The fucceeding note occurs in Cymbeline, Clofe by the battle, &c.] The ftopping of the Roman army by three perfons, is an allufion to the story of the Hays, as related by Holinthed in his Hiftory of Scotland, p. 155: "There was neère to the place of the battell, a long lane fenfed on the fides with ditches and walles made of turfe, through the which the Scots which fled were beaten downe by the enemies on heapes. "Here Haie with his fonnes fuppofing they might beft ftaie the fight, placed themselves overthwart the lane, beat them backe whom they met fleeing, and spared neither friend nor fo; but downe they went all fuch as came within their reach, wherewith divers hardie perfonages cried unto their fellowes to return backe unto the battell, &c." It appears from Peck's New Memoirs, &c. article 88, that Milton intended to have written a play on this fubject. Musgrave.", The following remarks unquestionably restore the true reading of Shakspeare, in a paffage in K. Lear. • Come o'er the broom, Belly, to me :] As there is no relation between broom and a boat, we may better read, "Come o'er the brook, Beffy, to me." Johnson. At the beginning of A very merie and pithie commedie called, The Longer thou Liveft, the more Foole thou art, &c. Imprinted at London by Wyllyam How, &c. black letter, no date, Entreth Moros, counterfaiting a vaine gefture and a foolish countenance, fynging the foote of many fongs, as fooles were wont ;" and among them is this paffage, which Dr. Johnson has very justly fufpected of corruption. "Com over the boorne Beffé "My little pretie Belé "Com over the boorne Beffé to me." A bourn in the north fignifies a rivulet or brook. Hence the names of many of our villages terminate in burn, as Milburn, Sherburn, &c. The former quotation, together with the following inftances, at once confirm the juftness of Dr. Johnson's remark, and support the reading. 6 So, in Drayton's Polyolbion, Song 1: "The bourns, the brooks, the becks, the rills, the rivulets." Again, in Song xxviii. "But that the brooks and bournes fo hotly her pursue." Again, in Song the xxixth : "As petty bournes and becks I fcorn but once to call." • Again, in Spenfer's Faery Queen, B. II. c. vi : My little boat can fafely paffe this perilous bourne." Shakespeare himself, in the Tempeft, has difcriminated bourn from bound of land in general: "Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard none." Again, in the Vifion of Pierce Plowman, line 8: "Under a brode banke by bourne lyde." To this I may add, that bourn, a boundary, is from the French borne. Bourne, or (as it ought to be fpelt) burn, a rivulet, is from the German burn, or born, a well. Steevens. There appears to be much probability in the conjecture fuggefted in the following note in Romeo and Juliet. N 3 • It It is fince the earthquake now eleven years;] But how comes the nurfe to talk of an earthquake upon this occafion? There is no fuch circumstance, I believe, mentioned in any of the novels from which Shakespeare may be fuppofed to have drawn his story and therefore it feems probable, "that he had in view the earthquake, which had really been felt in many parts of England in his own time, viz. on the 6th of April, 1580. [See Stowe's Chronicle, and Gabriel Harvey's Letter in the preface to Spenfer's Works, ed. 1679.] If fo, one may be permitted to conjecture, that Romeo and Juliet, or this part of it at leaft, was written in 1591; after the 6th of April, when the eleven years fince the earthquake were completed; and not later than the middle of July, a fortnight and odd days before Lammas-tide. Tyrwhit.' From the notes on Hamlet, we fhall extract the following. --out herods Herod:] The character of Herod in the ancient myfteries was always a violent one: See the Coventriæ Ludus among the Cotton Mss. Vespasian n. VIII. "Now I regne lyk a kyng arayd ful rych, My dedys be ful dowry demyd be day." Again, in the Chefter Whitfun Plays, M. Harl. 1013: "I kynge of kynges non foe keene, "I fovraigne fir as well as feene, "I tyrant that maye bouth take and teene "I welde this worlde withouten were, "I beate all those unbuxome beene; "I drive the devills alby dene, "Deepe in hell a downe. “For I am kinge of all mankinde, "I byd, I beate, I lofe, I bynde, "I mafter the moone, take this in minde "I ame the greatest above degree "That is, that was, or ever fhall be ; But I fhall crake his crowne." See the Vintner's Play, p. 67. Chaucer defcribing a parish clerk, in his Miller's Tale, fays, "He playith Herode on a fkaffold high." The parifh clerks and other fubordinate ecclefiafticks appear to have been our first actors, and to have reprefented their characters on diftinct pulpits or feaffolds. Thus, in one of the ftage-directions to the 27th pageant in the Coventry collection already mentioned; "What tyme that proceffyon is entered into yt place, and the Herowdys takyn his fcaffalde, and Annas and Cayphas their fchoffaldys, &c. Steevens." The last example we fall produce occurs in the tragedy of Qthello. If virtue no delighted beauty lack,] This is a fenfelefs epithet. We fhould read belighted beauty, i. e. white and fair. Warburton. Hanmer reads, more plaufibly, delighting. I do not know that belighted has any authority. I should rather read, If virtue no delight or beauty lack. Delight, for delectation, or power of pleafing, as it is frequently uled. Johnson. There is no fuch word as-belighted. The plain meaning, I believe, is, if virtue comprehends every thing in itself, then your virtuous fon-in-law of courfe is beautiful: he has that beauty which delights every one. Delighted, for delighting; Shakespeare often ufes the active and paffive participles indifcriminately. Of this practice I have already given many inftances. The fame fentiment feems to occur in Twelfth Night: "In nature is no blemish, but the mind; "None can be call'd deform'd, but the unkind: Delighted is ufed by Shakefpeare in the fenfe of delighting, or delightful. See Cymbeline, Act 5: "Whom belt 1 love, I crofs, to make my gift, "The more delay'd, delighted." Tyrwhitt." Το The examples we have laid before our readers may be sufficient for afcertaining the character of the prefent work, in which so distinguished a figure is made by Mr. Steevens. the honour of this gentleman, he has judiciously marked out, and purfued with unremitting application, the only certain path of criticifm which could lead to the fenfe of his author. By appealing from unfupported conjecture to written and oral authorities, he has eftablished the bafis of illuftrative comment, and thrown fuch light on the writings of Shakspeare, as the labour of preceding commentators had never been able to bestow. While the annotations abound with just remark, they are entirely free from that illiberal petulance and perfonal animofity, which had too generally influenced the minds of those who engaged in the arduous task of elucidating the great English poet. To literary explanation, the art of the engraver is fometimes added in the courfe of the work; whence, in point of ornament, as well as illustration, the prefent edition ftands unrivalled by all the former impreffions of Shakspeare, The Inftitutions of Medicinal Pathology by H. D. Gaubius, Tranflated from the Latin, by Charles Erfkine. Sve. 45. jewed. Cadell. OF F all the branches of medical enquiry, pathological difquifitions afford the understanding the greateft pleafure; for while they depend on theoretical principles deducible from the laws of the animal oeconomy, they likewife ferve to lay the fureft and moft fatisfa&tory foundation for rational practice. On this account, pathology has been particularly cultivated by the most eminent profeffors in the modern fchools of phyfic; among whom may be juftly reckoned the author of the treatife before us. In conformity to the general plan of academical inftitutes, this fyftem is compofed in the aphoriftical manner; a fpecies of writing, which, though favourable to regular gradation in the developement of fcience, is frequently expofed to obfcurity, from the concifenefs with which it is executed. The work begins with an account of General Pathology, explaining the nature, caufe, and fymptoms of difeafe; after which the author proceeds to Special Pathology, where the various fubjects within the compafs of the fcience are accurately delineated. As a fpecimen of this treatife we fhall prefent our readers with the following extract. Of the Symptoms. A fymptom, as it expreffes in words what happens to the fick perfon, but the whole difeafe, together with its caufe and effects, can be referred among accidental circumftances, hath afforded matter of much controverfy among fyftematics; practitioners, however, upon this question not equally diffenting. It is easier for the most part to difcern a thing when present, than to define it exactly in words. In whatsoever fenfe the ancients ufed this word, it is certain that we only make ufe of it when we fpeak of the diseased state, never of the found. It therefore fuppofes a difeafe prefent, and confequently the caufe of it: but as it is a circumftance which both happens preternaturally, and is fomehow connected with thefe, yet in the mean time is it reckoned diftin&t. By no means, therefore, ought it to be taken for the whole of that which preternaturally happens, or for the flighter affections, which do not merit the name of a difeafe. In the fick perfon there are various alienations from the found ftate, which manifeft themfelves to the fenfes, whether you view the functions themselves, or the bulk and condition of what things are excreted, or even the fenfible qualities of the body. Thefe phænomena, when the fick perfon is fenfible of them, and the phyfician perceives, both conclude that disease is prefent, for that they cannot be the effects of health, and that there are fome things in the body which require to be corrected. There are fome who improperly call thefe the difease itself, becaule they are connected with it, co-exift, continue, and go away at the fame time. That does not, unless very rarely, manifcit itfelf to the fentes: for the most part, it is only to be deteaed by reafoning; neither is it better known by the fick perion than by the phyfician. However, as they are preternatural, and and are intimately connected with the difeafe, they are properly enough called fymptoms, being fuch things as happen with the disease. A fymptom, therefore, denotes fome vifible alienation from the natural ftate, which arifes in the body from difeafe, but in fuch a manner as to be confidered diftinct from it, and its caufe; nor does it continue longer than the disease. There are three things in the fick perfon which are preternatural the difeafe, the caufe of it, and the fymptom; these are mutually connected. As the difeafe cannot be without a caufe, fo it cannot be without a fymptom; nor the latter without the former. In every difeafe there happens fome visible change, either in the functions, in the excretions, or in the fenfible qualities of the body. Neither is that to be called a fymptom which continues after the difeafe, but the disease itfelf. The fymptoms, therefore, principally make up that part of the morbid ftate, which appears evident to the fenfes either of the fick perfon, or the phyfician, very little liable to doubts, which lies open of itself, and does not require the affistance of art to be detected. But feeing all the phenomena which preternaturally happen. in the fick cannot be faid to have the true nature of a fymptom, nor always flow from the fame fource, it is neceffary to diftinguish fome from others, as they may flow from different fources. Some depend upon the morbid ftate immediately as their caufe, being fo many of the effects as arife from thence, and are infeparably connected with it; and thefe indeed are the genuine fymptoms; according to the three circumftances which happen in the fick, it will be proper to make a three-fold dif tinction into fymptoms of the difeafe, fymptoms of the cause, and of the fymptom. Some vifible effect, immediately produced by the power of the prefent difeafe, is called a fymptom of the difeafe. The relation which it bears to the difeafe is fimilar to that which it bears to its caufe; and when that is produced from a concurrence of many states, the concurrence of many fymptoms is wont to attend that kind of difeafe. An inquiry into thefe, therefore, is extremely useful and neceffary; for they not only prove the existence of difeafe, but likewife point out the nature of it; effects certainly declare the nature of their caufe: but the caufe of the difeafe is likewise the caufe of its fymptoms. But if the fymptom can be derived from the cause, antecedent to the difeafe itfelf, we understand it to be a fymptom of the caufe; the word caufe being taken in a wider fenfe. This happens fo often as the circumstances of that which causes the difeafe are various, and in like manner their effects, as fome part of thefe may only concur to produce the difeafe; hence it be comes |