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THE CHURCH OF NOTRE-DAME,
AT DIJON.

THIS church, of which we have given a view in the
preceding illustration, is, in France, esteemed to be
one of the purest specimens of Gothic architecture
that exist. It is curious in its appearance, and in-
teresting as a subject of comparison with the more
splendid and celebrated edifices described in this

work.

The town of Dijon stands in the interior of France, at about eighty miles from its eastern limit, and at nearly equal distances from the seas which bound it on the North, South, and West. It is an ancient and well-built town, and was formerly the capital of the Duchy of Burgundy, and the seat of the Parliament of that province. It is now the chief town of the department of the Côte-d'Or, and, in extent and importance, may be classed with our English cities of Exeter and Worcester. It possesses an University of a high character; and an Academy of Science and Literature, which has long maintained a distinguished reputation. Among the principal public edifices, one of the most striking is the palace of the ancient Dukes of Burgundy, which now contains a gallery of painting and sculpture. It is surmounted by an extensive tower, which once bore the name of the terrasse du logis du Roi, and is now used as the Observatory of the Academy.

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packed up, and placed on carts with its bell, and carried to Dijon, where it was put up, and there strikes the hours day and night." This clock was ornamented with two moveable figures, and is one of the earliest specimens of a regulated horological machine, which history mentions.

Of the other churches of Dijon, the most remarkable is the Cathedral of Saint-Benigne, the spire of which has an elevation of 375 feet. Behind the

choir of this church, there formerly existed an ancient circular temple, which was said to have been ecrected A.D. 173, under the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, and dedicated to the worship of Jupiter, Mars,

and Saturn.

It was subsequently consecrated to the Virgin; but was entirely swept away at the time of the French Revolution. It was in this church, that the Dukes of Burgundy swore to maintain the rights and privileges of the province.

The church of Saint-Michel is distinguished by the French, for the richness and magnificence of its portal, which is said to yield, in those respects, to but few ecclesiastical edifices in France. It was erected about the middle of the eleventh century, and subsequently repaired and restored at different periods. The architect of the present building was a native of Dijon, and is said, to have been a friend and pupil of the celebrated Michael Angelo. The general effect of the interior is, however, described as heavy and displeasing; and the whole edifice is, perhaps, more curious than beautiful.

At a short distance from the town of Dijon, there formerly stood a celebrated Chartreuse, or monastery of Carthusians, where the ashes of several Dukes of Burgundy were deposited. The mausolea which contained them, are said to have been among the most beautiful monuments of art existing in France; but they were demolished during the Revolution.

Dijon is remarkable for the number of eminent men which it has produced. It was the birth-place of Bossuet, Crébillon, Piron, and many other distinguished characters. It has, however, greatly declined ̧ in importance from its former state, and its population is now much less than it was two centuries ago.

The churches of Dijon are numerous, and among them, the Church of Notre-Dame is the most worthy of attention. Its origin is commonly attributed to Saint Louis, and it is, in many respects, similar to the church at Mantes, also ascribed to that monarch. The period of its foundation, is generally supposed to be the middle of the thirteenth century; but there is no account of its consecration, until 1334. The western, or principal front, resembles in some degree, the southern porch of the Cathedral at Chartres. It has an open portico, which presents three arches in front, and extends two arches in depth. The doorways are ornamented with columns crowded together in a singular manner; and on some of them, statues, which have been destroyed, were once placed. The canopies which project above, consist of architectural models, exhibiting, for the most part, a repetition of the same subject. The space over the arches, was originally occupied with figures; and a species of Roman or Arabesque ornament is there observed, which indicates an approximation to the Roman style, not unfrequent in the earlier Gothic. Above this portico, two series of The Turk, who was frequent in his visits to his neigharches rise, the one upon the other, and each sup-bour's shop, was much struck with the manner of Califorported by a long range of nineteen columns. The nius, an open-hearted boy of fourteen, whom he occasionally plan of the building is a Latin cross. One of the found reading. most remarkable circumstances in its architecture, "What book is that?" one day inquired Mustapha. is the extreme thinness of its walls. Those of the My Ketub," replied the boy, meaning the Holy Scripturrets, which rise 100 feet above the roof, are not sixtures, which had been given him a short time before. inches thick, and others are in the same proportion. The shafts which are used in ornamenting the interior of the tower, are, some of them, only seven inches in diameter to twenty feet in length, and others, only five and a half inches in diameter, although fifteen feet long. These frequently consist of one single stone, and are all entirely detached from the wall.

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THE TURKISH MARTYR. ABOUT fifteen years ago, there resided in the city of Smyrna two tanners, the one, named Mustapha, a native of the island of Mitylene, a Turk by birth and religion, but speaking the Greek language; the other, a Greek of Athens, and a Christian.

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The Turk requested Californius to read a portion to him. Not so," replied the boy. "If," added he, with his usual simplicity, "you were a Christian, the case would indeed be different."

The Turk rose and left the shop; but scarcely was he out of sight before Demetrius, the elder Greek, fell upon his brother, upbraiding him for his inconsiderate answer.— "What have you done?" exclaimed he; "how could you speak to the Turk of becoming a Christian? Do you not know that he can inform against us? We shall then be both sent to prison, our property will be seized, and, perhaps, even death may be the consequence of your rashness."

The poor boy began to weep bitterly, for his brother's fears were but too well grounded; the tyrannical law of Turkey having made it a crime for a Christian even to speak of his religion to a Mohammedan, and to name his conversion, a capital offence.

In a few moments the Turk re-entered; he insisted on knowing the cause of his favourite's tears, and, on his

brothers leaving the shop, Californius confessed the whole. -"By all that is holy," said Mustapha, 'I swear that I will not inform against you; only read to me a part of your Ketab." The boy complied, and the Turk listened with the most profound attention.

From this time, Mustapha, watching from his window the departure of Demetrius, would repair to the young Christian for further information. Four months passed in this manner, during which the word of God found its way into the heart of the Turk, who resolved to abjure the false faith of Mohammedanism, and embrace the Christian religion. With this view, he disposed of his business, and repaired to a Greek priest at Simyrna, to whom he made known his desire to be baptized.

But so rare and remarkable a circumstance is it for a Turk to embrace Christianity, that the priest looked upon the application as a snare, to betray him to death, and earnestly besought the Turk to leave him. Mustapha applied to another, but was dismissed with the same entreaty, "for God's sake leave me."

Distressed and mortified at this unexpected check, the mind of Mustapha almost sunk in despair. One resource alone remained,-the monks of Mount Athos. To them ne repaired; but, though their body is numerous, they, every one, like the priests at Smyrna, refused to give ear to his entreaties. Knowing the jealousy with which the Turks eyed their order, they deemed it necessary to observe a greater degree of caution against any arts which might be practised upon them by the Mohammedans.

Dismissed from the convent as a hypocrite, Mustapha resolved to apply to the hermits who inhabit the caves and grottoes of Mount Athos, and are, in some degree, dependent on the convent. With this intention he entered the dismal habitation of an aged recluse, to whom he made known the circumstances of his conversion, and the reception he had experienced from the Christian priests, to whom he had applied for baptism. The venerable old man was much affected, but, fearing to offend the monks, would not venture to perform the rite, perhaps, also, entertaining some doubt as to the Turk's sincerity. Again rebuffed, he bent his steps towards the brow of the mountain with a heavy heart.

A young priest, who happened to be with the recluse, offered to conduct him through the wood, and employed every means of comforting him, but Mustapha refused to listen, and burst into an agony of tears. The priest's heart melted at the sight." My dear friend," said he, "have you then, in truth, a sincere desire to become a Christian?" 66 Do not these tears show you the fervency of my wishes?" exclairaed Mustapha. "Then follow me," said the priest; "here is a cave which will afford you shelter; remain here, and I will daily bring you food, and converse with you on the nature of Christianity." Mustapha remained several months in this grotto, and the young priest daily brought him food, as well as spiritual comfort.

In the mean while, the old hermit, who had been much struck with the fervour of the Turk's manner, not unfrequently reproached himself for sending him away with so much seeming indifference. He one day named his regret to the young priest, and expressed a wish to see the Turk once more. The priest smiled, and offered to conduct him to the place of his concealment. The meeting was one of mutual gratification, and Mustapha's admission into the Christian church took place a few days after.

He continued to reside with his friends on Mount Athos, for several years, but his ardent spirit would not let him rest here. He had an aged mother, and a brother at Mitylene, and his soul thirsted to bring them to the knowledge of the true faith. After duly considering the risk he might run, he left his peaceful and secure retreat, and took shipping for Cydonia.

This flourishing city is chiefly inhabited by Greeks, at least, prior to the revolution, there were but few Turks there, except such as held official situations. One of these, recognising the new convert, by a scar on his forehead, ordered the vessel, which was on the point of putting off for Mitylene, to be seized, and the Turk to be brought before a magistrate. Without hesitation, Mustapha acknowledged himself a Christian, and declared his determination to die rather than renounce his faith. The magistrate commanded him to be taken to prison, and placed on the rack; but, under the most agonizing torments, Mustapha continued firm.

This circumstance soon became known in the town,

and caused a great sensation among the Christians. A Greek, named Georgius, who had an academy at the place, immediately assembled the scholars of his first class, consisting of youths of about twenty years of age, and related to them the melancholy fate of the Turk, and called upon them to offer up supplications in his behalf. "But it is not enough that we pray for him," continued Georgius, “we must also endeavour to visit him in prison, to comfort and console him. Which of you will adventure his life in this undertaking?"

"I, I," re-echoed from all sides, and a contest arose among the lads for the honour of this dangerous enterprise. John Skonzes, a young Athenian, at length claimed the preference, a countryman of his having been the first instrument, under Divine Providence, which led to the prisoner's conversion. To him, therefore, the others yielded, and the following stratagem was resorted to, to gain admission into the prison. Skonzes disguised himself as a bricklayer, and took the road to Magnesia: while a Greek of the same trade, went to the magistrate, and charged his apprentice with having decamped to Magnesia, with a sum of money. Pursuit was instantly made. Skonzes was arrested, and sentenced to confinement in the same prison as the Turk, it being the only one in the city.

But what were the feelings of Skonzes when he beheld the unfortunate Turk. Exhausted from the tortures of the rack, Mustapha lay with his feet suspended by a rope from the ceiling, and his head dragging on the ground. În this condition he was to remain, till he should renounce Christianity. With difficulty Skonzes suppressed his compassion and his indignation, but he kept quiet till midnight, when, watching the other prisoners till they fell asleep, he stole softly to the Turk, sought to comfort him, and assured him of the cordial sympathy of his fellow Christians, and that their compassion for his fate, had been the motive of his seeking imprisonment.

"I thank you for your love towards me," replied the martyr, “but praised be God, I stand in need of no encouragement. I shall continue faithful to the end." In a few days, Mustapha was conveyed to Constantinople. Rewards and allurements were held out on every side; liberty, riches, and a lovely bride were promised, on the only condition that he should return to the Mohammedan faith. But in vain. Tortures, still more excruciating than those which he had endured at Cydonia were resorted to, but they, too, were unable to shake his Christian confidence. He was then sentenced to be beheaded, and the same Almighty power that had sustained his spirit on the rack, was with him in his hour of need.

This story was related to M. Fenger, a Danish missionary from Copenhagen, by a Greek of Smyrna, one of the scholars at Cydonia, who was fully acquainted with all the circumstances of Mustapha's untimely fate.

II.

THE MINES OF GREAT BRITAIN. THE COPPER MINES OF CORNWALL. In our account of the Botallack Mine, (Vol. III., page 178,) we slightly noticed the history of the art of mining; in the present paper, we shall describe more fully the mode of procuring the ore, and the means employed to prepare it for the market.

Rocks of most kinds are traversed in every direction by cracks or fissures, having, in many instances, the appearance of those formed in clay and mud, while gradually becoming dry during hot-weather. These fissures are in general filled with substances formed of materials differing from the rocks in which they are situated. When they contain minerals, partly composed of any kind of metal, they are called metallic veins, lodes, or courses. Metallic veins are only found in what are called the primitive rocks, as granite and slate, and in general, their course is from East to West. A vein seldom consists of metal in a pure and malleable state, on the contrary, it is almost always found in chemical combination with other substances; in this state it is called an ore, and the metal is separated from it, by a process called smelting. | The thickness, extent, and direction of a vein of

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metal, depends on many circumstances; in general, its course downwards is in a slanting direction, more or less inclined; if it continues in a straight line, and of a uniform thickness, it is called a rake (1); if it occasionally swells out in places, and again contracts, it is termed a pipe-vein (2), and the wider parts of the vein are called floors (3,3); sometimes the vein divides itself into two branches, and it is then said to take horse (4); in other cases, a cross-vein will interfere with it, and heave or lift it, as it were, from ten to twenty feet out of its course (5). At times it will be reduced to a mere thread, and at last, become completely obliterated, appearing again at a distance (6). In many of these cases, it is easy to perceive how difficult the task of the miner must be, in tracing these precious deposits through their rocky labyrinths.

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The mines of Cornwall are generally worked by a company of proprietors, called adventurers, who agree with the owner of the land, or lord of the soil, as he is usually called, to work the mine for a certain number of years, paying him, by way of rent, a proportion of the ores raised, or an equivalent in money. The grant thus made to the adventurers, is called a set, and the lord's rent, if paid in ore, is said to be the lord's dish; if paid in money, his dues. The adventurers divide their undertaking into shares of different magnitude, the smallest usually held,

being one sixty-fourth part. Any part of the con-
cern held by one person, is called a dole, and its
value is known, by its being denominated an eighth-
The bounds or limits of a
dole, a sixteenth-dole, &c.
mine, are marked on the surface by masses of stone
pitched at equal distances, but the property of the
soil above, is entirely distinct from that of the mine
beneath it; the miner, however, has the privilege of
making openings or shafts at stated intervals, for the
purpose of raising the ore, and admitting air to the
works. In opening a new mine, considerable know-
ledge of the country, and of the most likely situation
of the metallic veins, is of course necessary, to avoid
the chance of useless labour; for it is very seldom,
that the first portion of a vein, containing metal,
is fallen in with at a less depth than thirty fathoms,
or one hundred and eighty feet from the surface.

The spot for commencing operations having been selected, a perpendicular pit, or shaft, is sunk, and at the depth of about sixty feet, a horizontal gallery, or level, is cut in the lode by two sets of miners, working in opposite directions; the ore and materials being raised in the first instance by a common windlass. As soon as the two sets of miners have cut, or driven, the level about 100 yards, they find it impossible to proceed, for want of air: this being anticipated, two other sets of men have been sinking from the surface two other perpendicular shafts, to meet them, from these the ores and materials may also be raised. By thus sinking perpendicular shafts a hundred yards from each other, the first level or gallery may be carried to any extent. While this horizontal work is going on, the original, or, as it is termed, the engine-shaft, is sunk deeper; and at a second depth of sixty feet, a second horizontal gallery or level is driven in the same direction as the first, and the perpendicular shafts are all successively sunk down to meet it; in this manner, galleries continue to be formed at different depths, as long as the state of the lode renders the labour profitable.

The engine-shaft in the mean time, is always continued to a greater depth than the lowest level, for the

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heap of ore, at the weekly ticketing. At this meeting, all the mine-agents, as well as the agents for the several copper-companies, attend, and it is singular to see the whole of the ores, amounting to several thousand tons, sold without the utterance of one single word. The agents for the copper-com

purpose of keeping the working-shafts free from water. The object of these perpendicular shafts, is not so much to get at the ores which are directly procured from them, as to put the lode into a state capable of being worked by a number of men; in short, to make it what is termed a mine. It is evident, that the shafts and galleries divide the rock into solid, right-panies, seated at a long table, hand up individually angled masses, each three hundred feet in length, and sixty in height. These masses of three hundred feet, are again subdivided by small perpendicular shafts, into three parts, and by this arrangement, the rock is finally divided into masses called pitches, each sixty feet in height, and about one hundred feet in length.

In the Cornish mines, the sinking the shafts, and driving the levels, is paid by what is termed tut-work, or task-work, that is, so much per fathom; in addition to this, the miners receive a small percentage on the ores, in order to induce them to keep the valuable portions as separate as possible from the deads, or rocky parts of the mass.

In addition to these horizontal and perpendicular shafts, another description of gallery is formed, called an adit; the use of this shaft is to drain the water from the lower part of the mine. Where the mine is formed in an exposed rock, as is the case with the Botallack mine, the adit can carry off the water, without the aid of machinery, as long as the lowest shaft is above the level of the sea; but when the shafts are sunk below that level, or that of the adit itself, recourse must be had to the assistance of steam-engines, to pump up the drainage to a sufficient height. The great Cornish adit, which commences in a valley above Carnon, receives branches from fifty different mines in the parish of Gwennap, forming, altogether, an excavation nearly thirty miles in length. The longest continued branch, is from Cardrew mine, five and a half miles in length; this stupendous drain empties itself into Falmouth harbour.

The lode, when divided as above described, is open to the inspection of all the neighbouring miners in the country, and each mass or compartment is let by public competition for two months, to two or four miners, who may work it as they choose. These men undertake to break the ores, and raise them to the surface, or as it is termed to grass, and pay for the whole process of dressing the ores, that is, preparing them for market. The men by whom the mines are worked in this manner, are called tributers, and their share of the value of the ore, which varies according to its richness in metal, is named tribute. This tribute is paid over to them every week, the mineral being disposed of at a ticketing, or weekly sale. In addition to the working miners, a set of men, whose experience entitles them to the office, are engaged at a stated salary, to act as overlookers, and direct the labours of the rest; those whose business lies in the mines, are called underground captains, and those employed above ground, grass captains.

The weekly produce of the mine being made up by the tributers, into heaps of about one hundred tons each, samples, or little bags from each heap, are sent to the agents for the different coppercompanies. The agents take these to the Cornish assayers, a set of men, who (strange to relate) are destitute of the most distant notion of the theories of chemistry or metallurgy, but who, nevertheless, can practically determine, with great accuracy, the value of each sample of ore. As soon as the agents have been informed of the assay, they determine how much a ton they will offer for each

to the chairman, a ticket or tender, stating what sum per ton they offer for each heap. As soon as every man has delivered his ticket, they are all ordered to be printed together, in a tabular form. The largest sum offered for each heap, is distinguished by a line drawn under it in the table, and the agent who has made this offer, is the purchaser.

In order to prepare copper-ores for market, the first process is to throw aside the rubbish with which they are unavoidably mixed; this task is performed by children. The largest fragments of ore are then cobbed, or broken into smaller pieces, by women, and, after being again picked, they are given to what the Cornish miners term maidens, that is girls from sixteen to nineteen years of age. These maidens buck the ores, that is, with a bucking-iron, or flat hammer, they break them into pieces not exceeding in size the top of the finger.

The richer parts of the ore, which are more easily broken, are now crushed smaller in a kind of mill, the interior arrangement of which is shown in the diagram. The coarser portions, which are the

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washing away the portion which is bruised sufficiently small to pass through an iron plate, pierced with holes, and forming one side of the box in which the stampers work.

and often ruddy; they are naturally a cheerful people, and, after passing so many hours in subterranean darkness, they may well hail with delight the sunshine of the returning sabbath, and the sound of the bell by which they are summoned to seek rest and comfort in the temple of their God.

TREATMENT OF THE DEAD IN THIBET.

THE people of Thibet instead of burying or burning the bodies of the dead, throw them into a walled enclosure, that they may be devoured by birds of prey; but they hold an annual festival in honour of the deceased, which is thus described by Captain Turner.

The next operation is that of jigging, this used to be performed entirely by boys, and consists in shaking a quantity of bruised ore in a kind of sieve, with an iron bottom to it, while under water. This occasions the heavier parts, which consist almost entirely of metal, to sink to the bottom; while the earthy matter is washed away, and the small fragments of stone, being lighter than the metal, and containing little or no ore, are left on the surface in the sieve: these are carefully skimmed off with the hand, and the remainder is piled up in heaps for sale. This process has been much improved in the works of the Fowey Consols Mines, near St. Blazey, where the more uniform action of the machinery represented at the head of this article, is employed in a part of the operation. The engraving at the foot of the last column, is an enlarged view of one of these im-gether, a brilliant and splendid spectacle. The night was proved jigging-machines. In this case the contents of five sieves at once are subjected to the action of water which is forced up through their perforations, by a plunger which is alternately raised and lowered violently into the water contained in the vessel a, beneath the platform, and immediately under the sieves.

On the 29th of October, as soon as evening drew on, and it became dark, a general illumination was displayed upon the summits of all the buildings in the monastery of Teshoo Loomboo, close to which was the Golgotha, if I may so call it, to which they convey their dead; the tops also of the houses upon the plain, as well as in the most distant villages, scattered among the clusters of willows, were in the same manner lighted up with lamps, exhibiting altodark, the weather calm, and the lights burned with a clear and steady flame. The Thibetians reckon these cirthey deem it a most evil omen, if the weather be stormy, cumstances of the first importance, as, on the contrary, and their lights extinguished by the wind or rain.

It is worthy of notice, how materially an effect depends upon a previously-declared design, and how opposite the emotions may be, although produced by appearances exactly similar. In England, I had been accustomed to esteem general illuminations as the strongest expression of melancholy remembrance, an awful tribute of respect of public joy; I now saw them exhibited as a solemn token paid to the innumerable generations of the dead. The darkness of the night, the profound tranquillity and silence, interrupted only by the deep and slowly-repeated tones of the nowbut, trumpet, gong, and cymbal, at different inter

vals; the tolling of bells, and the loud monotonous repetition

In our first paper, we described the commencement of a miner's day, in the words of a writer in the Quarterly Review, and we cannot do better than employ his description of the return of these hardy labourers to the light. "But it is time the underground captains | should come to grass, and that the whole body of subterraneous labourers should be released; and those who have attended to their labours through the of sentences of prayer, sometimes heard when the instruday, will scarcely regret to see them rising out of ments were silent; were all so calculated, by their the earth, and issuing in crowds from the different solemnity, to produce serious reflection, that I really believe holes or shafts around-hot-dirty-jaded; each no human ceremony could have been contrived more effecwith the remainder of his bunch of candles attached tually to impress the mind with sentiments of awe. In to his flannel garb. As soon as the men come to addition to this external token of solemn retrospect, acts of grass, they repair to the engine-house, where they beneficence performed during this festival, are supposed to generally leave their underground clothes to dry, washing to their ability, to distribute alms, and to feed the have peculiar merit, and all persons are called upon, accordthemselves in the engine-pool, and put on their poor.-TURNER'S Embassy to Thibet. clothes, which are always exceedingly decent. By this time the maidens and little boys have also washed their faces, and the whole party, frequently upwards of two thousand strong, migrate across the field in groups, and in different directions to their respective homes. Generally speaking, they now look so clean and fresh, and seem so happy, that one would scarcely fancy they had worked all day in darkness and confinement. The old men, however, tired with their work, and sick of the follies and vagaries of the outside and inside of this mining world, plod their way in sober silence, probably thinking of their The younger men proceed talking and laughing, and where the grass is good, they sometimes stop and wrestle. The big boys generally advance by playing at leap-frog, and the little ones run on before, to gain time to stand on their heads. As the different members of the group approach their respective cottages, their numbers of course diminish; and the individual who lives farthest from the mines, like the solitary survivor of a large family, performs the last few yards of his journey by himself."

supper.

The Sunday is kept with great attention. The mining community, male and female, are remarkably well dressed; and, as they come from the church, there is certainly no labouring class in England at all equal to them in appearance, for they are generally good-looking; working away from sun and wind, their complexions are never weather-beaten,

Not

MATERNAL COURAGE.-As we passed through the streets
of Nazareth, loud screams, as of a person frantic with rage
and grief, drew our attention towards a miserable hovel,
whence we perceived a woman issuing hastily, with a
cradle, containing an infant. Having placed the child
upon the area before her dwelling, she as quickly ran back
again; we then perceived her beating something violently,
all the while filling the air with the most piercing shrieks.
Running to see what was the cause of her cries, we
observed an enormous serpent, which she had found near
her infant, and had completely despatched before our ar-
rival. Never were maternal feelings more strikingly por-
trayed than in the countenance of this woman.
satisfied with having killed the animal, she continued her
blows until she had reduced it to atoms, unheeding any
thing that was said to her, and only abstracting her attention
from its mangled body, to rest, occasionally, a wild and
momentary glance towards her child.-DR. É. D. CLARKE,
DR. JOHNSON was exceedingly disposed to the general
indulgence of children, and was even scrupulously and
ever, full of indignation against such parents as delight to
ceremoniously attentive not to offend them. He was, how -
produce their young ones too early into the talking world,
and was known to give a good deal of pain by refusing to
hear the verses that children could recite, or the songs they
could sing; particularly to one friend, who told him that
his two sons should repeat Gray's Elegy to him alternately,
that he might judge who had the happiest cadence. "No,
pray, sir," said he, "let the little dears both speak it at
once; more noise will by that means be made, and the
noise will be sooner over."

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