wounded, and would have been killed if he had not cried out, "I am Henry of Winchester, the King." Edward knew his voice, and rushed to his aid. The body of "Sir Simon the Righteous," as the people called Montfort, was mutilated by the victors. Bilston, Wednesbury West Bromwich Stourbridge Kidderminster Bewdley Droitwich Worcester Malvern Malvern Hills Upton Tome BIRMINGHAM 17. The crown sat firmly now on the monarch's head; and the civil war being over, the martial Kebworth Edward joined the Crusade of St. Louis. During his son's absence Henry died, worn out by the troubles of his long reign— the longest in our annals except that of George III.1 Warwicks Evesham Tewkesbury X Cheltenham Gloucester Northleach A.D. 18. EDWARD 1.2- While in the Holy Land, Edward was stabbed with a poisoned dagger by an infidel. Tradition ascribes his recovery to the affec tion of his wife, Eleanor of Castile, who sucked the poison from the wound. His crusading exploits were few and insignificant, and he left Palestine after a stay of eighteen months. 1272 In Italy he heard of his father's death, but his homeward journey was delayed by a disturbance in Guienne. Here a tournament, between Edward and the Count of Chalons, ended in a serious affray, in which the English knights were victors. Before passing into England, Edward arranged with the Countess of Flanders a quarrel which had long interrupted the trade in English wool,—a commodity highly prized by the Flemish cloth merchants. A The introduction of the linen manufacture by some Flemings, the use of leaden water-pipes, and of candles instead of wooden torches, were among the improvements of this time. license to dig coal, a mineral whose abundance in Britain has so much advanced our national wealth, was now first granted to the people of Newcastle. We may also trace to this reign our gold coinage. Science was much benefited by the researches of Roger Bacon, a Franciscan friar of Oxford, whose magnifying glasses and magiclanterns gained for him the reputation of a wizard. On the Continent, Paulus, a Venetian, is said to have invented the mariner's compass, the needle being placed between floating straws. 2 Edward I.-Son of Henry III. Married (1) Eleanor of Castile; (2) Margaret of France. Reigned 35 years. 19. Edward and his Queen were crowned at Westminster two years after Henry's death. Alexander of Scotland was present, and received £5 a day for the expenses of his journey. QUESTIONS.-1. How did John behave after the barons had departed? What did he do? 2. Whose aid did the barons call in? Where did he land? What befell John's army on its way to meet him? What effect had this on John? Where did he die? 3. What part of England did Louis hold? Why did the barons desert him? Where was Henry crowned? How old was he? Who was appointed Regent? 4. What was the first act of the new reign? When was it again confirmed? What charter was added? What was the effect of the latter? 5. Where was Louis defeated? Where did De Burgh defeat him? By what stratagem? what did his promotion lead? What caused an influx of Provençals? 10. What led to a second French war? What was its result? 11. What two marriages united England and Scotland during this reign? What was the condition of Wales? 12. What led to the revolt headed by Montfort? What circumstances shook the throne? 13. What step did the Parliament at Oxford take? What did this committee enact? What are these enactments called? 14. What delayed reform? What kindled the civil war? Where was Henry taken prisoner? What treaty followed? 15. What remarkable innovation did he called? The date? What element was thus introduced into the Constitution? 6. Who succeeded Pembroke as Re-Leicester make in the Parliament which gent? To what task did he apply himself? What proof of the Papal supremacy remained? Who obtained his withdrawal? 7. When did Henry begin to reign in person? With which political party did he sympathize? How did the popular party take advantage of this? What principle was thus introduced? 8. For what was De Burgh blamed? How were his difficulties further increased? What praise is due to Langton? What increased after his death? Who were indignant? What took place? To whose fall did this lead? Why? 16. What was the result of the Battle of Evesham ? 17. What enabled Prince Edward to join the Crusade? When did King Henry die? 18. What story is told of Queen Eleanor's affection for Edward? How long did he remain in Palestine? What delayed his homeward journey? What occurred at a tournament there? What trade did Edward make an arrangement for reviving? How? 19. Where were Edward and his 9. Who succeeded De Burgh? To Queen crowned? Who was present? CONTEMPORARY FOREIGN EVENTS. 1. 1215.-The Mongols, under Genghis Khan, having conquered a great part of Tartary, overran China. The Mongols were natives of Mongolia, on the north of China. The conquest of China by the Mongols was completed in 1279. They were expelled by the Chinese in 1368. In 1644 China was conquered by the Manchoorians, or East Tartars, by whom it has been governed ever since. (See 1644.) 2. 1229. The Sixth Crusade was undertaken by the Emperor Frederic II., who, though discountenanced by the Pope, succeeded in obtaining from his friend the Sultan, without bloodshed, all that the Crusades had been designed to secure. Jerusalem, and the chief cities of Palestine, were given to the Emperor, and a ten years' truce was concluded. 3. 1233.-Ferdinand of Leon and Castile took Cordova, Toledo, and other towns, from the Moors, and drove them southwards. (See 1087.) The Moors then founded the kingdom of Granada. The famous palace, the Alhambra, was begun in 1248. (See 1492.) 4. 1244. The Mongol Tartars, having overrun the Saracen Empire, took Jerusalem, which they pillaged and burned. About this time the Mongol Empire extended from the sea-board of China in the east to the confines of Germany in the west. 5. 1249. The Seventh Crusade was undertaken by Louis IX. of France (St. Louis). He was defeated and taken prisoner by the Sultan of Egypt. He returned to France in 1254. 6. 1270.-The Eighth Crusade was begun by St. Louis of France; but he died of the plague at Tunis, and Prince Edward of England led the crusaders to Palestine. After relieving Acre, and taking Nazareth, he concluded a truce for ten years, and returned to England to assume the crown (1272). 7. 1273.-Rudolf I., the founder of the Hapsburg dynasty, became Emperor of Germany. The family derived its name from their Castle of Hapsburg (Hawk's Castle) on the Aar in Switzerland. The foundation of the greatness of this family (which still wears the imperial crown of Austria, though the male line expired with Charles VI., in 1640) was laid by Rudolf's father, Albert IV. QUESTIONS.-1. Who overran China | took Jerusalem in 1244?-5. When was in 1215? When did they conquer it? When were they expelled?-2. Who led the Sixth Crusade? What did he accomplish? How? 3. Who drove the Moors southwards in Spain? What towns did he take from them? What kingdom did they then found? What palace was begun in 1248?-4. Who the Seventh Crusade undertaken? By whom? How did it end?-6. When did he renew the Crusade? What was his end? Who continued the expedition? What did he effect?-7. Who was the founder of the Hapsburg dynasty in Germany? What is the origin of the name? CHAPTER XI. WARS WITH WALES AND SCOTLAND. 1. Llewelyn, Prince of Wales. 2. Edward, Prince of Wales. 3. Disputed Succession in Scotland. 4. A Naval War with France. 5. Reduction of Scotland. 6. William Wallace. 7. Confirmation of the Charters. 8. Robert the Bruce. 9. Edward II. and Gaveston. 10. The Lords Ordainers. 11. Bannockburn. 12. Edward Bruce in Ireland. 17. Edward III.-The Regency. 20. Renewed War with Scotland. 1. THE great aim of Edward's ambition was to conquer Wales and Scotland, and thus to unite under his sway the whole island. Many English princes1 had tried to subdue Wales, but without success. Among their mountains and forests the highland race baffled the English spears. When Edward demanded homage, Llewelyn, the Prince of Wales, refused with disdain. For five years the English King traversed the land with 1282 foreign troops, skilled in mountain warfare. Llewelyn held out bravely; but his death from a lance-wound, received while he was surveying the valley of the Wye, extinguished the hopes of Welsh independence. In mockery of his claims, his head was sent to London, where, crowned with ivy, it was fixed on the Tower gate. A.D. 2. His brother David held out for a while; but being delivered up by his own countrymen, he was hanged by order of the conqueror. Edward was charged, but on doubtful evidence, with a massacre of the Welsh Bards2 at Conway, lest their songs should preserve the spirit of ancient freedom among the people. The title "Prince of Wales," borne by the eldest son of the English Sovereign, was first given to the young Edward, who was born at Caernarvon. 3. The death of Margaret, the "Maid of Norway," confused the succession to the Scottish Crown. Thirteen competitors 1 Massacre of the Welsh Bards. — On this story, whether it be true or false, the poet Gray founded his celebrated ode called The Bard. 2 Many English princes.-Conspicuously, since the Conquest, William I. in 1081, William II. in 1095, Henry I. in 1114, and Henry II. in 1157. (528) 9 appeared; but the claims of two, John Baliol and Robert Bruce,1 were superior. These were descendants of David, a younger brother of William the Lion; Baliol being the grandson of David's eldest daughter, Bruce the son of the second. Edward claimed a right to interfere, on the ground that William 1292 the Lion, when the captive of Henry II., had acknowledged himself a vassal of the English crown; and that Richard I. had no right to sell the deed of vassalage, since it was not his property, but that of all English Sovereigns. On this pretext for meddling with the affairs of Scotland, Edward appointed Baliol King. A.D. 4. Soon after these events a naval war arose between France and England. It sprang from a quarrel among sailors off the Norman coast. An Englishman having slain a Norman, the Normans seized an English ship and dragged out of it a passenger, whom in revenge they hanged mast high. The sailors of the Cinque Ports2 joined in the quarrel; privateers swarmed in the Channel and the Bay of Biscay; and engagements, in which the English were generally victorious, frequently occurred. 5. Baliol, called repeatedly to London to answer for his conduct, found his vassalage so irksome that he renounced his fealty and rose in arms. But his feeble resistance was soon subdued. Toom Tabard3- —as he was styled in scorn—was ignominiously dethroned at Strickathro (near Montrose), whence after some time he was allowed to retire to Normandy. Edward marched through Scotland to Elgin, exacting homage; and on his departure he left the Earl of Surrey as Guardian of the kingdom. The regalia of Scotland and the ancient coronation-stone were 1 Baliol and Bruce.-The following table shows their claims:WILLIAM the Lion.- —David, Earl of Huntingdon. |