In each figure the small circle a re theme of the paragraph; the large cir through which it is developed. The di shows in the first that the particulars bear on the theme; in the second, that ing into the particulars. In each cas figure is the same. It follows that one method of prog as the other. But each has its special insist," says Lewes (Principles of S "and others practice the precept wit the proposition should be stated first tions as well as its evidences be ma maintain that the proposition should step by step with all its evidences their due order, and the conclusion dis ing the whole. Are not both methods circumstances? If my object is to co eral truth, or to impress you with a fe not already prepared to accept, it is o effective method is the inductive, whi upon a culminating wave of evidence of point I aim at. But the deductive m wish to direct the light of familiar tru tions upon new particulars, or upon de relation to those truths; and when I v be absorbed by these particulars whic themselves, not upon the general trut present interest except in as far as details. A growing thought requires t tion, an applied thought the deductive." : all circle a represents the specific the large circle bb, the particulars loped. The direction of the arrows he particulars are being brought to e second, that the theme is expandIn each case the content of the ethod of progression is as "right" as its special uses. "Some writers nciples of Success in Literature). e precept without insistence, that e stated first, and all its qualificaHences be made to follow: others sition should be made to grow up s evidences and qualifications in onclusion disclose itself as crownoth methods right under different bject is to convince you of a genyou with a feeling, which you are ccept, it is obvious that the most nductive, which leads your mind of evidence or emotion to the very deductive method is best when I familiar truths and roused emo5, or upon details in unsuspected and when I wish the attention to ticulars which are of interest in general truths which are of no as far as they light up these ht requires the inductive exposi deductive." l principles, we con- As pointed out in a preceding port statement of the subject may sometim natural order: it may come at the be tive progression or at the end of a d In either case, an examination of t will discover good reasons for the inv position will be found to be deman sequence of the thought. The various devices for securing co have already been discussed in Part be said here is that the apparatus of co parallel constructions, explicit refere but the sign of the paragraph's organ outgrowth and expression of the rel mind. These features of the paragra which the thought, hurrying on to its behind to mark the way whence it ca It may be well to point out, for those who care to st of the more important sources of information. By the was consistently ignored. Campbell treats, in passing, of nectives in combining sentences " (Philosophy of Rheto on the subject is to be found in the treatises of Kames Graham, Kerl, Day, Haven, Bardeen, and many others Quackenbos, and Boyd dismiss it with a few lines. Accor was the first to lay down rules for the construction of pa be found in his Composition and Rhetoric, Pt. I. chap. the subject in the Introduction to his Manual of Eng mentary, but his detailed analysis of Macaulay's paragrap good the omissions. Later writers who have given the s (Foundations of Rhetoric, pp. 305-325; Principles of Hill (Elements of Rhetoric, pp. 71-77; Science of Rhet (Practical Rhetoric, pp. 28-32), T. W. Hunt (Principle 82-84), G. R. Carpenter (Exercises in Rhetoric, chap. lish Composition, pp. 114–149), J. G. R. McElroy (Stru 196-222). A brief account of the isolated paragraph wil ments of Rhetoric, pp. 264, 468-469). For an exhausti yet appeared, see Genung's Practical Elements of Rhet An elaborate study of the history of the English para lished as a doctoral thesis by Mr. Edwin H. Lewis. By paragraph-structure of seventy-three representative pr number of interesting conclusions, of which the followi (1) The rise of the paragraph is largely owing to its econo periodic sentence. (2) From the start there has been a di than the modern sentence. Writers "have thought roug have analyzed such stages into smaller steps." (3) The f been the loose type (subject stated first). (4) In the hist before Tyndale has any sense of paragraph-structure. nounced increase or decrease in the average total num (6) In a list of 52 authors the average word-length of t and 300 words, 25 showing an average between 200 and between 100 and 200 words. (7) The modern paragraph, the product of five influences: (a) the mediæval tradition a stadium of thought, (b) the Latin tradition that a paras Anglo-Saxon structure, (d) the oral style, (e) French pros the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries a tendency to (9) The paragraph of the nineteenth century is, in gener of the eighteenth. (10) Single-sentence paragraphs are no (11) Coherence secured by connectives was in most activ declined until the opening of the present century, rose again. To-day there are two tendencies: (a) in popular nectives; (b) in classical prose to use them freely but vita se who care to study the subject further, some Principles of Rhetoric, pp. 157–161), D. J. he English paragraph has recently been pub- PART III. APPENDICI APPENDIX 1. Criticise the following paragraphs of the laws of unity, selection, pro Rewrite, varying the form of expre the idea. (See Introductory (c).) If a boy who comes to town can begin most economical manner, he will do rema are against his doing as much as that, s places. Some men even pay to have their cantile establishments, though the genera is that the boys who come from poorer ho up to hard work are more likely to push eigners who have learned frugality and their boyhood, are getting ahead of those 1 Yet, as I said before, a country boy who from the very beginning should not risk until he has found an actual opening ther compel fortune where he is; to improve hand; this country is increasing so rap the variety of its industries and their its extent new opportunites for a caree 2 Probably the United States will conta people by the time hovs who read this will rise.1 The twentieth century is at ha dance of work and plentiful opportunities f lives to enjoy its light and participate in its fortune in the future will be as great as th and the facilities which a young man can ob ous. 2 With very few exceptions - you fingers of one hand- the great fortunes of mulated within the last fifty years. All t been made within that period, and they ha boys. But there is something more, bette tune to make. It is character; and there able than the acquirement of money, and i enables a man to get the most out of life an most use, whatever his circumstances, wh crowd of a great city or in the solitude of a When in his seat in the Senate, listenin were usually employed in holding down t whittling a pine stick, a supply of which he arms to furnish him. He was a regular during service he "improved the occasion articles to give children, among whom he 1 of these pine souvenirs of Sam Houston are men and women to whom he gave them as c Mr. Carnegie gives it as his opinion that in charity, $950 does more harm than good, axiom of the charity organizations that "t the wise are needed to correct the mischiev the benevolent." 5 These principles are gr at the bottom of much of the hostile critici General Booth's scheme for lighting "Dark amount of money he demands and the mag he contemplates, lead many to overlook the his scheme is work and to compel to work work test, the mendicant farms, and the col helped are to help themselves. We have never changed our language, b changed greatly. This is a most important d |