in his Ecclesiastical Polity, wrote English prose with a diguity and eloquence which it had never worn before.

25. LEADING AUTHORS OF THE PERIOD.

SIR THOMAS MORE, (1480-1535)—prose writer-Lord Chancellor— chief works, Utopia, a fanciful scheme of perfect government, written first in Latin; and the Life and Reign of Edward V.-beheaded by Henry VIII.

WILLIAM TYNDALE, (1477-1536)-studied at Oxford-translated The New Testament (1526)—strangled and burned near Antwerp in 1536.

HENRY HOWARD, Earl of Surrey-(1516–1547)—poet — refiner of English verse-introduced the Sonnet from Italy-wrote the first English blank-verse in some translations from Virgil's Æneid— beheaded by Henry VIII. THOMAS CRANMER, (1489-1556)—Archbishop of Canterbury-editor of The Book of Common Prayer, a book of Twelve Homilies, and The Great Bible (1540)—burned at Oxford in 1556.

JOHN FOXE, (1517-1587)-born at Boston-author of The Book of Martyrs-prebend of Salisbury under Elizabeth.

THOMAS SACKVILLE, (1536–1608)-Lord Buckhurst--joint-author of Gorboduc, the earliest English tragedy-author of the best portions of A Mirror for Magistrates (1559).

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY, (1554-1586)-wrote a prose romance called Arcadia; also A Defence of Poesie-killed in a skirmish near Zutphen in the Netherlands.

EDMUND SPENSER, (1552–1599)-second great English poet-born in London-lived at Kilcolman, county of Cork-chief work, The Faerie Queene, an allegorical poem, written in a stanza of nine lines, called "the Spenserian "-died at Westminster.

RICHARD HOOKER, (1553–1600)-rector of Boscomb in Wilts-author of The Ecclesiastical Polity of a Nation.

CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE, (1563-1593)-established blank-verse in plays-author of Tamburlaine, Faustus, Jew of Malta, Edward II.-killed in a tavern scuffle.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, (1564-1616)—the prince of dramatists— born and died at Stratford-on-Avon-an actor-lived chiefly in London-wrote thirty-seven Plays between 1591 and 1614-wrote also Sonnets and other poems.

SIR WALTER RALEGH, (1552-1618)-wrote verses in earlier yearscolonized Virginia-spent more than fourteen years in prison in the Tower-occupied himself in writing a History of the World, which comes down to about 168 B. C.-beheaded for treason.

FRANCIS BACON, (1561-1626)-Lord Chancellor and Viscount St. Albans-author of Essays (English); first published in 1597-chief scientific work, written in Latin, Instauratio Magna, of which the finest portion is Novum Organum (1620)—tried and degraded for taking bribes (1621).

SCOTTISH WRITERS.

ROBERT HENRYSON, (died before 1508)-schoolmaster at Dunfermline-author of Testament of Fair Creseide, &c.

WILLIAM DUNBAR, (died about 1520)-a Franciscan friar-author of The Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins, The Golden Terge, The Thistle and The Rose, &c.

GAVIN (GAWAIN) DOUGLAS,-poet-Bishop of Dunkeld-flourished about 1500-wrote Palace of Honour-first translator of Virgil's Eneid into English verse.

About 1500 A.D. three great painters flourished in Italy,-Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Titian. Albert Dürer lived about the same time at Nuremberg. There were no English artists of note. Most of the portraits of the Tudors are from the pencil of Hans Holbein, a German artist.

2. Why was the Tudor style of architecture also called Florid"? What building is a good example of this style? What improvements were made in domestic architecture during this period? Describe the dwellings of the poor. When did chimneys begin to be built?

3. Who was Erasmus? Quote a description by him of the floors of the poorer houses. What was the effect of these uncleanly habits? Of what material chiefly were houses built in Elizabeth's time?

4. What changes were made in furniture? What vehicles first came into

use about the year 1580? How had ladies been accustomed before that date to travel?

5. During the Tudor period what improvements were made in farming and gardening? What vegetables and fruits were introduced? Whence were potatoes brought? By whom? In what English county were they first planted? By whom were they introduced into Ireland? What other plant was introduced by him? At what price were beef, mutton, veal, and pork sold during the reign of Henry VIII.? At what season of the year was fresh meat eaten?

6. What social custom still survived? By what were masters and servants divided at table? In what style did the noblemen live? Give two examples. 7. What was the dress of country people at this time? What absurd fashion was occasioned by the corpulence of Henry VIII.? Whence did the expression "pin-money" arise? What was the farthingale? Whence and when was it introduced? What do you know of the ruffs worn at this period? What change did Queen Eliza

8. What description of this Queen is chemy? To what have these phases given by Hentzner? of superstition given place?