clause or sentence, from which is drawn a line to the caret

in the type..

When the omitted passage is so long that to rewrite it in the margin would be a waste of time, the printer is referred to the original manuscript. In such case a caret is placed in the type and the words 'out, see copy,' or out, s. c.,' are written in the margin. In the manuscript the omitted words should be inclosed in brackets.

16. Straightening Crooked Lines of Type.

In the type: The depressed words or letters inclosed in parallel lines. In the margin: The parallel lines extended into the margin.

Sometimes other shorter parallel lines are placed in the margin opposite those in the type.

17. Change of Font.

In the type: A stroke through the letter or word to be changed. In the margin: The abbreviation 'w. f.' ('wrong font').

The letter P in line 20 is blacker than the other capitals, as will be seen by comparing it with the same letter in line 4.

18. Two Paragraphs united in One.

In the type: A curved line drawn from the end of the first paragraph to the beginning of the second. In the margin: No ¶.'

In the margin the words 'run in are sometimes used.

19. Insertion of a Word.

In the type: A caret at the point where the omission In the margin: The omitted word, followed by a

Occurs.

slanting stroke.

20. Substitution of a Perfect for a Defective Type.

In the type: A cross under (or through) the defective letter. In the margin: A cross.

21. Uniting the Separated Parts of a Word.

In the type: Horizontal curves inclosing the separated parts. In the margin: Horizontal curves.

GENERAL SUGGESTIONS.

1. In cases of doubt, strike out the matter to be corrected and rewrite it in the margin exactly as it should appear in the type.

2. The logotypes fi, ffi, are used instead of the separate letters fi, ffi. When æ is desired in place of ae, it is indicated by a horizontal line or curve above the two letters.

3. The following errors are somewhat difficult of detection: (a) changes of font, when the types of the two fonts are much alike; (b) inversion of s and x; (c) the occurrence of inverted n, u, b, and p, for u, n, q, and d, respectively.

(a) Differences in fonts can be learned only by experience. The principal differences are in the shape of the letters, the thickness or blackness of the lines, and the size of the face.

(b) Inverted s and x may be detected by the fact that the lower part of these letters is slightly larger than the upper part.

(c) The main differences between n and inverted u, b and inverted q, d and inverted p, lie in the small projections which start at right angles from the sides or stems of these letters. For example, in n the projections at the bottom of the letter are seen on both sides of the prongs or

'legs.' In u these projections are seen on but one side. The differences in the other pairs of letters will be readily detected upon examination.

4. Other inversions for which it is well to be watchful are those of the letter o, the cipher, the period, the comma, and the colon.

5. The spacing of the punctuation requires some care. Notice that the comma follows immediately the preceding word, but is separated by a slight space from the word that follows; that the semicolon and colon stand a little way off from the preceding word; that the period is followed by a considerably greater space than the other points.

6. Type is set either solid,' that is, without spacing between the lines; or 'leaded,' that is, with the lines separated by thin strips of type-metal, known as 'leads.' When but one 'lead' is used between each pair of lines, the type is said to be 'single-leaded'; when two 'leads' are used, the type is said to be 'double-leaded.' The type in this book is single-leaded; that in the accompanying plate is double-leaded. Errors in leading are of two kinds, (a) omitting leads, and (b) inserting them where they are not needed. In correcting the first error a horizontal caret is placed with its point between the lines of type which are to be separated, and in the margin at the opening of the caret is written the word 'lead.' When a lead has been unnecessarily used, the same sign is inserted in the type and 'no lead' is written in the margin.

7. Words may be carried up or down, to the right or left, by means of brackets placed about the words and repeated in the margin. The significance of the brackets is as follows: means 'carry to the right;' [ means 'carry to the left'; 6 means move up'; means 'move down.'

J

8. Corrections are made in the margin nearest which they occur. If the corrections are numerous, it is well to draw lines from the marks in the type to those in the margin.

APPENDIX G.

1.

GENERAL REFERENCE LIST.

The student should learn how to consult and use the following in investigating a subject.

1. Poole's Index of Magazine Literature. This consists of classified lists of references to magazine articles on all subjects, arranged alphabetically. It is supplemented by yearly issues, and a new volume is published at intervals of several years.

2. Encyclopedias, notably the Britannica, usually give at the close of each important article a list of authorities that may be consulted in further investigation of the subject.

3. Card Catalogues. Almost every library of considerable size is provided with a card catalogue both of subjects and of authors.

4. References for Literary Workers, by H. Matson. This book contains classified lists of references to subjects in history, biography, politics, literature, science, etc. It should be in every reference library. Especially valuable to debaters.

5. A Manual of Historical Literature, by C. K. Adams. Especially valuable in estimating the weight of a historian's statements.

6. Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Science gives special articles on subjects in political science, political economy, and United States History, and at the close of each article a valuable bibliography.

7. Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia is valuable for recent history and accounts of recent progress in science.

8. Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography.

9. The Review of Reviews and the Literary Digest devote much space to classified lists of important magazine articles of the current month. Public Opinion is made up mainly of selections from newspapers.

10. Allibone's Dictionary of Authors.

11. Providence Library Reference Lists.

12. Old South Leaflets.

13. Brewer's Reader's Handbook.

14. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 15. British Year-Book and Companion.

16. Bowker and Iles's The Reader's Guide in Economic, Social, and Political Science.

17. J. F. Sargent's Reading for the Young (Boston: 1890).

18. Descriptive Index of Current Engineering Literature (Chicago: 1892).

19. Galloupe's General Index to Engineering Periodicals (Boston: 1888, 1892).

The United States Census Reports and the Circulars of Information issued by the National Board of Education can be used to good effect when they are available. A SubjectIndex of the latter was issued in 1891.

2.

A CLASSIFIED LIST OF ESSAY SUBJECTS.

English Language and Literature.

1. Dickens as a reformer.

2. What part of his course should a student devote to English?

3. Arguments for spelling-reform.

4. Compare Tennyson's two poems on Locksley Hall.

5. A history of the office of Poet-Laureate.

6. Should the office of Poet-Laureate be abolished?