earl of Pembroke and chancellor of the university, whose munificence was largely owing to the good offices of Laud, his successor in that office. The archbishop himself gave some 1300 MSS in eighteen different languages and also his fine collection of coins, carefully arranged with a view to their use in the study of history. Other donors were Sir Kenelm Digby, who gave 240 MSS, and Robert Burton, author of The Anatomy of Melancholy, who, dying in 1640, bequeathed a large miscellaneous collection of books. Oliver Cromwell, while chancellor of the university, sent 22 Greek and two Russian MSS, and the executors of John Selden presented the greater part of that distinguished scholar's library, numbering about 8000 volumes, and 350 MSS, chiefly Greek and Oriental.

The public library of the university of Cambridge dates, apparently, from the early decades of the fifteenth century; and John Croucher, who gave a copy of Chaucer's translation of Boethius, was regarded by Bradshaw as the founder of our English library. The earliest catalogue contains 122 titles and, later in the same century (1473), Ralph Songer's and Richard Cockeram's catalogue contains 330, classified and arranged. These books were kept in the First room. The library gained greatly through the generous benefactions of Thomas Rotheram, both in books and in buildings. Later benefactors were archbishop Parker and Andrew Perne, master of Peterhouse, who, at a time when the library (owing to successive losses) scarcely contained 180 volumes, worked jointly to increase its usefulness.

In July 1577, we find for the first time a member of the university appointed librarian, at an annual stipend of £10. The person chosen was William James, a Peterhouse man... [and in] the vice-chancellor's accounts for 1584-5 is a payment ‘for a carte to bring certayne written bookis from Peter howse to the schooles, gyven by Mr Dr Perne to the librarye,' and also 'for twoe that did helpe to lade and unlade the same1?

Among these, possibly, may be included the eighth century copy of the Latin gospels.

The erection and endowment of the Chetham library, by Humphrey Chetham, a wealthy Manchester tradesman, resulted in the formation of a collection which may compare, in both its origin and its design, with that of Bodley. In founding his library 'within the town of Manchester for the use of scholars,' and also directing that 'none of the books be taken out of the Library at any time, but be fixed or chained, as well as may be,' Chetham would seem to have profited by the experience of the friaries ;

1 Bradshaw, Collected Papers, pp. 191, 192.

Chetham Library

433 while his puritan sympathies are shown in his bequest of a special fund of £200 for the purchase of the works of Calvin, and, also, of those of two eminent Cambridge divines, Preston and Perkins, which he directed should be affixed to the pillars in the churches of Manchester and the neighbouring localities. Chetham died in 1653, and his executors proceeded, forthwith, to carry out his instructions by purchasing, and placing in fine old shelves, a considerable collection of the chief English protestant divines, among whom were Baxter, Cartwright, Chillingworth, Foxe, Jewell, Joseph Mede and Ussher. In some of the parishes, however, the collections were allowed to fall into neglect and have altogether disappeared. In Manchester itself, the main library was stored in a fine old building known as the Baron's hall, and, before 1664, had acquired some 1450 volumes.

In 1630, Sion college was founded, as a corporation of all ministers and curates within London and its suburbs; and, during the Commonwealth, it gave shelter to the library of old St Paul's when the latter was menaced with confiscation. With the Restoration, a portion of the collection went back to the cathedral, but only to be consumed in the Great Fire. Of the portion that

remained in the college, not a few of the volumes are of great rarity; while, in the reign of queen Anne, the library was admitted to share in the privilege which had been granted in 1662—3, whereby every printer was required to

reserve three printed copies of the best and largest paper of every book new printed... and before any publick vending of the said book bring them to the Master of the Company of Stationers, and deliver them to him, one whereof shall be delivered to the Keeper of His Majesties library, and the other two to be sent to the vice-chancellors of the two universities respectively, for the use of the publick libraries of the said universities1.

In singular contrast to the numerous collections which have been dispersed by war, the library of Trinity college, Dublin, originated in a victory won by English arms. It was in the year 1601, after the rebellion in Munster had been crushed, that the conquerors at Kinsale subscribed the sum of £700 for the purchase of books to be presented to the college; and, in 1603, James Ussher and Luke Challoner were sent to London to expend the money. While thus employed, they fell in with Thomas Bodley, engaged in a like errand on behalf of the future Bodleian. The total fund at their disposal had been increased to £1800, which was 1 Pickering, Statutes at Large (ed. 1763), vш, p. 147. CH. XIX.

E. L. IV.

28

soon invested in purchases; and, by 1610, the original forty volumes in the library had been increased to 4000.

Ussher's own library, however, the same that had very narrowly escaped dispersion after he left Oxford for Wales, and which he was designing to present to Dublin, had been confiscated by parliament as a mark of its displeasure at his refusal to recognise the authority of the Westminster assembly of divines; and it was only through the intercession of John Selden in his behalf, that he eventually succeeded in recovering the larger part of the collection; then it was, that, in order to make some provision for his daughter, lady Tyrrell, the primate was diverted from his original intention, and bequeathed the books to her. On his death, her ladyship received various offers for the same, the king of Denmark and cardinal Mazarin having been among the would-be purchasers; but Cromwell forbade the sale, and all that remained of the collection was ultimately purchased by the parliamentary army in Ireland for £2200.

'By the acquisition of Ussher's books,' says Macneile Dixon, 'the library of Trinity College was at once raised to high rank. Grants from the Irish House of Commons and the benefactions of many private persons added to its treasures in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.... During the nineteenth century, the chief increase in the number of volumes has been due to the act of parliament which, in 1801, gave to Trinity college library the right to a copy of every book published in the United Kingdom1'

In the same year that Holdsworth died, William Drummond, laird of Hawthornden, also passed away. He had already presented, in 1627, a collection of 500 volumes to the university of Edinburgh, which is still carefully preserved in the university library. Among them are early editions of some of the following writers: Bacon, Chapman, Churchyard, Daniel, Dekker, Donne, Drayton, Heywood, Ben Jonson, Marston, May, the countess of Pembroke, Quarles, Selden, Shakespeare (Love's Labour's Lost, 1598, Romeo and Juliet, 1599), Sidney, Spenser, Sylvester and George Wither. The Latin preface which Drummond himself wrote and prefixed to the catalogue is worthy of note as embodying a kind of philosophy of bibliography conceived in the spirit of an educated layman of the time.

'As good husbandmen,' wrote the Scotch laird, 'plant trees in their times, of which the after-age may reap the fruit, so should we; and what antiquity hath done for us, that should we do for Posterity, so that letters and learning may not decay, but ever flourish to the honour of God, the public utility, and the conservation of human society 2'.

1 Trinity College, Dublin, by W. Macneile Dixon, p. 223.

2 See Drummond's Works (1711), p. 223; Drummond of Hawthornden, by David Masson, p. 169. See also ante, chap. ix.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

CHAPTER I

TRANSLATORS

TRANSLATIONS FROM THE GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS.

Achilles Tatius. The most delectable and pleasant history of Clitophon and Lucippe, from the Greek of Achilles Tatius by W. B. 1597. Aelian. Translated by Abraham Fleming. 1576.

The Tactiks of Aelian.... Englished by J. B(ingham). 1616. Aesop. Esop's Fabls in tru Ortography. Translated out of Latin into English by William Bullokar. 1585.

Appian. An auncient historie and exquisite chronicle of Roman warres... from the death of Sextus Pompeius till the overthrow of Antonie and Cleopatra. Translated out of divers languages by W. B. 1578. Apuleius. The XI Bookes of The Golden Asse, containing the Metamorphosis of Lucius Apuleius. Translated into English by William Adlington. 1566. Rptd in the Series of Tudor Translations, with Introduction by Whibley, C. 1892.

Aristotle. The Ethics. Translated out of the Italian by John Wylkin. 1547. Politics. Translated out of Greek into French, by Loys le Roy, called Regius, and translated out of French into English, by J. D. 1597. Aurelius, Marcus. Meditations. Translated out of French into English by John Bourchier, Knighte, Lorde Berners. Between 1534 and 1588 some ten editions. See Guevara, Antonio de.

Ausonius. Epigrams from Ausonius, translated by Timothie Kendall in his Floures of Epigrams. 1577.

Idylls. Translated by Sir John Beaumont in his Bosworth Field and other Poems and set forth by his son. 1620.

Caesar. The Eyght bookes of exploytes in Gallia and the Countries bordering. Translated out of Latine into English, by Arthur Golding. 1565. Five books of his Wars in Gallia, by Clement Edmonds with observations, etc. on the five first books, and upon the sixth and seventh books. 1601. De Bello Civili. Three books translated by Chapman. 1604. Cicero. The thre bookes of Tullies Offices translated by R. Whyttington. 1533.

Three books of Dueties, to Marcus his Sonne. Tourned out of Latin into English, by Nicolas Grimalde. 1580.

The Booke of Marcus Tullius Cicero entituled Paradoxa Stoicorum. Translated by Thomas Newton. 1569.

Tusculan Questions which Marke Tullye Cicero disputed in his Manor of Tusculanium, etc. Englyshed by John Dolman. 1561.

- The Familiar Epistles of M. T. Cicero Englished and conferred with the French, Italian and other translations by J. Webbe. n.d.

Select Epistles by Abr. Flemming, in his Panoplie of Epistles. 1576.

Cicero. An Epistle to Quintus. Translated by G. Gilby. 1561.

On Old Age. Latin and English by R. Whyttington.

The worthie Booke of olde age, otherwise intitled the elder Cato, &c. By Thos. Newton. 1569.

On Friendship. Translated by John Harrington. 1550.

Claudian. The Rape of Proserpine. Translated by Leonard Digges into English verse. 1617. See also Sir John Beaumont's Bosworth Field. Curtius, Quintus. The History, conteyning the Actes of the great Alexander. Translated out of Latine into English by John Brende. 1553.

Demosthenes. The three Orations in favour of the Olynthians, and his four Orations against Philip, King of Macedon, translated by Dr Thomas Wylson, etc. 1570.

Diodorus Siculus. The History of the successors of Alexander, etc. out of Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch by Tho. Stocker. 1569.

Diogenes Laertius and others. A Treatise of Morall Phylosophye, contayning the sayinges of the wyse. Gathered and Englyshed by Wylliam Baldewyn. 1550.

Dionysius. Dionysius' description of the Worlde. Englyshed by Thomas Twyne. 1572.

Epictetus. The manuell of Epictetus, translated out of Greeke into French, and now into English. Also the Apothegmes, etc. by James Sandford. 1567.

Epictetus Manuall. Cebes Table. Theophrastus Characters by Jo. Healey. 1616.

Euclid. The Elements of Geometry, trans. Richard Candish (d. 1601 ?).

The Elements of Geometrie of the most auncient Philosopher Euclide of Megara. Faithfully (now first) translated into the Englishe toung, by H. Billingsley, Citizen of London.... With a very fruitfull Preface made by Master) J(ohn) Dee. 1570.

Eunapius Sardianus. The Lyves of Phylosophers and Orators, from the Greek of Eunapius. 1579.

Euripides. Jocasta. Written in Greeke by Euripides; translated and digested into Acte by George Gascoigne and Francis Kinwelmarsh, of Greie's Inn, and there by them presented. 1556. (This version was adapted from the Italian of Dolce.)

Eutropius. A briefe Chronicle of the City of Rome. Englished by Nicolas Haward. 1564.

Florus, Lucius Annaeus. The Roman Historie. Translated by E. Bolton. 1618.

Heliodorus. An Ethiopian Historie written in Greeke by... very wittie and pleasaunt. Englished by Thomas Underdoune. 1569 (?). Rptd in the Series of Tudor Translations, with Introduction by Whibley, C. 1895. The Beginning of the Aethiopicall History in English Hexameters by Abraham Fraunce. 1591.

Herodian. Translated out of Latin into Englyshe, by Nicolas Smyth. n.d. Herodotus. The Famous Hystory of Herodotus Conteyning the Discourse of

Dyvers Countrys, the succession of theyr Kyngs.... Devided into nine Bookes, entituled with the names of the nine Muses, by B. R. 1584. (It is unknown who B. R. is. Barnabe Rich has been suggested. Only books I and II translated. Euterpe rptd in 1898 with preface by Lang, A.)

Hesiod. The Georgicks. Translated elaborately out of the Greek, by George Chapman. 1618.

Hippocrates. The Aphorismes of Hippocrates, redacted into a certaine Order, and translated by Humfrie Llwyd. 1585.