ion appear? Who was leader of the | Whom did they meet abroad? What Kent rising? How was he punished? effect had this companionship? How many of his followers were executed?

4. On what excuse were Jane Grey and her husband executed? What was done with the Princess Elizabeth? On what ground?

8. Who was the first victim of the persecution? Who suffered together at Oxford? What were Latimer's words as they bound him to the stake?

9. When was Cranmer executed? What had he been induced to do? How did he show his contrition for this?

5. For what were Mary and Gardiner now prepared? Who arrived as Papal Legate? With what duty was he 10. In what continental war did charged? How were these things car--Mary join? In what success did the ried out?

6. What then began? Who advised toleration? Who urged persecution? How many suffered in the three following years?

7. How many clergymen were driven from their pulpits? Where did they take refuge? Who were among them?

English army share? By what great loss was it followed? What made its capture easy? How long had England held it?

11. How did the loss of Calais affect Mary? What other troubles distressed her? When did she die? In what state was the country at the time?

CHAPTER VIII.

PROTESTANTISM RESTORED.

1. The Thirty-nine Articles. 2. Claim of Mary Stewart.

4. Mary Stewart in England.
5. The Duke of Norfolk's Plots.

3. Elizabeth and the French Protes- 6. The Northern Revolt and its Contants. sequences.

1. ELIZABETH.1--Great were the rejoicings when Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Boleyn, was proclaimed Queen. During her sister's reign she had lived chiefly at Hatfield House, nominally free, but really a prisoner. As Queen, one of her first measures was the restoration of Protestantism. This work was completed in 1562, when the Forty-two Articles of Cranmer were reduced to Thirty-nine, and the Church of England was thus established in its present form. The statesman by whose advice Elizabeth was guided in this change, and in all the leading transactions of her reign, was William Cecil, afterwards Lord Burleigh.

2. Scotland, France, Spain, and the Netherlands were the countries with which the foreign policy of Elizabeth was chiefly concerned. The marriage of Mary Queen of Scots with the Dauphin, afterwards Francis II. of France, united the first two

1 Elizabeth.-Daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn. Reigned 45 years.

Not content with her double

lands more closely than ever. crown, Mary claimed that of England, on the ground that Elizabeth had been declared illegitimate, and that she herself was next heir, being descended from Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII.

3. Soon after the departure of Mary from France in 1561 there began a civil war there, which, like most of the great European wars for a century after the Reformation, was

a struggle between Protestants and Roman Catholics. 1562 The English Queen sided with the Protestants; and in A.D. 1562 the Prince of Condé, leader of the Huguenots, as the French Protestants were called, put Havre into her hands. But the fortress was lost to England in less than a year.

A.D.

4. After seven stormy years in Scotland, Mary Queen of Scots,1 defeated at Langside,2 fled across the Border and cast herself on the mercy of Elizabeth. But Eliza- 1568 beth was not in a position to give her a friendly reception, even if she had been inclined to do so; and the hapless Queen was cast into prison. Elizabeth's treatment of Mary has sometimes been ascribed wholly to personal jealousy of a rival beauty as well as of a rival for her throne. The reasons of State policy, however, are quite sufficient to account for it. England was identified with the Protestant cause, not only at home, but also in France, in the Netherlands, and in Scotland. Mary was the representative of the opposite party -the centre of its hopes in England. The English Government, therefore, could hardly have regarded Mary in any other light than as the chief enemy to its policy. Indeed, if Cecil had had his way, Mary would have been sent back to Scotland at once, to be tried and punished by her enemies there.

5. Mary's presence in England, even as a prisoner, was a constant source of annoyance and danger to Elizabeth. In

Mary Queen of Scots. After her return to Scotland in 1561, she had married her cousin, Lord Darnley. Two years later Darnley was murdered, and Mary married the Earl of Bothwell, who was suspected of the murder. She surrendered to the Protestant Lords, who had raised an army against

her, and she was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle. She escaped thence, was defeated at Langside, and then fled to England. Mary was a prisoner in different English castles during the next eighteen years.

2 Langside.-In Renfrewshire, 2 miles south of Glasgow.

1569, the Duke of Norfolk, the first nobleman in England, a Roman Catholic, and a man of the best character, offered her his hand in marriage. It was a dangerous step, and provoked the anger of Elizabeth. He was at once committed to the Tower, but was released on promise that he would give up his design of marrying Mary. Two years later, however, the Duke was tempted to renew his plots for the release of the Scottish Queen, and entered into a secret correspondence with 1572 the Court of Spain. A servant whom he intrusted with A.D. a bag of gold, and a letter for Mary's friends in Scotland, carried both to Lord Burleigh. Treasonable papers were found under the mats and tiles of Norfolk's house. He was arrested, tried, and executed.

6. In the meantime the peace of the North had been seriously disturbed by a revolt headed by the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, who marshalled their followers under the Banner of the Five Wounds. It was joined by many Roman Catholics of rank, but by very few of the common people. The Earl of Sussex dispersed the rebels by his mere presence, without striking a blow. Then followed a merciless persecution of all who had taken part in the rising. The Pope retaliated by a Bull of Deposition against Elizabeth. This provoked the Parliament to pass a new Statute of Praemunire,1 and to attaint the northern Earls. This was followed by a Test Act, which required all civil officers to subscribe the Thirty-nine Articles. Thus was Elizabeth forced by the attitude of the friends of Mary to declare Protestantism to be the religion of the State, and the first note was struck of that battle for uniformity, which chiefly occupied the remainder of Elizabeth's reign. QUESTIONS.-1. How was Elizabeth's | what did Mary lay claim? On what accession hailed? Where had she lived ground? during the late reign? What was one of her first measures? When was this work completed? Who was Elizabeth's chief adviser ?

3. What war broke out in France soon after Mary left it? Which side did Elizabeth espouse? What fortress did she hold for a time?

2. With what countries was the 4. When did Mary Stewart flee to foreign policy of Elizabeth chiefly con- England? How did Elizabeth treat cerned? What united Scotland and her? To what has that treatment been France more closely than ever? To ascribed? What are quite sufficient

1 Statute of Praemunire.-The first | land, was passed in 1353. A second Statute of Praemunire, forbidding the Statute of Praemunire was passed in introduction of Papal bulls into Eng- 1392. (See p. 150.)

to account for it? What were those
reasons? What had Cecil advised?
5. Of what was Mary's presence in
England a constant source? Why was
the Duke of Norfolk committed to the
Tower? When was he released? What
happened two years later?

6. How had the North been disturbed in the meantime? Who dispersed the rebels? What followed? How did the Pope retaliate? What did Parliament do? What Act followed? What did it require? Of what did this strike the first note?

CONTEMPORARY FOREIGN EVENTS.

1. 1560.-Madrid was made the capital of Spain by Philip II. The former capital was Toledo. Philip built at Madrid the famous palace of the Escurial, in the form of a gridiron in token of gratitude to St. Lawrence, on whose day he defeated the French at St. Quentin, 1557. 2. 1560.-Francis II. of France (husband of Mary of Scotland) died in the second year of his reign. During his short reign of seventeen months, the Protestants and the Roman Catholics in France were preparing for their fierce struggle. He was succeeded by Charles IX., a son of Catherine de Medici, who wielded the power of the crown in Charles's name.

3. 1563.-The Council of Trent—an important General Council of the Roman Catholic Church-completed its sittings. It began in 1545, and was continued (with interruptions) for eighteen years. It settled the canon of Scripture, and the leading tenets in the creed of the Church of Rome.

4. 1564. The Institution of the Jesuits, or Society of Jesus, was confirmed by Papal bull. It had been founded at Paris in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola, who had in early life been a page of Ferdinand V. of Spain.

5. 1566.-Philip II. of Spain having introduced the Inquisition in the Netherlands, the Dutch revolted, and the Duke of Alva was sent to punish them. Counts Egmont and Horn, two patriotic noblemen, were executed in 1568. In 1574 the Dutch forced the Spaniards to raise the siege of Leyden, by opening the sluices and flooding the country. In 1576 the Dutch Republic was founded, with William of Orange as Stadtholder. He was shot, with the connivance of Philip, in 1584.

6. 1569.-The Duchy of Florence became the Grand Duchy of Tuscany under Cosmo I. of the House of Medici. (See 1531.)

7. 1571.-The Turkish fleet was almost annihilated at Lepanto by Don John of Austria, the half-brother of Philip II. of Spain, commanding the fleets of Spain and Venice. In spite of this defeat the Turks retained the island of Cyprus, which they had conquered from the Venetians.

QUESTIONS.—1. Who made Madrid the capital of Spain? What was the

former capital? What palace did he build at Madrid?—2. When did Fran

1. In the time of Elizabeth, ecclesiastical affairs became complicated by a division in the Protestant camp. Early in her reign, those Protestants who had fled to the Continent in the time of Mary returned to England. For a time they remained in connection with the Church of England; but being pressed to acknowledge the authority of Elizabeth as Supreme 1566 Head of the Church, they separated from that body in A.D. a few years. From their desire to establish a purer

form of worship, they received the name of Puritans,1 They objected to the surplice; to the sign of the cross in baptism; to the use of the Liturgy; to the adornment of churches with pictures, statues, or stained windows; and to the government of the Church by bishops.

2. The Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity, which were passed soon after Elizabeth came to the 1559 throne, were the chief causes of the Puritan secession. A.D. The one required all clergymen and those holding office under Government to take an oath, ascribing to Elizabeth all power in both Church and State in England, and deny

1

Puritans.-They were called "the | they began to form separate congregaSeparation," and "Dissenters," when tions.