The Divine Order: Western Culture in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

accepted achieved affirmed appear Arabic artists attitudes authority became began belief Boethius Byzantine Carolingian Cassiodorus cathedral Celtic chansons chansons de geste Charlemagne chivalric Christian Church cities civilization classical conception conflict continued creative crusaders cultural Dante Dark Ages death despite displayed divine divine grace doctrine early Middle Ages emotional emperor emphasis Empire England English especially ethical Europe expression faith feudal fifteenth century figures France French Germanic Giotto Gothic Greek growth High Renaissance human humanist ideals important individual intellectual Italian Italy king later Latin literature mannerists Masaccio medieval Merovingian Michelangelo Mohammedan monasteries moral movement mystical nature Neo-Platonic northern original pagan painting peasants period Petrarch philosophy political Pope popular rational reality regarded religion religious remained Renaissance Roman Romanesque Rome salvation Saracens scholasticism secular sense social society spiritual tion traditional troubadour twelfth century unity universe values warrior Western whole wholly