ov sods ov turf, wid a big blather ondher her arm, an' a stick bethune hur hands, and she groanin' an' gruntin', lettin' on to tune the pipes.

"Miss Crosby,' ses Mick, bowin' as it were to the lady, 'what air shall we dance Miss?'

"Mother, ye'r to anser for Miss Crosby in a nate nice voice.' "Suppose Tatther Jack Welsh,' ses Katty, spakin' small an' quite genteel for the lady.

"With all heart,' ses Mick; 'Jemmy Maguire,' ses he to the mother, 'strike up Tatther Jack Welsh,' in yer best style.' "Well, my jewil, away goes Katty to squeeze the blather, finger the stick, an' lilt up Tatther Jack Welsh through her nose, Mick to flitther at the dancin', an' I-ogh, meila murther!-to shout, aye, to roar laughin'; till losin' all hoult an' all power to keep myself up any longer, down I tumbles from the roof, to the ground, an' I had barely time to run an' get behind a ditch, when out comes Mick an' the mother to find out the cause ov the noise.

"But by gar that same tumble didn't sarve me, an' I paid for my peepin' for I turned my ankle in the fall somehow, an' I couldn't walk for a day or two afther, so I lost the sport ov watchin' the pair for the remainder of that week. But,' ses I to myself, 'shure I'll see the frutes ov the practis if I can but make a shift to crawl to the castle the day ov the faste.'

"Well, that same joyful day come at last, an' I was right glad ov it, ye may be shure, for I expected a power of fun with Mick, to say nothin' of the good cheer, an' at an early nour I was at the castle. Ogh! a beautiful sight it was for sarun, to see the great park full ov clane drest, happy lookin' people, smilin' and talkin' to one another-the fine long tables spred out here an' there, with the best ov fine atin' and dhrinkin', and the quollity themselves welcomin' the peeple, an' shakin'

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hands with the ould tinanthry, as plain an free as the ra'el sort always does. Why, their very smiles-for they war never ubsintees from us-an' laughin' eyes, did our hearts good. But the happiest man there, sartainly, was Mick Neville, drest in his new blue coat, with shinin' brass buttons, a waistcoat, yalla as the yalla-hammer's breast, an' his beautiful legs cased with white cotton stock ins, for the first time in his life. My jewel! he was here, there, an' every where, like a paper-kite's tail, showin' himself off; an' I thought I had lost the use ov eyes an' ears whin I seen him strut up to the young Squire with the very same airs an' attytudes he got on with in the barn. "Well, Neville,' ses the gintleman, I'm glad to see you.' "I'm obligated intirely to yer honer, Sir,' ses Mick. I'm glad yer worship has gained yer election canvass, an' I hope soon to see yer rivirince set sail-haw! haw! haw!' an' the impetent divil laughed as he did when he was practisin' the speech. By my faith, I looked to see would they mak a futDall ov his body for his prate, but Mr. Crosby knew him wellsmoked him imagently, an' ses he, you're not the dusty miller, but the witty miller, Neville;' and there was a loud laugh among the quollity, in which Mick thought he had a right to join.

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"At last the fiddlers an' pipers struck up, and Misther Crosby obsarvin' the 'buck' lingerin' still, (faith i ew well what he was waiting for) Misther Neville,' ses he, my sister, Miss Crosby, will dance with you, if you have no objectionwill you honour her with your hand?'-'Would a duck swim,' ses Mick, all alive, especially wid beauty for his ilimiat!'

"Ogh, murther! murther! if ye could but hear the screeches ov laughin' then, an' it was incraised, if possible, when Mick, as if he was walkin' on new-laid eggs, advanced up to the lady an' led her out on the green to dance.

"Clear the way,' ses he to the peeple, as if he was a tumbler goin' to show off his thricks, clear the way an' form a ring-what tune would you choose to dance, Miss? I have no choice, Misther Neville,' ses Miss Crosby. Then, musicianers' ses Mick, strike up Tutther Jack Welsh!

"O! by yer lave,' ses the fiddler, 'some other tune before that, for a lady, if ye plase.' An' they played Mrs. M'Cloud. "With that, hurroo! Mick let fly the legs, an' it was an even bet whether he'd kick the sky or Miss Crosby's head off first, so out ov all rason war his movements. The divil if ever I seen sitch cuttin' and caperin' in my life, an' I could compare him to nothin' in the world but a pasteboord man I seen in the shops, whose legs an' arms flew up or down as ye pulled a string.

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Ogh!

Ogh!' ses ould Katty Neville to me a one side Paddy Magrah, I'll die happy this night, if it's my luck, after seein' my darlint, Mickel, dancin' with the flower of Castle Crosby. Well, while I was listenin' to Katty, the dance concluded with great applause; an' the next place I seen Mick was sittin' beside his iligant partner, free and aisy, on the steps ov the hall-doore, ondher the grand portyco. Purty well,' ses I to myself; but that wasn't it all: by an' by he begun to get asier and asier, ov coorse, an' the love gettin' strong in his heart, an' the brass in his face, what does he do but lane backward agin the steps, and puttin' his hand partly about Miss Crosby's waist, 'Ògh!' ses he, with a groan, and turnin' up the whites ov his eyes--Ogh! what a pity it is to love an' not be loved agin!' Be me faix this is thrue! an' in place ov its gettin' him anger, it only set 'em all to laugh louder, especially the young Squire and the lady herself; but at last, thinkin she did quite enough for one day, to be agreeable and condescindin', Miss Crosby wint into the house with the rest ov the ladys an' gintlemin, an' as she didn't return agin, for the rest the day, poor Mick the buck was left like a bewildhered kid upon a mountain, lookin' for its mammy."

Paddy, when he arrives at this part of the story, usually ends his recital with a hearty laugh in which he is joined by a chorus from his audience. And in justice to his veracity I must add that my own knowledge of the circumstances enables me to corroborate what he has related as absolute fact. person as the 'buck' he describes in the person of Mick-actually made use of the words quoted to the fair daughter of Castle and the remembrance of the scene afforded

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mirth to her and her amiable family for many years after. The Sportheen is still living, and a buck still though "fallen into the sear and yellow leaf." I have heard that his mother, at length aware of the bad effects resulting from her mistaken pride, has often since tried to make him forget her first advice, to "hold a high head," and now endeavours to persuade him that an honest farmer's daughter would be a meet companion, after all,

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THE MILCH CATTLE OF ANTS. THE ants keep and feed certain other insects, from which they extract a sweet and nutritious liquid, in the same manner as we obtain milk from cows. There are two species of insects from which the ant tribe åbstract this juice the aphides, or plantlice, and the gall-insects. Linnæus, and after him other naturalists, have called these insects the milch cattle of the ants; and the term is not inapplicable. In the proper season, any person, who may choose to be at the pains of watching their proceedings, may see, as Linnæus says, the ants ascending trees that they may milk their cows, the aphides. The substance which is here called milk is a saccharine fluid, which these insects secrete; it is scarcely inferior to honey in sweetness, and issues in limpid drops from the body of the insect, by two little tubes placed one on each side just above the abdomen. The aphides insert their suckers into the tender bark of a tree, and employ themselves without intermission in absorbing its sap; which, having passed through the digestive system of the insect, is discharged by the organs just described. When no ants happen to be at hand to receive this treasure, the insects eject it to a distance by a jerking motion, which at regular intervals they give their bodies. When the ants, however, are in attendance, they carefully watch the emission of this precious fluid, and immediately suck it down. The ants not only consume this fluid when voluntarily ejected by the aphides, but, what is still more surprising, they know how to make them yield it at pleasure; or in other terms, to milk them. On this occasion the antennæ of the ants discharge the same functions as the fingers of a milk-maid; with these organs, moved very rapidly, they pat the abdomen of an aphis first on one side and then on the other: a little drop of the much-coveted juice immediately issues forth, which the ant eagerly conveys to its mouth, The milk of one aphis having been thus exhausted, the ant proceeds to treat others in the same manner, until at length it is satiated, when it returns to its nest. Some species of ants go in search of these aphides on the vegetables where they feed; but there are others, as the yellow ant, which collect a large herd of a kind of aphis, which derives its nutriment from the roots of grass and other plants. These milch kine they remove from their native plants and domesticate in their habitations, affording, as Huber justly observes, an example of almost human industry and sagacity. On turning up the nest of the yellow ant, this naturalist one day saw a variety of aphides either wandering about in the different chambers, or attached to the roots of plants which penetrated into the interior. The ants appeared to be extremely jealous of their stock of cattle; they followed them about, and caressed them, whenever they wished for the honied juice, which the aphis never refused to yield. On the slightest appearance of danger they took them up in their mouths, and gently removed them to a more sheltered and more secure spot. They dispute with other ants for them, and, in short, watch them as keenly as any pastoral people would guard the herds which form their wealth. Other species, which do not gather the aphides together in their own nest, still seem to look on them as private property; they set sentinels to protect their places of resort, and drive away other ants; and, what is still more extraordinary, they inclose them not only from rival ants, but also from the natural enemies of the aphis. If the branch on which the aphides feed be conveniently situated, the ants have recourse to a very effectual expedient for keeping off all trespassers: they construct around the branch containing the aphides a tube of earth, or some other material, and in this inclosure, formed near the nest, and generally communicating with it, they secure their cattle against all interlopers.

BLACK LEAD MINES OF SEATTER FELL.-About seventy years ago, a person who possessed a part of the mountain contiguous to the mines determined to obtain a share of this rich mineral. Here, with great labour, he sunk a shaft, which he carried diagonally till he entered the mines, and with secret joy be continued his depredations for some time undiscovered. At length his fraud was detected, and he was tried at Carlisle. The

peculiarity of his case had no precedent. He saved his life; but an Act of Parliament was passed in 1752 to secure this valuable property by which the stealer and receiver are both subjected to the same punishment as for felony. Wad, or, as it is improperly called, black lead, is not found in regular veins, but in lumps and irregular masses, several of which weigh four or five pounds. Some of these pieces are hard and gritty, and of little value; others are soft, and of a fine texture, and worth four guineas a pound. It is described as lying in the mine in the form of a tree, having a body or root, from which proceeds veins or branches in all directions; the body is the finest wad, and the branches are of an inferior quality. Such is the richness of the mines, that in the space of half an hour, a single workınan can obtain as much of the mineral as will sell for one thousand pounds. When the mines are opened, a sufficient quantity is procured to answer the demand. The wad of the best quality is packed in barrels, and conveyed under a strong guard to Kendal, whence it is sent to London by waggons, the proprietors of which give a bond for its safe delivery. The inferior sort is conveyed by land to Ulverstone, whence it is shipped to the metropolis. Of late years apprehensions have been entertained that the supply of this useful article would fail; but larger quantities have since been procured, and the mines have proved more productive. Dr. Merret and some others, have supposed that these are the only wad mines in the world; but that is not the case. A mineral of a similar nature, though of inferior quality, and obtained only in small quantities, has been discovered in Scotland, Spain, Germany, and the East Indies. The principal consumption of the mineral consists in what are called black-lead pencils, which have acquired so much reputation abroad under the title of Crayons d'Angleterre. It is bought by the pencil-makers in London, who attend a sale of it in Essex-street, on the first Monday in every month.

DISCOVERY OF WINE. Sir J. Malcolm, in his history of Persia, states that wine was first discovered by Jemsheed, one of the earliest monarchs of the empire, by the following aceident:-He was immoderately fond of grapes, and desired to preserve some, which were placed in a large vessel, and lodged in a vault for future use. When the vessel was opened the grapes had fermented; their juice was so acid that the king be lieved it must be poisonous; he had some bottles filled with it, and poison written upon each; these were placed in his room. It happened that one of his favourite ladies was affected with nervous head-aches: the pain distracted her so much that she desired death; observing a bottle with poison written on it, she took it and swallowed its contents. The wine, for such it had become, overpowered the lady, who fell into a sound sleep, and awoke much refreshed. Delighted with the remedy, she repeated the doses so often that the king's poison was all drunk. He soon discovered this, and forced the lady to confess what she had done. A quantity of wine was made, and Jemsheed and all his court drank of this new beverage, which, from the manner of its discovery, is to this day known in Persia by the name of zeher-e-khoosh, or the delightful poison.

CONCEIT. Conceit is the most contemptible and one of the other shifts, and forced to appeal to itself for admiration. An most odious qualities in the world. It is vanity driven from all author whose play has been damned over night, feels a paroxysm of conceit the next morning. Conceit may be defined a restless, overweening, petty, obtrusive, mechanical delight in our own qualifications, without any reference to their real value, and for no other reason whatever. It is the extreme of selor to the approbation of others, merely because they are ours, fishness and folly.—Hazlitt.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

THE contributions of T. O. and K. S. P. are not adapted for publication in this work.

J. G. (Newtownbarry.)
We regret we cannot give insertion to the communication of

The contribution of P. (Belfast) shall appear in a future num

ber.

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Drawn by Samuel Lover, Esq. R. H. A. for the Irish Penny Magazine. ILLUSTRATIONS OF IRISH TOPOGRAPHY.-No. XVII. [From Original MS. Collections.]

DONEGAL.

THE little town of DONEGAL is situated in the heart of wildly picturesque scenery, 111 miles from Dublin, on the river Eask, and at the mouth of a bay to which it gives name, in the barony of Tyrhugh, and County of Donegal. The bay is full of good roads and harbours, but its entrance is obstructed by shelves, sands, and rocks. The town returned two members to the Irish Parliament, the patronage being then in Lord Arran. It had at that time a manufacture of narrow linens, now considerably declined. The number of its houses was returned in 1824, as 131, and its population as 696 persons. It gives the titles of Marquis and Earl to the family of Chichester.

Here are the remains of a noble and extensive castle, and at a small distance from the town those of a very celebrated abbey. The cloister consists of small arches supported by couplets of pillars on a casement. In one part are two narrow passages, one over the other, about four feet wide, ten long, and seven high; which seem to have been designed for depositing valuable effects in times of danger.

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The parish derives its name from the town, and is a rectory and vicarage in the diocese of Raphoe, whose prelate enjoys its patronage. It has a glebe-house with a glebe of 38 acres arable and pasture, and has compounded for its tithes at £230 15s. 4d. payable to the incumbent, and £107 13s. 10d. to the lay impropriator. Its population was returned as 4,426 persons, and it contains two schools under the foundation of the Hibernian Society.

Near Donegal are the beautiful waters of Lough Eask, and the more celebrated Lough Derg, the scene of St. Patrick's purgatory.

1159, Murtogh O'Loghlen burned Donegal, and devastated the surrounding region.

1373, The bay of Donegal, and various tenements in the town were, on inquisition, found to be part of the inheritance of Milo de Courcy, as ascertained with a view to a partition amongst his co-heirs.

1474, The castle was erected here, and the monastery founded in the same year, for Franciscans of the strict observance, by Odo Roe, son of Nial Garbh O'Donnell, then prince of the surrounding country, and by his wife, Fionnuala, (commonly translated Penelope,) daughter of O'Brien, Prince of Tho mond.

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1505, The founder was buried within the walls of the said friary.

1515, The Bishop of Raphoe, (Mac Gormacon) died here in the habit of a Franciscan, and was buried in the same cemetery.

1530, A general chapter of that order was held here. During their session (as the annals relate) Hugh Oge O'Donnell supplied them with all provisions and entertainment.

1550, Roderic O'Donnell, Bishop of Derry, died in the Franciscan Friary, and was interred here.

1587, The government received intelligence that O'Donnell, the powerful chieftain of this country, had bidden defiance to English administration, and absolutely refused to admit a sheriff into his district, a circumstance which utterly confounded the council at Dublin, as however willing they were to put down the disaffection of this powerful nobleman, they yet, in their utter destitution of military force, dreaded to assert their authority. Expedients were proposed and rejected, when Perrot, then Lord Deputy, assuming an air of triumph over the embarrassinent of his counsellors, asstured them that if they would esign the affair to his conduct he made no doubt of bringing O'Donnell or his son without any extraordinary charge to her majesty, any hazard to her subjects, annoyance to the counry, or interruption of its peace.

The execution of the project being thus confided to him, he proceeded in a manner equally impolitic and dishonourable, and which I shall give as nearly as possible in the words of a yet extant MS. Life of Red Hugh O'Donnell, the son above alluded to. About the feast of St. Michael, Perrot privately fitted out a bark well-manned and supplied with instruments of war, as well as abundance of wine and strong drink, to exhiit in the way of merchandize. All things being prepared, and the wind coming directly from the south, the bark proceeded om Dublin to Lough Swilly, in Tyrconnel. Here she stopped out at sea, opposite the castle of Rathmaolain, and having lowered her sails and anchored in the haven, a party of her crew went on shore in the disguise of merchants, to inform the country people of the wine and strong liquors which they had on board, and proposed to make sale of. The deluded natives gathered to the ship where they were received with insidious hospitality, until young Hugh O'Donnell hearing of this arrival in the bay, came down with a youthful train to the castle of Rathmaolain. The Castellan, hereupon, renewed his order for more wine for this noble and unexpected train. He received however, an answer from the ship, that there was now little more left than the crew required for their own use, but that if the young prince and a few of his followers would visit the vessel, they should have as much wine as they might wish to consume there. Young Hugh, then only of the age of fifteen, was delighted with the proposal, and rowed over with his no less rash favourites. The people of the ship received them with all honour, and entertained them with a variety of food and drink, until gluttony and inebriety, those sirens of youth and subverters of human prudence, left their victims at their mercy. In that crisis the wily mariners stole the arms from the Irishmen, closed the hatches, weighed anchor, and dropped down the stream, into the sea. They arrived unmolested in Dublin, when the captive Prince was thrown into a dungeon of the castle, where he remained a prisoner for upwards of three years. What a moral and political lesson may be learned from this incident in the history of our country!

1600, Manus, the brother of the aforesaid Red Hugh O'Donnell, having been wounded in an engagement with the English, near Lifford, was carried to the castle of Donegal, where, after suffering great pain for several days, he died and was buried in the tomb of his ancestors, in the above friary. His father survived him but a few days; grief hurried him to the same sepulchre.

1601, While Red Hugh was absent in Connaught the Engfish marched with a strong party to Donegal, and took possession of its monastery, as well as of another small one in the neighbourhood. Here, however, they were so surrounded by O'Donnell, that they could not obtain provisions by land, and their stock being nearly exhausted, they were obliged to send a messenger to Derry, to sohcit a ship-load thence, which was complied with accordingly. In this condition the two parties remained until a flash of lightning, having struck a barrel of gunpowder in the friary, a dreadful explosion ensued that destroyed numbers of the English. O'Donnell took advantage of the confusion occasioned by this accident, and attacked their fortifications, which he would have destroyed had it not been for the firing of the ordnance from the ship in the harbour.

Soon after this, hearing of the arrival of the Spaniards at Kinsale, he broke up the siege, and assembling his forces at Ballymote, proceeded into Munster.

1602, Captain Harvey took this castle.

1631, The well-known annals of Donegal, (more popularly called the Annals of the Four Masters,) were compiled in the convent here. The original of the first part is in the possession of the Duke of Buckingham, that of the second in the collections of the Royal Irish Academy.

1563, Basil Brookes was seised in fee of the Castle of Donegal, with all gardens, orchards, &c., thereunto appertaining; and also of a free market, weekly held within said town, and of a yearly fair, and court of pie-poudre.

1651, The Marquis of Clanrickard took this castle, but was soon after obliged to surrender it to the superior force of the enemy.

1736, In this year, a Lieutenant Chaplain, quartered at Gibraltar, was informed by Captain Nesbit, in the same gai rison, that in the spring of the year many whales frequented the northwest coasts of Ireland, from Tyland Head, in the County Donegal to the Bay of Sligo. Chaplain, being an enterprising man, and having been previously employed in the Greenland fishery, sold his commission soon after he had received this information, and came to Ireland on the speculation of fishing for whales. He accordingly procured two boats to be made upon the model of those used in the Greenland Seas, and furnished himself with harpoons and other instruments, but although there was a great abundance of whales seen, he was not able to kill more than two in eight years. Attributing his illsuccess to the want of sufficient apparatus,, he applied to Parliament for aid, and obtained a grant of £500, but died before it was paid. His brother pursued his plan for eight years with no better success, and he also died. In 1759 Messrs. Thomas and Nesbit, gentlemen who lived near Killibegs, on the seacoast of Donegal, and who were very skilful in the herring and other fisheries, carried on there, seeing whales in great nuinbers, revived Chaplain's undertaking, and having engaged others in the project, procured a ship to be fitted up in the Greenland way, with five boats of a new construction. They also engaged harpooners and other persons experienced in the Greenland fishery, and in 1760 began to fish, but though they saw many whales they could not kill any.

At length the company having expended £3000 in the undertaking, it was discovered that the method of fishing and harpooning in Greenland would not suit in these seas. In Greenland, the water being always calm, the boats are not agitated, so that the harpooner is more sure of his stroke, and the whale frequently bends his head downwards in order to plunge under water, which the fishers call backing, and which straining and tightening the ship, the harpooner avails himself of that moment to strike, and the harpoon enters deeply, which it would not do if the skin hung loose over the blubber. In these seas, on the contrary, the water is always rough either by a wind or a swell, so that the harpooner can take no aim, and the whale seldom backing but lying extended on the surface of the water, with the skin loose and flaccid over the fat, the harpoon, though it may reach him with considerable force, does not enter.

Mr. Nesbit perceiving this, in order to give greater power to the harpoon and lances, contrived to discharge them from a swivel-gun, which succeeded so well that in 1762 he killed three whales, and in 1763 two of a very large description, when the Irish Parliament granted him an aid of £1500.

It is to be observed that in the sea of the coast of Donegal there are, besides the whales that yield bone and blubber, the fin-fish, the porpoise, the sun-fish, and the spermaceti whales, besides seals. The teeth of the spermaceti whale are shaped like a cucumber, and are about 18 inches long; they are as white as ivory, take a fine polish, and make very beautiful and durable handles for knives and forks. The sun-fish is valuable for the oil that is extracted from the liver, each yielding about a tun; they used to be found in these waters all the year, and taken with great ease. The other fish and the seals are of little value.

Here's a blue-jacket tells me, I should not forget,

(An "O Taffrail" well used to the hake and the haul)
To inquire if the whale is harpoonable yet,

Are sun-fishes seen in the broad Donegal ?—
No! the whales-since the Union, deserted its wave,
But some lone ones were gathered while haply they stayed,
And an oil was distilled from their blubber that gave

All the splendour of sunshine, when sunshine was fled. But a truce with such a parody, I am ashamed of it. It is

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like some unpalatable drug, filtered even from the dewy rose! | only atone for it by an extract from Mr. Neill's "Tour to the Islands of Orkney and Shetland," where he mentions that a species of small whales, from six to twenty feet long, is frequently cast, and in great numbers, on the shores of these islands, but that the ardour of the natives, in capturing and saving them, is considerably damped by the usage of the country, which he thus propounds :—

"As soon as the whales are got ashore by the exertions of the people, who surrounding them with boats embay them and force them ashore, the Baillie of the parish is advertised, who comes to the place and takes care that none of them are embezzled, and he acquaints the Admiral thereof, who forthwith goes there and holds a court, where the fiscal presents a petition, reciting the number of whales, &c., that the judge may give judgment thereupon, according to the law and the country practice. Whereupon the Admiral orders the whales so captured to be divided in three equal lots, one to belong to himself, one to the sailors, and the third to the proprietor of the ground on which the whales are driven ashore. It is added that the minister of the parish demands tithes of them, and that the Baillie claims the head as a perquisite."

1798, October 15th. A French frigate of 30 guns anchored close to the town of Donegal, and two more appeared in the bay all crowded with men, but the militia being called out, and the country people displaying every willingness to repel the invaders, the ships departed.

There are extant various manuscript poems, &c. on the O'Donnells, and in more especial connection with Donegal there is an Irish poem of 134 verses on the deserted state of THE CASTLE, in the 17th century, the annals of Donegal already alluded to, &c. There was also a large collection of Irish poems entitled Leabhar hua Congabhla, long preserved in the monastery here, some extracts from which are yet extant in the Stowe Library, but the original has disappeared.

J. D.

ANCIENT IRISH BIOGRAPHY.-No. XVII.

BLATHMAC AND DIARMUID II.

riodnach, from a peculiar pain or spasm which attacked him at intervals of an hour,) who was a son of Daniel, or Donald, who reigned in 566. His reign was greatly disturbed by Angus, son of his predecessor Coleman, who was, however, at length defeated by him in battle at Odva, and does not appear to have caused him any further annoyance. He was himself subsequently killed in battle at Da Fertha, a place situated, I believe, near the town of Slane on the river Boyne. It was during his reign that St. Augustine effected the conversion of Ethelbert, King of Kent, in England, and established the see of Canterbury. At his death, in 612, the throne was seized by Malcova, son of Hugh I., who held it for three years, and was killed by his successor, Suivney, great grandson of the monarch Murtough, who died in 533.

The reign of Suivney lasted for thirteen years, and was at last terminated by his death in battle by Conall Claon. It was during this period that the celebrated St. Kevin died; his death occurring, as our annals of Glendalough (No. V.) mention, on the 3rd of June, 619. Daniel, or Donald II. surnamed the Pious, succeeded Suivney in the year 628. He was a brother of Malcova, but was much more fortunate in his reign, which lasted for thirteen years and terminated by a peaceful death. It would appear that at this period the province of Ulster was in a state of hostility with the monarch, for it was in battle with Conall king of Ulster, that Suivney lost his life; and we find that the warfare continued afterwards, for two celebrated battles are on record, in both of which Daniel was victor, and in the last of which, called the battle of Muighrath, Conall was killed in the tenth year of his reigu. This event seems to have left the government of Daniel in perfect tranquillity during the remainder

of his life.

About this time the great controversy between the Asiatic and Western Churches, respecting the proper day of keeping the feast of Easter, which had commenced in the second century, extended itself to Ireland, and excited much attention. The Eastern Christians had always observed the feast on the fourteenth day of the first moon after the vernal equinox-the 21st of March, whether the full moon happened on a Sunday or not; while the Western Christians in communion with Rome, held the feast on the first Sunday after the full of the moon, next after the vernal equinox, and when the full moon fell on a Sunday, then the feast was held, as at the present, on the succeeding Sunday. The Irish church had always till this period observed the Easter at the same time as the Eastern Christians,-a strong proof that christianity was first introduced into Ireland from the East; and in the controversies which ensued on the subject they alleged the authority of St. John for their practice, while their opponents sustained their opinion by that of St. Peter and St. Paul, and by an astronomical calculation now generally admitted to be more correct. Unimportant as this question may ap pear to the great interests of religion, yet it produced such excitement throughout Europe, but particularly in Ireland and Great Britain, that it is my duty to notice it. I shall not, however, enter into its details further than to mention, that it was finally settled in a great measure through the instrumentality of Oswy king of Northumberland, whose queen having followed the Irish custom while he had adopted that of Rome, led him to perceive the inconvenience arising from want of uniformity, and to take an interest in its establishment. Previous to this event a synod was held in Ireland where the question was formally debated, and the Abbot of Leighlin (which Abbey had been founded shortly before by St. Laserian or Molaise) was despatched on a mission to Rome respecting it; but it does not appear that any change was at this time effected in the Irish Church in consequence, and the Irish clergy who were settled at Lindisfarn, and elsewhere in England, were afterwards the strenuous opponents of the change advocated by Oswy. As I have thus far trespassed on sacred ground, may pause to express my admi ration of the singular accuracy displayed by my learned antiquarian confrere J. D. in his topographical notices. He dates the foundation of an Abbey at Lismore, by St. Carthagh, also called Mochuda, in the year 630 (see No. XI.) and I find the statement corroborated in an authority now before me, which says this occurred in the second year of the reign of Daniel the second, which commenced in 628. The circumstances are someThe death of Hugh I. caused the accession of Hugh II. what curious.-Mochuda had resided in Kerry, whence he made (surnamed Slaine from his birth-place being situated on the river a visit to Leinster and subsequently founded an Abbey in EastSlaine, or Slaney,) a son of Diarmuid who reigned in 565, and meath called Rathan or Ratheny, which at one time, under the Colenian, King of Meath, son of Boetan, or Theobald I. influence of his eminent character for sanctity and learning, conwho reigned in 568 both of them being equally descended from tained from seven to eight hundred inmates, and became so much Niall the Great. They reigned jointly for six years, and were celebrated as to excite the jealousy and hostility of a similar then killed. Their successor was Hugh III. (surnamed Va-institution, by whose means Mochuda was at length expelled

Ir cannot be unsatisfactory to any one interested in our early history, to give such details of it, as will connect important events, and the actions of remarkable men. Unfortunately, however, our records of the ages to which we now refer, contain little, but the simple and brief notation of the principal occurrences, without entering into any further discussion or explanation of the motives by which men were actuated, or the secret causes of their measures. This defect is accounted for by the destruction or suppression of all that could preserve the feeling of nationality, so long characteristic of the Irish, by the Danes and English in their successive spoliations of our public libraries, and other depositories of our history. They left us but the meagre outline of our monarchial successions, and of the noble and pious characters who governed, and adorned our country for centuries. There is no doubt that many memoirs calculated to illustrate the most obscure events, and to explain our social habits and political transactions have thus been lost; but the injury has also been encreased by the zeal of those most anxious to prevent the calamity, for many of our countrymen, lay and ecclesiastical, when seeking refuge on the Continent, from the outrage and persecution of the barbarous invaders, carried with them invaluable documents, the knowledge of which perished with their owners in a fate too like their own, or were doomed to the hapless obscurity of ill-regulated foreign libraries. It is for this reason that the reigns of many of our Sovereigns seem so barren of interest, while they undoubtedly embraced incidents of great importance. Yet even the mere -mention of memorable transactions made by our annalists must contain matter for earnest consideration to any reflecting mind, and, therefore, I will continue to notice briefly such affairs of this nature as are recorded for us with the view of exciting and directing public attention to a more extensive knowledge of them, rather than of precluding further research by elaborate details.

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