Iwould not be forced to take ministers who grandfather had been forced to take Pitt. Ge not be forced to part with any whom he deli grandfather had been forced to part with Carter the system of bribery which had grown up dur to cease. It was ostentatiously proclaimed that, the young King, neither constituents nor repr bought with the secret service money. To free tion and oligarchical cabals, to detach her from tions, to bring the bloody and expensive war wi to a close, such were the specious objects whi procure. Macaulay: Second Essay on the Ear The following will serve to illustrate th The clauses of the last sentence grow in 1 in volume both of sound and of idea until in the strongest words. The great wheel of political revolution began Here its rotation was guarded, regular and safe. other continent, from unfortunate but natural c irregular and violent impulse; it whirled along wi till at length, like the chariot wheels in the races fire from the rapidity of its own motion, and bla ing conflagration and terror around. Webster Oration. The first of the two paragraphs which in the last three sentences, what may be nating method, in which the main idea (that occurs, under different forms of expressio tence, accompanied in each case by the sta other characteristic of Milton's style, of le The three lesser qualities mentioned are order of climax. The second of these tw quoted for the sake of completeness. He had considered creation in its whole extent a inisters whom he disliked, as his ake Pitt. George the Third would whom he delighted to honor, as his rt with Carteret. At the same time, grown up during the late reigns was oclaimed that, since the accession of ents nor representatives had been ney. To free Britain from corruptach her from continental connecensive war with France and Spain s objects which Bute professed to xy on the Earl of Chatham, p. 40. illustrate the order of climax. ce grow in length, power, and of idea until the end is reached The law of variety requires th consistent with the purpose of the Variety will appear in length of ture, in phraseology, in the orderi method of building different par length of different paragraphs as is also desirable. To illustrate fully this important law is obviou carefully the paragraphs already quoted: First, as to length of sentences. The use of b noticed as helpful in sustaining the reader's int and choppy effect of the almost exclusive use of from Emerson; equal length giving all of the sent the main idea harder to find. In the other quota sentence is to state forcibly the main thought devoted to explanations or details. Point out ins tion from Dryden. Observe also the smooth ef Notice the relief, experienced in reading Emerson's first p sentences constructed alike, by the slight change of struct beginning, "From a great heart," etc. Find examples o tions, in which the full idea is not apparent until the close (Periodic structure). Notice in the conversational paragr examples of loose structure, in which the sentence might the close, and still make sense. Find other examples o balanced structure, in which the different elements of a se to each other and set each other off by similarity of form; from Macaulay, Dryden, Johnson, and Emerson. Find exa tences have this similarity of form and answer to each other. usually contain the main idea of these paragraphs? Note thought which makes some of the sentences interrogativ departures from the usual form of sentence structure. Find Thirdly, as to phraseology. Notice, first, variety in the the same idea in a paragraph. What words in the quotation the idea of "frivolous"? What, in the quotation from the C "swindling"? What, in the second quotation from Emerso ualize"? What, in the next quotation (from Macaulay), th change"? What, in the quotation from Dr. Johnson, t Notice, next, the variety in the relation-words (of, by, to, fr duce different phrases. The value to a writer of having a lar securing variety in introducing phrases, is very great. Sor relation-word "of," when, by a slight modification in phrase words might be used instead and the sentence improved. of substituting adjectives for some of the phrases in the q preceding pages. Notice that such substitutions often comp sentence. Fourthly, as to ordering of details and method of buildi These subjects will be considered more fully at a later stage of notice the variety in method of presenting the various details i paragraph. (See Selection.) Do you find anything to criti sentences? Notice also the ordering of details in the parag Unity.) For practice in securing variety, some of the paragraphs should be re-written by the student in his own words, chang constructions, but preserving the sense. It will be found in practice that the clo any one of the general laws, unity, select and sequence, will tend to give a paragrap required by the other three. For instance ment of the order (method) of the sente secure unity to a paragraph which seemed Emerson's first paragraph after several short change of structure in the seventh sentence Find examples of sentences, in these quotant until the close of the sentence is reached versational paragraphs of the first quotation e sentence might come to a full stop before Find examples of >ther examples of this. elements of a sentence are made to answer nilarity of form; especially in the quotations erson. Find examples in which whole senver to each other. Do the complex sentences ragraphs? Note that it is the nature of the nces interrogative and which causes other structure. Find examples of this. st, variety in the words used for expressing in the quotation from Hamerton bring out tation from the Christian Union the idea of tion from Emerson, the idea of “disindivid-om Macaulay), the idea of "difference and Dr. Johnson, the idea of "sublimity"? rds (of, by, to, from, for, etc.) which introer of having a large stock of expedients for = very great. Some writers over-work the fication in phrase-structure, other relationZence improved. For practice try the plan phrases in the quoted paragraphs on the tions often compel remodeling the whole method of building different paragraphs. at a later stage of our study. At present, e various details in Macaulay's descriptive anything to criticise in the order of the ails in the paragraph from Ruskin. (See the paragraphs in Appendices A and B wn words, changing the phraseology and that the close observance of unity, selection, proportion, a paragraph the qualities For instance, the rearrangef the sentences will often seemed without unity. 1d include maxim, summing up these laws, is aim at unity of thought and variet Paragraphs for further criticism by the student (d) APPLICATION OF THESE LAW GRAPH SUBJE The observance of these laws w for the writer, if, in selecting su graphs and in selecting subdivision serve for paragraph-subjects, he is idea chosen is sufficiently narrowed be narrowed by imposing upon it s limitations of time, place, point of To illustrate: General subjectSubject limited to a single point of study." Limited further, as to study to American students." time "Uses of Latin study to present time." Limited further, theme"Use of Latin study to present time in widening their Eng Looking at the illustration just given, the stude stated first, is too broad for treatment in a parag of several lines of thought, any one of which would for a whole essay. Moreover, it is indefinite, bec on the part of the writer. It acquires definiteness, tion imposed upon it converts the general subject i limitation this theme grows in concreteness, indic closer scrutiny, and a more definite aim on the par The general subject is the broad idea without limitation. The ther narrowed in scope and made defini show the purpose of the writer. theme is often long and unattra often be re-stated in a briefer a in the illustration above, to be used a might be, "One Reason for Studying should be suggestive of the theme, bu state the theme. Most themes may be out re-statement. Examples of paragraph-titles may be found in the news notes of such books as the Encyclopædia Britannica, Gar Bryce's Holy Roman Empire, Creighton's Age of Eliza The shorter isolated paragraphs to be found in the editorial and the related paragraphs of most books are usually printed In Appendix A 2 will be found a list of general subjects e expected to narrow, by successive limitations, to an availabl provide with an appropriate title. The student may also b ering the working theme of some of the paragraphs in App title for each. THE ISOLATED PARAGE The isolated paragraph was defined, in as a single paragraph which in itself g treatment of any subject or of a single ject. By the expression "adequate trea not all that might be said on a given su for the purpose in hand, whatever that n Adequate treatment is therefore treatment plete for carrying out the writer's purpos however short, which, when taken by itse intelligible and produces a satisfying effe poses of study) be regarded as an isolated though it form part of an essay or part o book. The following short paragraph tak Carlyle's James Carlyle will illustrate this this sense of completeness: The first impulse of man is to seek for enjoym more or less impetuosity, more or less irregular |