goodly room above stairs, of some forty foot high ;1 and under it a room for a dressing or preparing place at times of triumphs.2 On the other side, which is the household side, I wish it divided at the first into a hall and a chapel, (with a partition between ;) both of good state and bigness; and those not to go all the

length, but to have at the further end a winter and a summer parlour, both fair. And under these rooms,4 a fair and large cellar sunk under ground; and likewise some privy kitchens, with butteries and pantries, and the like. As for the tower, I would have it two stories, of eighteen5 foot high a piece, above the two wings; and a goodly leads upon the top, railed with statua's interposed; and the same tower to be divided into rooms, as shall be thought fit. The stairs likewise to the upper rooms, let them be upon a fair open newel, and finely railed in with images of wood, cast into a brass colour; and a very fair landing-place at the top. But this to be, if you do not point any the lower rooms for a dining place of servants. otherwise you shall have the servants' dinner after your own for the steam of it will come up as in a tunnel. And so much for the front. Only I under

8

of

For

1 The translation raises it to fifty feet. Eamque supra gradus ad quinquaginta pedes ad minus altam.

2 et subter eam cameram item alteram, similis longitudinis et latitudinis; quæ apparatum et instructionem ad festa, ludos, et ejusmodi magnificentias, actores etiam dum se ornent et parent, commode recipiat.

8 amplam et pulchram.

4 atque subter hæc omnia (excepto sacello).

5 quindecim.

7 This clause is omitted in the translation.

6 coöpertam plumbo, æquabili.

8 gradus autem turris apertos esse, et in se revertentes, et per senos subinde divisos: utrinque statuis ligneis inauratis, vel saltem ænei coloris cinctos.

9 verum cavendum ne locus ubi famuli comedant sit ad imum gradum, vel prope; si enim sit, ciborum nidor ascendet, tanquam in tubo quodam.

stand the height of the first stairs to be sixteen foot,1 which is the height of the lower room.

Beyond this front is there to be a fair court, but three sides of it, of a far lower building than the front. And in all the four corners of that court fair staircases, cast into turrets, on the outside, and not within the row of buildings themselves. But those towers are not to be of the height of the front, but rather proportionable to the lower building.2 Let the court not be paved, for that striketh up a great heat in summer, and much cold in winter. But only some side alleys, with a cross, and the quarters to graze, being kept shorn, but not too near shorn.3 The row of return on the banquet side, let it be all stately galleries in which galleries let there be three, or five, fine cupolas in the length of it, placed at equal distance; and fine coloured windows of several works.5 On the household side, chambers of presence and ordinary entertainments, with some bed-chambers; and let all three sides be a double house, without thorough lights on the sides, that you may have rooms from the sun, both for forenoon and afternoon. Cast it

1 viginti.

6

2 turres extruantur, altitudinem laterum prædictorum nonnihil superantes, ad gradus quibus in superiora ascendatur capiendos; quæ turres non recipiantur in planum ædificii, sed extra promineant.

8 Arca autem integra lapidibus latis quadrangulis minime substernatur ; nam hujusmodi pavimenta calorem molestum æstate, et similiter frigus asperum hyeme immittunt: sed habeat ambulacra, ex ejusmodi lapidibus, per latera tantum ædificii; et formam crucis ex iisdem in medio; cum quadris interpositis, quæ gramine vestiantur, detonso quidem, sed non nimis prope

terram.

4 latus universum areæ.

5 ubi pingantur columnæ, imagines omnigenæ, flores, et similia.

6 At latus ex parte familiæ, simul cum latere tertio e regione frontis, complectatur cameras præsentiales; et alias usûs ac decoris ordinarii.

7 cubicula et camera.

also, that you may have rooms both for summer and winter; shady for summer, and warm for winter. You shall have sometimes fair houses so full of glass, that one cannot tell where to become to be out of the sun or cold. For inbowed windows, I hold them of good use; (in cities, indeed, upright1 do better, in respect of the uniformity towards the street;) for they be pretty retiring places for conference; and besides, they keep both the wind and sun off; for that which would strike almost thorough the room doth scarce pass the window. But let them be but few, four in the court, on the sides only.2

Beyond this court, let there be an inward court, of the same square and height; which is to be environed with the garden on all sides ;3 and in the inside, cloistered on all sides, upon decent and beautiful arches, as high as the first story. On the under story, towards the garden, let it be turned to a grotta, or place of shade, or estivation. And only have opening and windows towards the garden; and be level upon the floor, no whit sunken under ground, to avoid all dampishness. And let there be a fountain, or some fair work of statua's in the midst of this court; and to be paved as the other court was. These buildings to be for privy lodgings on both sides; and the end 4 for privy galleries. Whereof you must foresee that one of them be for an infirmary,5 if the prince or any special person should be sick, with chambers, bed

1 ad planum ædificii, et minime protuberantes.

2 dua scilicet ex utroque latere areœ.

8 horto per exterius circumcincta.

4 latus transversum.

5 curandum vero ut aliquæ, tam ex cameris et conclavibus, quam ex porticibus, designentur ad usum infirmorum.

chamber, antecamera, and recamera, joining to it.1 This upon the second story. Upon the ground story,2 a fair gallery, open, upon pillars; and upon the third story likewise, an open gallery, upon pillars, to take the prospect and freshness of the garden. At both corners of the further side, by way of return,1 let there be two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily paved, richly hanged, glazed with crystalline glass, and a rich cupola in the midst; and all other elegancy that may be thought upon.5 In the upper gallery too, I wish that there may be, if the place will yield it, some fountains running in divers places from the wall, with some fine avoidances.6 And thus much for the model of the palace; save that you must have, before you come to the front, three courts. A green court plain, with a wall about it; a second court of the same, but more garnished, with little turrets, or rather embellishments, upon the wall; and a third court, to make a square with the front, but not to be built, nor yet enclosed with a naked wall, but enclosed with tarrasses, leaded aloft, and fairly garnished, on the three sides; and

1 Habeant autem portiones singulæ ægris destinatæ, (ut moderni loquuntur) Ante-Cameram, Cameram ad cubile, et Re-cameram.

2 At latus transversum solarii inferioris, versus hortum convertatur in porticum, spatiosum, &c.

3 Rursus supra solarium tertium, ex omnibus tribus lateribus, statuantur porticus elegantes, &c.

4 ad angulos duos lateris transversi in solario secundo.

5 Sint autem conclavia illa rebus curiosis omnigenis et spectatu dignis referta.

6 qui per secretos tubos iterum transeant. The following sentence is inserted here in the translation: Interior autem pars in solario superiore, versus aream, formetur in porticus et ambulacra, bene munita et obducta, ad usum convalescentium.

7 The translation adds: nam de balneis et piscinis non loquor.

8 Area viridis, gramine vestita, cum pariete in circuitu, et juxta parietem arboribus, ordine positis, sata.

cloistered on the inside, with pillars, and not with arches below.1 As for offices, let them stand at distance, with some low galleries, to pass from them to the place itself.

XLVI. OF GARDENS.

3

GOD ALMIGHTY first planted a Garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures. It is the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man; without which buildings and palaces are but gross handyworks: 2 and a man shall ever see that when ages grow to civility and elegancy, men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater perfection. I do hold it, in the royal ordering of gardens, there ought to be gardens for all the months in the year; in which severally things of beauty may be then in season. For December, and January, and the latter part of November, you must take such things as are green all winter: 5 holly; ivy;

1 sed ambulacris supra columnas, non arcus, erectis; in summitate vero plumbo vel lapide quadrato coöpertis, et ad latera elegantibus statuis parvis, anei coloris, munitis clausam.

2 manûs tantum sunt opera, nec sapiunt naturam.

8 citius pervenire ad ædificiorum pulchritudinem quam ad hortorum elegan

tiam et amanitatem.

4 in quibus separatim plantæ quæ illo mense florent et vigent producantur. The scene in the "Winter's Tale," where Perdita presents the guests with flowers suited to their ages, has some expressions which, if this Essay had been contained in the earlier edition, would have made me suspect that Shakespeare had been reading it. As I am not aware that the resemblance has been observed, I will quote the passages to which I allude in connexion with those which remind me of them.

5

Reverend Sirs,

For you there's Rosemary and Rue; these keep

Seeming and savour all the winter long.

Grace and Remembrance be to you both,

And welcome to our shearing.