Beaufort 49 count her good deeds.' She fell under the tory papal bull, which Henry dared not reinfluence of John Fisher, who left his books sist, and the charter of foundation was given at Cambridge to become her confessor; and in 1511, the buildings being completed five long before her husband's death, in 1504, years later at the then enormous cost of she separated from him and took monastic 5,000. St. John's College is the Lady MarVOWS. Yet she never retired to any of the garet's greatest monument, and possesses the five religious houses to which she was ad- best memorials of her life. Although her mitted member, but lived for the most part own contributions to literature are confined at her manor of Woking, in Surrey, which to translating part of the 'Imitatio Christi' had been seized and made a royal palace by and other books of devotion into English from Edward IV, and was restored, with its new French editions, she was a valuable and early building, to the countess when Henry VII patron to Caxton and Wynkyn de Worde, became king. Following Fisher's advice, she who undertook the composition and printing instituted that series of foundations which of several books at her special desire and have earned her a lasting name at the univer- command, the latter styling himself in 1509 sities as 'the Lady Margaret.' Her divinity 'Printer unto the most excellent princess professorships at both Oxford and Cambridge my lady the king's grandame.' She was one date from 1502. Fisher was the first occupant of the few worthy and high-minded members of the latter chair, and when Henry VII, of the aristocracy, in an essentially selfish not without asking his mother's leave, made and cruel age; and Fisher scarcely exaggehim bishop of Rochester, he was, after an in-rated her reputation when he declared: All The Cam- England for her death had cause of weeping. terval, succeeded by Erasmus. bridge preachership was endowed in 1503; The poor creatures that were wont to receive but Fisher had still greater plans for the de- her alms, to whom she was always piteous velopment of the university of which he was and merciful; the students of both univernow chancellor. Margaret's religious bias sities, to whom she was a mother; all the had inclined her to devote the bulk of her learned men of England, to whom she was a fortune to an extension of the great monas- very patroness; all the virtuous and devout tery of Westminster. Her spiritual guide, persons, to whom she was as a loving sister; strict Romanist as he was, knew that active all the good religious men and women, whom learning, not lazy seclusion, was essential to she so often was wont to visit and comfort; preserve the church against the spirit of the all good priests and clerks, to whom she was Renaissance, and he persuaded her to direct a true defender; all the noble men and her gift to educational purposes. Henry VI's women, to whom she was a mirror and uncompleted foundation of God's house at exampler of honour; all the common people Cambridge was enriched by a fair portion of of this realm, for whom she was, in their Margaret's lands, and opened as Christ's Col- causes, a common mediatrix, and took right and lege in 1505. Nor were her benefactions to great displeasure for them; and generally cease here. The careful son's full treasury the whole realm hath cause to complain did not require swelling with the mother's to mourn her death.' To the list of her benefortune. An educational corporation should factions must be added a school and chantry be her heir. Her Oxford friends petitioned at Wimborne Minster, where her father and her on their behalf, and St. Frideswide's mother lay buried beneath the stately monumight have been turned into a college by ment she erected to their memory, and a sum Margaret, and not by Wolsey. But Fisher for perpetual masses to her family at Westagain successfully pleaded the cause of his minster. own university, and the royal license to refound the corrupt monastic house of St. John's as a great and wealthy college was obtained in 1508. In the next year both the king and the countess died, and Henry VIII, although, during the short interval which elapsed between the death of his father and that of his grandmother, he followed the advice of the able councillors whom she had selected, tried to divert her estates to his own extravagant expenditure. His selfish intention was thwarted by Fisher, who proved an able champion of his benefactress's will, as he had been an eloquent exponent of her virtues in his funeral sermon. He obtained a peremp-gitimated by Richard II in 1397 (Rot. Parl. VOL. IV. [Halsted's Life of Margaret, Countess of Richmond, 1839; Cooper's Memoir of Margaret. Countess of Richmond and Derby, edited by Rev. J. E. B. Mayor, 1874; Baker's edition of Fisher's Funeral Sermon, re-edited by J. Hy mers, 1840; Ellis's Original Letters, Series 1. i. +1-8; Lodge's Illustrious Portraits, vol. i.] Н. А. Т. BEAUFORT, SIR THOMAS (d. 1427), DUKE OF EXETER, warrior and chancellor, was the third and youngest son of John of Gaunt by Catherine Swynford, and was called, like his brothers, 'De Beaufort,' after his father's With them he was lecastle of that name. E iii. 343), and from that king he shortly after received a grant of Castle Acre (Pat. 22 Ric. II, p. 1, m. 11). As a half-brother of Henry IV he was promoted by him in state employment, being made constable of Ludlow in 1402, and admiral of the fleet for the northern parts in 1403 (Pat. 5 Hen. IV, p. 1, m. 20). In the insurrection of 1405 he was one of the commanders of the king's forces against the northern rebels, and on their surrender took a chief part (Ann. Hen. 408-9) in procuring the execution of Scrope and Mowbray (8 June 1405). On 9 Feb. 1407 his legitimation was confirmed by Henry, and he had a grant soon after of the forfeited Bardolph estates in Norfolk, and was made captain of Calais. In 1408-9 he was made admiral of the northern and western seas for life, and on the anti-clerical reaction of 1409 he received from Henry the great seal 31 Jan. 1410, being the only lay chancellor of the reign (Claus. 11 Hen. IV, m. 8 dors.). In 1411 he asked leave to resign, but was refused (ib. 12 Hen. IV, m. 9), and he opened and adjourned the parliament of 5 Nov.-19 Dec. 1411. He was allowed to resign 5 Jan. 1412 (Rot. Parl. iii. 658), and, taking part a few months later in the French expedition under the Duke of Clarence (T. WALS. ii. 288), was created earl of Dorset 5 July 1412. On the accession of Henry V (1413) he was made lieutenant of Aquitaine (Rot. Vasc. 1 Hen. V, m. 8), and was associated in the embassy to France in 1414. Accompanying Henry on the invasion of the next year, he was appointed captain of Harfleur (T. WALS. ii. 309) on its surrender (22 Sept. 1415), and, after commanding the third line at Agincourt (25 Oct. 1415), sallied forth with his garrison and ravaged the Caux close up to Rouen (ib. 314). Armagnac early in 1416 besieged him closely by land and sea, but having been relieved by a fleet under the Duke of Bedford [see PLANTAGENET, JOHN, duke of Bedford] he engaged and defeated the French (ib. 315). He had been made lieutenant of Normandy 28 Feb. 1416, and on 18 Nov. he was created in parliament duke of Exeter for life (Pat. 4 Hen. V, m. 11), and also received the garter. In the summer of 1417 he went on pilgrimage to Bridlington, and, hearing of the Foul Raid and the siege of Roxburgh by the Scots, raised forces (the king being in Normandy) and relieved Roxburgh (T. WALS. ii. 325). At Henry's summons he passed over to Normandy about Trinity (May) 1418, at the head of reinforcements 15,000 strong (ib. 328). He besieged and took Evreux (ib. 329), but failed to take Ivry. He was now (1 July 1418) created by Henry count of Harcourt in Normandy (Rot. Norm. 6 Hen. V). On the approach of Henry to Rouen he sent forward the duke to reconnoitre and summon the town to surrender (20-29 July 1418). On the siege being formed he took up his quarters on the north, facing the 'Beauvoisine' gate. The keys of Rouen were given up to Henry 19 Jan. 1419, and handed by him to his uncle, the duke, whom he made captain of the city, and who took possession of it the next day. He was then despatched to reduce the coast towns. Montivilliers was surrendered to him 31 Jan. (1419), and Fécamp, Dieppe, and Eu rapidly followed. In the following April he laid siege to Château-Gaillard, which surrendered to him after a five months' leaguer 23 Sept. (1419). In the spring he was sent to the French court to negotiate the treaty of Troyes (21 May 1420), and in the autumn he took part in the siege of Melun (T. WALS. ii. 335). On Henry's departure he was left with the Duke of Clarence, and was made prisoner on his defeat at Baugé (22 March 1421). Regaining his liberty he was despatched to Cosne with the relieving force in the summer of 1422 (ib. 343), but, being one of Henry's executors, returned to England at his death (21 Sept. 1422), and was present at his obsequies. The chroniclers differ as to the king's instructions (see STUBBS, Const. Hist. iii. 92); but it seems probable that he entrusted his son to Thomas Beauforde his uncle dere and trewe Duke of Excester, full of all worthyhode. HARDYNG, p. 387. It is certain that the duke was placed on the council under Gloucester's protectorate (Rot. Parl. iv. 175), and he was also appointed justice of North Wales (Pat. 1 Hen. VI, p. 3, m. 14). He seems, however (Rot. Franc. 5 Hen. VI. m. 18), to have returned to the French wars before his death, which took place at his manor of Greenwich about 1 Jan. 1427 (Esch. 5 Hen. VI, n. 56) By his will (given in Dugdale) he desired to be buried at St. Edmund's Bury, where, 350 years later, his body was found as perfect and entire as at the time of his death.' He had married Margaret, daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Nevill of Hornby, but he left no issue. 6 Beaufoy. Many useful results in shipbuilding were thus obtained, as well as the first practical verification in England of Euler's theorems on the resistance of fluids. The details were printed in 1834, at the expense of Mr. Henry Beaufoy (son of the author), in a large quarto volume entitled 'Nautical and Hydraulic Experiments, gratuitously distributed to public bodies and individuals interested in naval architecture. In the laborious calculations connected with this work, Beaufoy was materially assisted, up to the time of her unexpected death in 1800, by his gifted wife. His magnetic observations, prolonged (though not altogether continuously) from March 1813 to March 1822, were superior in accuracy and extent to any earlier work of the kind. They served to determine more precisely the laws of the diurnal variation, as well as to fix the epoch and amount of maximum westerly declination in England. This he considered to have occurred in March 1819, for which month the mean deviation of the needle from the true north was 24° 41′ 42′′ W. (Annals of Philosophy, xv. 338). The data accumulated by Beaufoy enabled Lamont in 1851 to confirm his discovery of a decennial period in the amount of diurnal variation, by placing a maximum in 1817 (Pogg. Annal. Ixxxiv. 576). with a liberal education, sent him first (1765-7) to the dissenting academy at Hoxton, and afterwards (1767-70) to the more famous Warrington academy, at the head of which was Dr. Aikin [see AIKIN, JOHN, D.D.]. His education gave him a taste for science, and identified him with the politics of liberal dissent. He sat in parliament nearly fifteen years, being elected for Minehead in 1780, for Great Yarmouth in 1784, and again on 18 June 1790. On 10 March 1786 he was placed on the committee for the establishment of a new dissenting academy, and gave 1007. towards the institution, which was opened as the Hackney College on 29 Sept. 1787. The dissenters placed in his hands the advocacy of their case against the Corporation and Test Acts, the repeal of which he moved on 28 March 1787, and again on 8 May 1789. Next year Fox took the initiative, and Beaufoy seconded his motion. He held the post of secretary to the board of control. He was roughly handled in crossexamination by Horne Tooke, on his trial for high treason (November 1794), and this is supposed to have hastened his death, which took place on 17 May 1795. He wrote: 1. 'The Effects of Civilisation on the Real Improvement and Happiness of Mankind, in answer to Rousseau,' 1768 (this was an academical oration at Warrington, published Beaufoy removed from Hackney Wick to by his father). 2. 'Substance of the Speech Bushey Heath near Stanmore in Hertfordon motion for Repeal of Test and Corpo- shire towards the close of 1815. It was ration Acts,' 1787, 8vo. 3. 'Substance of here that the series of observations on the the Speech to British Society for Extend- eclipses of Jupiter's satellites was made, ing the Fisheries,' 1788, 8vo. 4. Plan of which the Astronomical Society rewarded the Association for Promoting the Discovery with its silver medal on 11 April 1827. of the Interior Parts of Africa,' 1788, folio. They embraced 180 immersions and emer5. Speech [18 June] in Committee on Bill sions, observed 1818-26, and their value— for Regulating the Conveyance of Negroes as Sir John Herschel pointed out in his adfrom Africa to the West Indies; with addi- dress (Mem. R. A. Soc. iii. 135)-was entional observations,' 1789, 8vo. 6. 'Pro-hanced by the uniformity imparted to them ceedings of the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa,' vol. i., 1790, 8vo (the first report is his). [Gent. Mag. May 1795, p. 445; W. Turner in Monthly Repos. 1814, pp. 268, 290; Norf. Tour, 1829, p. 263; Hackney Coll. Reports.] A. G. BEAUFOY, MARK (1764-1827), astronomer and physicist, was the son of a brewer near London, of the quaker persuasion. He began experiments on the resistance of water to moving bodies before he was fifteen, in the coolers of his father's brewhouse, and it was mainly by his exertions that the Society for the Improvement of Naval Architecture was founded in 1791. Under its auspices an important series of experiments was conducted at the Greenland Dock during the years 1793-8 by the care, and in part at the cost, of Colonel by being the work of one observer, using a single telescope (a 5-foot Dollond), and a single power (86). They were communicated to the society in two papers, printed amongst their Memoirs (ii. 129, iii. 69), and reproduced in the Astronomische Nachrichten' (Nos. 19 to 82), and gave to the little observatory where they were made a European reputation. Beaufoy was prevented by illness from attending in person to receive the medal, and died at Bushey Heath on 4 May 1827, aged 63. His instruments, consisting of a 4-foot transit, an altitude and azimuth circle (both by Cary), and two clocks, were, by his desire, presented to the Astronomical Society by his son, Lieutenant George Beaufoy (Mem. R. A. Soc. iii. 391). Beaufoy's military title dated from 20 Jan. 1797, when he became colonel of the Tower Hamlets militia. He was admitted to the Royal Society in 1815, was a fellow of the Linnean Society, and one of the earliest members of the Astronomical Society. He was the first Englishman to ascend Mont Blanc, having reached the summit on 9 Aug. 1787, only six days later than Saussure. His 'Narrative' of the adventure was made public in 1817 (Ann. Phil. ix. 97). He was a constant contributor to the Annals of Philosophy' from 1813 until 1826. The whole of his astronomical, meteorological, and magnetic observations appeared in its pages, besides miscellaneous communications of scientific interest, of which a list, to the number of twenty-eight, will be found in the Royal Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers.' [Silliman's Am. Jour. xxviii. 340 (1835); Poggendorff's Biog. Lit. Handwörterbuch; Gent. Mag. xcvii. (pt. i.) 476.] A. M. C. BEAULIEU, LUKE DE (d. 1723), divine, a native of France, was educated at the university of Saumur. Obliged to quit his country on account of his religion, he sought refuge in England about 1667, settled here, and rapidly became known as an acute and learned ecclesiastic. In November 1670 he received the vicarage of Upton-cum-Chalvey, Buckinghamshire, having a short time before been elected divinity reader in the chapel of St. George at Windsor. Beaulieu obtained an act of naturalisation in June 1682. A year later we find him acting as chaplain to the infamous Judge Jeffreys, an office which he continued to hold till the revolution brought his patron's career to a close. Meanwhile he had become a student at Oxford in 1680, for the sake of the public library,' says Wood, but he does not seem to have permanently resided there. As a member of Christ Church he took the degree of B.D. 7 July 1685, and in October the same year was presented by Jeffreys to the rectory of Whitchurch, near Reading. He had resigned his living of Upton in 1681. He was installed prebendary of St. Paul's 17 Jan. 1686-7, and on the following 21 May prebendary of Gloucester, promotions which he again owed to the lord chancellor. To modern readers Beaulieu is chiefly known as the author of a remarkably eloquent and original manual of devotion, entitled 'Claustrum Anime, the Reformed Monastery, or the Love of Jesus,' two parts, 12mo, London, 1677-76, which reached a fourth edition in 1699. This little work is dedicated, under the initials of L. B., to Dr. John Fell, bishop of Oxford, who was also dean of Christ Church, and to whom the author expresses himself under obligations. Beaulieu was afterwards chosen one of the bishop's chaplains. He died 26 May 1723, aged 78, and was buried on the 30th at Whitchurch. His wife Priscilla was laid in the same grave 5 Dec. 1728. Their son, George de Beaulieu, matriculated at his father's college, Christ Church, took his B.A. degree in 1708, and entered into orders. He was buried with his parents 17 May 1736. The late Dr. George Oliver, of Exeter, possessed some curious correspondence of Luke de Beaulieu with a certain Franciscan monk, in reference to devotional manuals and books of meditation, which is said to indicate the yet abiding influence of the Laudian revival up to that period.' Besides the above-mentioned work and several sermons Beaulieu was the acknowledged author of: 1. Take heed of both Extreams, or plain and useful Cautions against Popery and Presbytery, in two parts,' 8vo, London, 1675. 2. The Holy Inquisition, wherein is represented what is the religion of the church of Rome, and how they are dealt with that dissent from it,' 8vo, London, 1681. 3. 'A Discourse showing that Protestants are on the safer side, notwithstanding the uncharitable judgment of their adversaries, and that their religion is the surest way to heaven,' 4to, London, 1687, which has been twice reprinted. 4. The Infernal Observator, or the Quickning Dead,' 8vo, London, 1684, which, according to Wood, was originally written in French. Beaulieu also translated from the Latin Bishop Cosin's "History of Popish Transubstantiation,' 8vo, London, 1676. [Information from the Rector of Whitchurch; Wood's Athen. Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 668; Lipscomb's Hist. Buckinghamshire, iv. 573; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl. ed. Hardy, i. 450, ii. 443; Agnew's Protestant Exiles, 2nd ed. i. 30, 42, iii. 19; Hist. Reg. 1723, Chron. Diary, p. 29; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 307, 3rd. ser. vii. 37-8; Introduction by F. G. L. to new edit. of Jones's Catalogue of Tracts for and against Pothe Reformed Monastery, 12mo, London (1865); pery (Chetham Soc.), pt. i. 237, ii. 382, 523.] G. G. BEAUMONT, SIR ALBANIS (d. 1810?), draughtsman, aquatint engraver, and landscape painter, was born in Piedmont, but naturalised in England. Between the years 1787 and 1806 he published a great number of views in the south of France, in the Alps, and in Italy. The short account of him in Füssli's 'Lexicon' (1806) is the best: 'Probably a Piedmontese, and the son of Claudio Francesco, he carried the sounding title of "Architecte pensionné de S. M. le roi de Sardaigne à la suite de S. A. R. le duc de Gloucester." In 1787 he exhibited a set of twelve views in Italy, mostly in the neigh bourhood of Nice . . . and in 1788 yet other twelve views (mediocre enough) in the neighbourhood of Chamouny and the lake of Geneva, drawn and etched by himself. The value of these is due to the beautiful colouring added by Bernard Lory the elder. Soon after he betook himself and his landscape factory (Prospekt fabrik) to London, and there associated himself with a certain Thomas Gowland as his partner, and Cornelius Apostool as engraver. In the last ten years of the eighteenth century this firm turned out a new series of views in Switzerland, France, and Savoy, which are about on a level with their precursors, but had not the advantage of Bernard Lory's tasteful brush. It must be acknowledged, however, that the clean firm lines of Apostool's needle add as much to this series as the other lost from the flaccid and insecure draughtsmanship of Beaumont. A description of these plates and their prices (high at times) is found in Meusel's Museum.' He afterwards took to landscape painting, exhibiting in 1806 'A Storm at Sea,' in which the waves are said to have been drawn with great truth. A list of his works is in the new edition of Nagler, 1881, and a rather long account of him in the old, 1835. [Füssli's Allgemeines Künstler-Lexicon, 1806; Meusel's Museum, xiv. 36-38; Meusel's Neue Miscel. 476, 477; Nagler's Künstler-Lexicon, 1835 and 1881.] E. R. BEAUMONT, BASIL (1669-1703), rearadmiral, was the fifth son, amongst the twenty-one children, of Sir Henry Beaumont, of Stoughton Grange and Cole Orton, a distant cousin of the Duke of Buckingham (BURKE'S Peerage and Baronetage, and GARDINER'S Hist. of England, ii. 317). Of his early service in the navy there is no record: it was short and uneventful, and on 28 Oct. 1688 he was appointed lieutenant of the Portsmouth. Six months later, 21 April 1689, he was appointed captain of the Centurion, which ship was lost in Plymouth Sound in a violent storm on 25 Dec. of the same year. Although so young a captain, no blame attached to him. He was accordingly appointed, after some months, to the Dreadnought, and early in 1692 was transferred to the Rupert, in which ship he took part in the battle of Barfleur. He continued in the Rupert during the following year; and in 1694 commanded the Canterbury in the Mediterranean. In 1696 he commanded the Mountagu, in the fleet cruising in the Channel and off Ushant, and was for a short time detached as commodore of an inshore squadron. He was afterwards transferred, at short intervals, to the Neptune, Essex, and Duke, whilst in command of the squadron off Dunkirk, during the remainder of 1696 and till the peace. In November 1698 he was appointed to the Resolution, and during the next year was senior officer at Spithead, with a special commission for commanding in chief and holding courts-martial (23 Feb. 1698-9). In the end of August he was ordered to pay the ship off. He commissioned her again some months later, and continued in her for the next two years, for a great part of which time he lay in the Downs, commanding-as he wrote a number of ships of consequence, with no small trouble and a good deal of charge,' on which he referred it to the lord high admiral, 'if this does not require more than barely commanding as the eldest captain' (9 April 1702). His application did not meet with immediate success; in June he was turned over to the Tilbury, and continued to command the squadron in the Downs, at the Nore, and in the North Sea, till, on 1 March 1702-3, he was promoted to be a rear-admiral, and directed to hoist his flag on board the Mary, then fitting out at Woolwich. His rank, not his service, was altered. During the summer he cruised in the North Sea and off Dunkirk, or convoyed the Baltic trade; on the approach of winter he returned to the Downs, where he anchored on 19 Oct. He was still there on 27 Nov., when the great storm which 'o'er pale Britannia passed,' hurled the ship on to the Goodwin Sands. Every soul on board, the admiral included, was lost. The circumstances of his death have given to Admiral Beaumont's name a wider repute than his career as an officer would have otherwise entitled it to; his service throughout was creditable, without being distinguished; and the only remarkable point about it is that, after having held important commands, he attained flag-rank within fifteen years of his entry into the service, and when he was not yet thirty-four years of age. Two younger brothers, who had also entered the navy, had previously died; one, William Villiers, a lieutenant, had died of fever in the West Indies, 17 July 1697; the other, Charles, was lost in the blowing up of the Carlisle, 19 Sept. 1700; and their mother, Lady Beaumont, after the death of the rear-admiral, memorialised the queen, praying for relief. As Lady Beaumont's second son, George, who, on the death of his elder brother, had succeeded to the title and estates, was unmarried and appointed a lord commissioner of the admiralty in 1714, the implied statement that the family was dependent on Basil is curious. The petition, however, was successful, and a pension of |