of the Forth, with a gradual descent on every side but the west, where it is bold and rocky. Here the old tower of Clackmannan stands, commanding a beautiful and romantic prospect of the mountains of Benmore, Benledi, and Benlomond, the town and castle of Stirling, the various windings of the Forth, the town of Alloa, kc. The great sword and helmet of king Robert Bruce, and a large two-handed sword of Sir J. Graham, the friend of the heroic Wallace, are preserved in the tower. Clackmannan was long the seat of the chief of the Bruces, who were hereditary sheriffs of the county before the jurisdictions were abolished; the Bruces of Kennet still have their residence here. The town, however, by no means corresponds with the beauty of its situation. The principal street is broad, but many of the houses are mean; in the middle of the street stands the tolbooth and court-house, a heap of ruins. Here the sheriff sometimes holds his court, and the election for members of parliament takes place. The harbour was formerly crooked and inconvenient, but was much improved in 1772. The town contains about 3600 inhabitants; and lies thirty-three miles north by east of Glasgow. Alloa is a port of considerable commerce, with a good harbour and well built quay, at which are cleared out annually from 900 to 1000 vessels, carrying 50,000 tons, and furnishing employ for 2500

seamen. See ALLOA.

Packets are employed between Alloa and Leith, and the late introduction of steam boats, which pass between that and Newhaven and various other places on the Forth, affords a convenient and speedy conveyance for passengers.

Clackmannan sends a member to parliament alternately with the county of Kinross. There are four parishes, Clackmannan, Alloa, Dollar, and Tillicoultry; Cambuskenneth, in the county of Stirling, forms a part of this county, and a third of the parish of Logie is likewise included in it. There is no assessment for the poor, except in this parish, where, in 1812, the total number of paupers was 193, receiving annually £643, or nearly £3. 10s. each. Among the antiquities of the county may be reckoned the ruins of Castle Campbell, in a very wild country above the village of Dollar. Here John Knox found a temporary retreat. It was burned by Montrose in 1644. The tower of Alloa, erected before the year 1300, the residence of the Erskines, earls of Mar, is in good preservation. The walls are eleven feet thick, and one of the turrets is eightynine feet from the ground.

CLAD, part. pret. This participle, which is now referred to clothe, seems originally to have belonged to clogden, or some such word, like Dutch, kleeden. Clothed; invested; garbed.

He hath clad himself with a new garment. 1 Kings. Ageynst his will, sithe it mote nedes be, This Troilus up rose, and fast him cled.

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. So oft in feasts with costly changes clad, To crammed maws a spratt new stomach brings.

CLAGENFURT, a town and circle of Germany, capital of the duchy of Carinthia, situated on the Glan, and surrounded with a good wall. It contains a castle, lyceum, university, six churches, and three convents; is very regularly and well built, and has several good squares. It has a manufacture of cloth, which is much esteemed. The traveller is said to find here an excellent collection of busts and paintings, together with a complete and well-arranged cabinet of all the mineralogical productions of Carinthia. This town was taken by the French, after they had defeated the Austrians, in 1797, and again in 1809. Population 10,000. It is fifty miles north of Trieste, and 132 south-west of Vienna. Not far distant is the lake of Clagenfurt, amidst very picturesque scenery.

CLAGETT (William), D. D. an eminent and learned divine, born in 1646. He was preacher to the society of Gray's Inn; which employment he exercised until he died, in 1688, being then one of the king's chaplains. Bishop Burnet has ranked him among those worthy men, whose lives and labors contributed to rescue the church from the reproaches which the follies of others had drawn upon it.' Dr. Clagett's principal work is his Discourse concerning the Operations of the Holy Spirit. He was one of those divines who made a noble stand against the designs of James II. to introduce popery. Four volumes of his sermons were published after his death by his brother Nicholas Clagett, archdeacon of Sudbury. CL'AIM, v. a. & n. s. Fr. clamer; from CLA'IMABLE, adj. Lat. clamo. To reCLAIMANT, 7. s. quire: to demand, of CLAIMER, n. s. right; not to beg or accept as favor, but to exact as due.

another, or at least out of his own; as claim by charA demand of any thing that is in the possession of ter, claim by descent.

Amongst the rest, with boastfull vaine pretense

Stept Braggadocchio forth, and as his thrall Her claymd, by him in battell wonne long sens : Whereto herselfe he did to witnesse call; Who being askt, accordingly confessed all.

Cowell.

Spenser.

You, in the right of lady Blanch your wife, May then make all the claim that Arthur did.

Shakspeare.

We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one claims, came by his authority, before we can know who has a right to succeed him in it. Locke. Will he not, therefore, of the two evils chuse the least, by submitting to a master who hath no iminediate claim upon him, rather than to another who hath already revived several claims upon him?

Swift. The king of Prussia lays in his claim for NeufChâtel, as he did for the principality of Orange. Addison on Italy.

His well-armed front against his rival aims, And by the dint of war his mistress claims.

Gay's Rural Sports.
Oh! that some villager, whose early toil
Lifts the penurious morsel to his mouth,
Had claimed my birth! ambition had not then
Thus stept 'twixt me and heaven.

Brooke's Gustavus Vasa.
And yet, alas! the real ills of life
Claim the full vigor of a mind prepared,
Prepared for patient long laborious strife,
Its guide experience, and truth its guard.

Beattie. CLAIRAC, a town of France, in the department of the Lot and Garonne, chief place of a canton, in the district of Tonneins, and advantageously situated in a valley on the Lot. It contains about 5000 inhabitants. They raise tobacco, corn, wine, and brandy. Clairac is one league south-east of Tonneins, and four and a half north-west of Agen.

CLAIRAULT (Alexis), a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and one of the most illustrious mathematicians in Europe. In 1726, when not thirteen years old, he presented to the academy a memoir upon four new geometrical curves of his own invention; and he supported the character of which he thus laid the foundation, by various after publications, as, Elemens de Geometrie, 1741, in 8vo.; Elemens d' Algebre, 1746, in 8vo.; Theorie de la Figure de la Terre, 1743, in 8vo.; Tables de la Lune, 1754, in 8vo. He was concerned also in the Journal des Sçavans, to which he supplied many excellent extracts; and was one of the academicians who were sent into the north to determine the figure of the earth. He died in 1756.

CLAIRFAIT (N.), count de, a celebrated Austrian general, of whose birth we have learned only that he was a Walloon. He entered early on a military life, and in the imperial service distinguished himself against the Turks. He commanded the Austrian troops against France in 1792, and in that eventful war displayed the most eminent military talents, though not accompanied with corresponding success. When the combined armies of Austria and Prussia entered France, under the duke of Brunswick, general Clairfait, with the army under his command, joined them, and they made a very rapid progress into France; but, after the taking of Longwy and Stenay, Clairfait returned into the Low Countries, where he lost the famous battle of Gemappe, owing to the superior numbers and impetuosity of the French, under the celebrated Dumourier; but though the ability of Clairfait had been eminently evinced during this contest, his military skill was still more so in his consequent retreat across the Rhine, October 1st, 1794. He was next

attached to the army under the command of the prince of Cobourg, and obtained considerable advantages at Altenhoven, Quievrain, Hansen, and Famars. He commanded the left wing of the army at the battle of Nerwinde, and decided the victory. He was afterwards appointed to the command of the army in Flanders, opposed to Pichegru, with whom he bravely disputed every foot of ground, till the inequality of his forces obliged him to abandon the country. In 1795 he obtained the command of the army of Mayence, and attacked the strong camp which the French had formed before that city. Having forced this, and made a great number of prisoners, he was following up the victory with ardor, when he received an order to forbear. Upon this he gave in his resignation, and retired to Vienna, where he was well received by the emperor. He was afterwards made a counsellor of war, and died at Vienna in 1798. General Clairfait was a strict disciplinarian, but greatly beloved by his soldiers; and the French considered him as the ablest general among their opponents in the course of the war. n. s. See CLARE-OB

CLAIR-OBSCURE,

them.

The men there do, not without some difficulty, clamber up the acclivities, dragging their kine with Ray. They were forced to clamber over so many rocks, and to tread upon the brink of so many precipices, that they were very often in danger of their lives. Addison's Freeholder.

CLAMECY, a town of France, in the department of the Nievre, at the conflux of the Beuvron and the Yonne. In one of the fauxbourgs of this town the nominal bishop of Bethlehem resided; the see having been fixed here from the expulsion of the Christians out of the Holy Land. His income was small, and his diocese confined nearly to the place of his residence. The inhabitants, who, according to the last returns, amount to 5300, carry on a considerable hard-ware manufacture. It is eighteen miles south of Auxerre. CLA'MOUR, n. s. & v. n. Lat. clamor. CLA'MOROUS, adj. Outcry; noise; turbulent roaring; exclamation continued for a length of time. Shakspeare uses the verb in an active sense; and it seems to mean, to stop from

noise.

the first board is clamped. Thus the ends of tables are commonly clamped to preserve them from warping. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

burning. They are built after the same manner CLAMP, a pile of unburnt bricks built up for as arches are built in kilns, viz. with a vacuity betwixt each brick's breadth for the fire to ascend by; but with this difference, that instead of arching, they truss over, or overspan; that is, the end of one brick is laid about half way over the end of another, and so till both sides meet within half a brick's length, and then a binding brick at the top finishes the arch.

ber applied to a mast or yard, to prevent the wood CLAMP, in ship-building, denotes a piece of timfrom bursting; and also a thick plank lying fore and aft under the beams of the first orlop, or second deck, and is the same that the rising timbers are to the deck.

CLAMP NAILS, such nails as are used to fasten on clamps in the building or repairing of ships. CLAMPETIA, in ancient geography, a town of the Brutii, one of those which revolted from Hannibal, called Lampetia by Polybius.

CLAN, n. s. probably of Scottish original; klaan, in the Highlands, signifies children. A family; a race; a community, from the Gothic kylla; to procreate. In a sense of contempt it is somethines applied to a body of persons united for some sinister purpose.

Partridge and the rest of his clan may hoot me for a cheat, if I fail in any single particular. Swift.

CLAN, in history, and particularly in that of Scotland, means a tribe of people of the same race, and often all of the same name. The nations which overran Europe were originally divided into many small tribes; and, when they came to parcel out the lands which they had conquered, it was natural for every chieftain to bestow a portion, in the first place, upon those of his own tribe or family. These all held their lands of him; and, as the safety of each individual depended on the general union, these small societies clung together, and were distinguished by some common appellation, either patronymical or local, long before the introduction of surnames or ensigns armorial. But when these became common, the descendants and relations of every chieftain assumed the same name and arms with him; other vassals were proud to imitate their example; and by degrees they were communicated to all those who held of the same superior. Thus clanships were formed; and, in a generation or two, that consanguinity, which was at first in a great measure imaginary, was believed to be real. An artificial union was converted into a natural one: men willingly followed a leader, whom they regarded both as the superior of their lands, and the chief of their blood; and. served him not only with the fidelity of vassals, but the affection of friends. In the other feudai kingiems, we may observe such uniors as we

little they deserved. Having been driven from the low countries of Scotland by invasion, they, from time immemorial, thought themselves entitled to make reprisals upon the property of their invaders; but they touched not that of each other; so that in the same men there appeared, to those who did not look into the causes of things, a strange mixture of vice and of virtue. For what we term theft and rapine, they termed right and justice. But from the practice of these reprisals, they acquired the habits of being enterprising, artful, and bold. An injury done to one of a clan, was held to be an injury done to all, on account of the common relation of blood. Hence the Highlanders were in the habitual practice of war; and hence their attachment to their chieftain, and to each other, was founded upon the two most active principles of human nature, love of their friends, and resentment against their enemies. But the frequency of war tempered its ferocity. They bound up the wounds of their prisoners, while they neglected their own; and in the person of an enemy, respected and pitied the stranger. They went always completely armed a fashion which, by accustoming them to the instruments of death, removed the fear of death itself; and which, from the danger of provocation, made the common people as polite, and as guarded in their behaviour, as the gentry of other countries. From these combined circumstances, the higher ranks and the lower ranks of the Highlanders alike joined that refinement of sentiment, which, in all other nations, is peculiar to the former, to that strength and hardiness of body, which, in other countries, is possessed only by the latter. To be modest as well as brave; to be contented with the few things which nature requires; to act and to suffer without complaining; to be as much ashamed of doing anything insolent or injurious to others, as of bearing it when done to themselves; and to die with pleasure to revenge the affronts offered to their clan or their country: these they considered their highest accomplishments. In religion every man followed, with indifference of sentiment, the mode which his chieftain had assumed. Their dress, which was the last remains of the Roman habit in Europe, was well suited to the nature of their country, and still better to the necessities of war. It consisted of a roll of light woollen, called a plaid, six yards in length, and two in breadth, wrapped loosely round the body; the upper lappet of which rested on the left shoulder, leaving the right arm at full liberty; a jacket of thick cloth fitted tightly to the body; and a loose short garment of light woollen, which went round the waist and covered the thigh. In rain they formed the plaid into folds, and laying it on the shoulders, were covered as with a roof. When they were obliged to lie abroad in the hills, in their hunting parties, or tending their cattle, or in war, the plaid served them both for bed and for covering; for, when three men slept together, they could spread three folds of cloth below, and six above them. The garters of their stockings were tied under their knee, with a view to give more freedom to the limb; and they wore no breeches,

that they might climb mountains with the greater ease. The lightness and looseness of their dress, the custom they had of going always on foot, never on horseback; their love of long journeys, but above all, that patience of hunger, and every kind of hardship, which carried their bodies forward, even after their spirits were exhausted, made them exceed all other European nations in speed and perseverance of march. In encampments, they were expert at forming beds in a moment, by tying together bunches of heath, and fixing them upright in the ground; an art, which, as the beds were both soft and dry, preserved their health in the field, when other soldiers lost theirs. Their arms were a broad sword, a dagger, called a dirk, a target, a musket, and two pistols; so that they carried the long sword of the Celtes, the pugio of the Romans, the shield of the ancients, and both kinds of modern fire-arms, all together. In battle they threw away the plaid and under garment, and fought in their jackets, making thus their movements quicker, and their strokes more forcible. Their advance to battle was rapid, like the charge of dragoons: when near the enemy, they stopped a little to draw breath and discharge their muskets, which they then dropped on the ground: advancing, they fired their pistols, which they threw, almost at the same instant, against the heads of their opponents; and then rushed into their ranks with the broad sword, threatening, and shaking the sword as they ran on, so as to conquer the enemy's eye, while his body was yet unhurt. They fought not in long and regular lines, but in separate bands, like wedges condensed and firm; the army being ranged according to the clans which composed it, and each according to its families; so that there arose a competition in valor of clan with clan, of family with family, of brother with brother. To make an opening in regular troops, and to conquer, they reckoned the same thing; because in close engagements, and in broken ranks, no regular troops could withstand them. They received the bayonet in the target, which they carried on the left arm; then turning it aside, or twisting it in the target, they attacked with the broad sword, the enemy encumbered and defenceless; and, where they could not wield the broad sword, they stabbed with the dirk.' The indissolubility of these associations has been already noticed; and it may now be added, that though the abolition of the feudal system effected a greater alteration in the character of these people, by inspiring them with sentiments and views of independence, during the last century, than a thousand years before had effected, yet the sensibility of their nature, the hardiness of their constitution, their warlike disposition, and their generous hospitality to strangers, remain undiminished. And, though emancipated now from the feudal yoke, they still show a voluntary reverence to their chiefs, as well as affection to those of their own tribe and kindred: qualities which are not only very amiable and engaging in themselves, but which are connected with that character of alacrity and inviolable fidelity and resolution, which their exertions in the field have justly obtained in the world.