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2 Kings, 1. 8. an hairy man Prov. 1. 16. bird

Prov. 22. 24. angry man

Gen. 14. 13. confederate

Prov. 23. 2. given to appetite

Prov. 18. 9. great waster

1 Sam. 28. 7. a woman that hath a familiar spirit

1 Sam. 16. 18. a comely person

1 Kings, 2. 25. worthy of death

'Gen. 9. 20. husbandman

Is 46. 11. man that executeth my counsel

1 Sam. 14. 52. valiant man

Gen. 17. 12. eight days old
Deut. 25. 2. worthy of beating
1 Sam. 20. 31. shall surely die
Jon. 4. 10. perished in a night
Is. 5. 1. a very fruitful hill
Job, 41. 28. arrow

2 Kings, 14. 14. hostages

Job, 5. 7. sparks

Other Hebraisms.

Is. 5. 24. a tongue of fire
Job, 39. 28. the tooth of a rock
Ex. 14. 30. the lip of the sea
Prov. 5. 4. a sword of mouths
Ps. 55. 6. who shall give?
Job, 5. 20. the hand of the sword
Ps. 49. 16. the hand of the grave
Ex. 2. 5. at the hand of the river
Ps. 140. 5. the hand of the way
Ex. 15. 8. the heart of the seas
Job, 3.9. the eye-lids of the morning
Gen. 49. 11. the blood of the grape
Jon. 3. 3. a great city to God

2 Cor. 10. 4. weapons powerful to God Ps. 80. 10. cedars of God

Ps. 36. 7. mountains of God

Acts, 7. 20. beautiful to God

Gen. 23. 6. a prince of God

lord of hair.
lord of a wing.
master of anger.
lords of covenant.
master of appetite.
master of waste.
mistress of a familiar spirit.
man of form.
man of death.

man of the ground.
man of my counsel.
son of valor.
son of eight days.
son of beating.

a son of death.

son of a night.

horn of the son of oil. son of the bow.

sons of pledges.

sons of the burning coal.

a flame.

a crag, or sharp-pointed rock the sea-shore.

a two-edged sword.

O that, (optative.)

the power of the sword. the power of the grave. by the side of the river. the way side.

the middle of the sea. the dawning of the day. red wine.

a very large city.

weapons divinely strong. goodly or tall cedars. high mountains.

exceedingly beautiful. a mighty prince.

Soul put for Person.

Ps. 106. 15. he sent leanness into their soul. (i. e. into them.)

Job, 16. 4. if your soul were in my soul's stead. (i. e. if you were in my stead.

Prov. 25. 25. to a thirsty soul. (i. e. to a thirsty person.)

Rom. 13. 1. let every soul be subject. (i. e. every person.)

Acts, 2. 31. his soul was not left in hades. (i. e. he was not left.)

Mat. 12. 18. in whom my soul is well-pleased. (i. e. in whom I am well-pleased.)
Heb. 10. 38. my soul shall have no pleasure. (i. e. I shall have no pleasure.)
Gen. 19. 20. and my soul shall live. (i. e. and I shall live.)

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The Vulgate joins Psalms 9 and 10, and divides Psalm 147 into two.

Psalms 42 and 43 were originally one, as appears from the structure, and from seven manuscripts.-See Kennicott, and others.

Joel, 2. 28, &c. ought to begin a new section or chapter.

Nahum, 1. 15, ought to begin chapter 2.

Job, 40. 1-14, ought to come in after chapter 42. 6.

Micah, 5. 1, belongs to chapter 4.-Verse 2, properly begins the chapter.

Plurals not noticed in the Common Version.

Gen. 20. 3. the Gods made me wander.
Ex. 32. 4. these are thy Gods, O Israel.

Eccl. 12. 1. remember thy Creators.

Gen. 35. 7. Gods appeared unto him.

Ps. 49. 2. let Israel rejoice in his Makers.

Peculiar use of the numbers Ten and Seven.

Gen. 31. 41. changed my wages ten times; i. e. many times.

1 Sam. 1. 8. better to thee than ten sons: i. e. many sons.

Lev. 26. 26. ten women shall bake your bread in one oven; i. e. many women.,

Zech. 8. 23. ten men shall take hold of him that is a Jew; i. e many men.
Sam. 2. 5. the barren hath borne seven; i. e. many (children.)

Lev. 26. 24. will punish you yet seven times for your sins; i. e. many times.

Ps. 12. 6. as silver purified seven times; i. e. many times, very thoroughly.

Ps. 119. 164. seven times a day do I praise thee; i. e. many times.

Prov. 26. 16. the sluggard is wiser in his own conceit than seven men that can render a reason; 1. e. than many men.

Italics.

It has sometimes been objected to our received version that it is encumbered with a load of awkward and useless Italics. Words and phrases printed in this character, it is well known, are introduced for the purpose of making out a complete sense in our language, where the expression in the original is elliptical, or where the idioms of the two languages are so different, that a literal translation would leave the writer's meaning obscure or unintelligible. The first object of the translators undoubtedly was to express in intelligible English what they believed to be the full signification of a sentence; and their next object appears to have been to point out, by the mode of printing, such supplementary words as had been required for the complete developement of the sense. In some cases indeed the elliptical form of the original would not be attended with any great uncertainty as to the writer's meaning; and yet as different modes of supplying the ellipses, giving different shades of meaning, may be adopted, it seems desirable even in such cases, that the words actually supplied should be designated. In other cases, the elliptical form is productive of so much obscurity, that scholars will entertain different opinions as to the mode in which the ellipsis should be supplied. Under such circumstances, therefore, it would seem to be obvious that in translating a work of such vast moment to mankind as the Oracles of Truth, whatever is thus added for the fuller explication of the meaning of the original ought to have some mark by which it may be distinguished from the rest. It was with this view that our translators had recourse to the expedient of Italics. But although the principle on which they proceeded in adopting this character is obvious, yet it was perhaps hardly to be expected that it should never have been departed from, in the actual execution of so large a work as the Bible; and nothing is more evident than that it was departed from, in a great multitude of instances, in the first and several subsequent editions. Whether it were that the demand for the new translation was so urgent that it was hurried through the press in an imperfect state of preparation, or whether it were owing to the want of entire concert in carrying out the original plan, certain it is, that the early editions were disfigured by the grossest inconsistencies in respect to the use of the Roman and the Italic character. In the following couplets of cases, adduced as a specimen, the expressions in the original are either identically the same, or so essentially analogous as to require a uniform mode of typography.

Mark, 14. 1, After two days was the feast of the Passover.

Mat. 26. 2. Ye know that after two days is the feast of the Passover.

1 Tim. 4. 9, This is a faithful saying.

Mat. 7. 14, Strait is the gate, and narrow is the way.

Rom. 9. 4, The service of God, and the promises. (right.)

Heb. 9.9, Accomplishing the service of God. (wrong.)

Luke, 19. 1, And Jesus entered, and passed through Jericho. (right.)

John, 19. 1, And as Jesus passed by, he saw a man which had been blind from
his birth. (wrong.)

Heb. 3. 3, For this man was counted worthy of inore glory than Moses.
Heb. 7. 24, But this inan, because he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable

priesthood.

Similar instances might be indefinitely multiplied from the edition of 1611 (the first), shewing to what an extent the principle of uniformity in this respect was neglected either by the translators or the publishers. But the fact seems to have arrested attention within the space of about twenty-five years after the translation appeared, and the whole work was in 1638, or thereabouts, subjected to a most rigid collation with the original with a special view to correct errors of this description, and to carry out, in its minutest details, the plan of the translators. The result was an immense number of alterations in the English text. From an investigation instituted on this head by the American Bible Society it appears that the Italicizing process was introduced in as many as from eight to ten thousand instances over and above those which had originated with the translators; and the form in which the current editions of the English Bibles have come down to us is the fruit of this ancient thorough-going recension. But no documents remain to inform us by whom this work was executed, or by what authority. That it has been ably and faithfully done, will be evident to any one who shall undertake, as the writer of this was not long since called to do, to compare the present state of the English text with the Hebrew and Greek originals. In scarcely a single instance was a variation from the translators' edition detected, but it was manifestly for the better, and such as the application of their own principles not only justified, but required. Yet in a very few cases, occurring in the first edition, of which the following are the principal, it must perhaps be admitted that their equivocal use of Italics tends in some degree to obscure the sense.

Mark, 10. 40, But to sit on my right hand, and on my left hand is not mine to give, but it shall be given to them for whom it is prepared.

This mode of rendering would seem to make dubious our Lord's right to bestow rewards. The original undoubtedly represents our Saviour as saying, 'To sit, &c. is not mine to give, but (or, except) to those for whom it is prepared.' The clause, 'it shall be given to them,' ought evidently to have been inserted in Italics as it is correctly, but inconsistently, in Mat. 20. 33, where the original is precisely the same. In the modern editions the typography in the two cases is. uniform.

Heb. 10. 38, Now the just shall live by faith; but if any man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure in him.

Here there is nothing in the original to answer to 'any man;' consequently whether the interpretation be right or not, the words on the translators' own principles ought to have been marked as supplied. More especially was this requisite in a passage, which it must have been certain would be made use of for the purpose of supporting particular views of controverted doctrines. The alteration in the type has indeed been made in subsequent editions, although the weight of critical authority is still in favour of another rendering, 'Now the just

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shall live by faith; but if he draw back my soul shall have no pleasure in him.' The present mode of translating is referred to Beza, who is supposed to have been governed in adopting it by his theological opinions. The Bibles of Coverdale, Matthewes, Taverner, Cranmer, Becke, in which they are sustained by the Lat. Vulgate, agree in presenting the following words; 'But the just shall live by faith; and if he withdraw himself, my soul shall have no pleasure in him.' The Geneva Bible of 1560 was the first English version in which this construction appeared, and this was undoubtedly derived from Beza's Lat. version which was published at Geneva four years before.

II. THE PENTATEUCH.

§ 1. Title, and Divisions.

The term Pentateuch, under which title are included the five books usually ascribed to Moses, is derived from the Greek evraтsoxos Pentateuchos, a compound of TεVTE pente, five, and revxos teuchos, an implement or volume, i. e. the fivefold volume. The Hebrew appellation is the five-fifths of the law; or abbreviated an nan the fiv -fifths. Each book by itself was called a fifth. The more common Hebrew name of the Pentateuch is hattorah, the law, so called because the books contain the civil and sacred laws of the Hebrew nation. This collective designation of the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, is of very remote antiquity, though we have no certain information when or by whom it was first introduced. As however the names of these books are evidently derived from the Greek, and as the five books of Moses are expressly mentioned by Josephus, who wrote only a few years after Christ, we have every reason to believe that the appellation Pentateuch was prefixed to the version of the Septuagint.

The several books constituting the Pentateuch were probably composed in one continued work, as they form, to this day, but one rolled volume in the Hebrew manuscripts. In that form, however, they were marked by divisions into what were termed Parashahs or Parshioth (Heb. 5 parashah, plural

parshioth), i. e. separations, sections, divisions, from Chal. ¬ perash, to distinguish, divide, discriminate. Of these, which are plainly indicated in all editions of the Heb. Bible, either by the letters DDD (p) or boo (s), there were fifty-four, one being read every Sabbath-day in the Synagogue. (See Note on Gen. 6. 8.) Each of these larger sections is further denoted by its first, or first important, word, which serves as a title to it. Thus the title of the first Parashah in Genesis is in the beginning, the word with which it begins; that of the second, Gen. 6. 9, Noah; that of the third, Gen. 12. 1, 73-73 go for thyself, &c. These titles are generally written as a running caption at the head of the page immediately after the title of the book. Of the Parashahs there are 12 in Genesis, 11 in Exodus, 10 in Leviticus, 10 in Numbers, and 11 in Deuteronomy, making 54 in all. It is probable that the Heb. names of the books

vayikra ויקרא,shemoth שמות,bereshith בראשית .of the Pentateuch, viz

a bemidbar, haddevarim, &c. were originally the titles of the

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