stair; and if there be factions, it is good to side a man's self whilst he is in the rising and to balance himself when he is placed."-Of Great Place.

"If a man be gracious and courteous to strangers, it shows he is a citizen of the world, and that his heart is no island cut off from other lands but a continent that joins to them."-Of Goodness.

"For as water will not ascend higher than the level of the first spring-head from whence it descendeth, so knowledge derived from Aristotle, and exempted from the liberty of examination, will not rise again higher than the knowledge of Aristotle." The Advancement of Learning.

4. Knowledge of Human Nature-Sagacity.-Bacon's great natural powers of observation seem to have been sharpened by his intimate relations with the courtiers of Elizabeth and James. He analyzes human character as a chemist does a natural compound.

"It was not," says Whipple, "in the knowledge of nature but in the knowledge of human nature, that Bacon pre-eminently excelled His knowledge of human nature was the result of the tranquil deposit, year after year, into his receptive and capacious intellect of the facts of history and of his own wide experience of various kinds of life The most valuable peculiarty of this wisdom is that it not merely points out what should be done but it points out how it can be done." "Taine declares that Bacon had made an exact and extensive survey of human acquirements; he took the gauge and metre, the depths and soundings of human capacity. He was master of the comparative anatomy of the mind of man, of the balance of power among the different faculties

Bacon has been called one of the wisest of mankind. The word wisdom characterizes him more than any other He had great sagacity of observation, solidity of judgment, and scope of fancy." -Hazlitt.

Illustration." It was prettily devised of Asop, the fly sat upon the axle-tree of the chariot and said, 'What a dust do I raise!' So are there some vain persons, that whatever goeth alone, or moveth upon greater means, if they have never so lit

tle hand in it, they think it is they that carry it. They that are glorious [boastful] must needs be factious; for all bravery [vaunting] stands upon comparisons. They must needs be violent to make good their own vaunts; neither can they be secret and therefore not effectual.”—Of Vain Glory.

"A man that hath no virtue in himself ever envieth virtue in others. For men's minds will either feed upon their own good or upon others' evil, and who wanteth the one will prey upon the other, and whoso is out of hope to attain to another's virtue, will seek to come at even hand by depressing another's fortune. A man that is busy and inquisitive is commonly envious; for to know much of other men's matters cannot be, because all that ado may concern his own estate. Therefore it must needs be that he taketh a kind of play pleasure in looking upon the fortunes of others. Neither can he that mindeth but his own business find much matter for envy."—Of Envy.

5. Frequent Biblical and Classical Quotation and Allusion.-Bacon quotes very frequently from the Bible and from the Latin writers, especially Tacitus, Lucretius, and Cicero. The moral obliquity of his later life was certainly not due to a lack of familiarity with Biblical truths and teachings. His acquaintance with Holy Writ is almost equal to that of Shakespeare, and the works of both unite with many modern masterpieces in testifying to the value of the English Bible as a literary model.

His knowledge of the ancient classics seems to have been limited only by the writings themselves. On almost every page some brilliant sidelight is thrown from this source, and often from a writer who is unknown to many modern classical scholars.

Illustrations." This same 'multis utile bellum' is an assured and infallible sign of a state disposed to seditions and troubles." -Of Seditions and Troubles.

"And therefore it was well said, 'Invidia festos dies non agit, for it is ever working upon some or other."-Of Envy.

"Usury is one of the certainest means of gain, though one of the worst; as that whereby a man doth eat his bread in the sweat of another's brow."-Of Riches.

"By all means it is to be procured that the trunk of Nebuchudnezzar's tree of monarchy be great enough to bear the branches and the boughs; that is, that the natural subjects of

the crown or state bear a sufficient proportion to the stronger subjects that they govern; therefore all states that are liberal of naturalization toward strangers are fit for empire.”—Of Kingdoms and Estates.

6. Use of Obscure Latin Derivatives and Obsolete Words.-Minto observes that "Bacon uses a great many more obsolete words than either Hooker or Sidney. In his narrative and in his 'Essays,' as well as his scientific writings, he shows a decided preference now and then for 'ink-horn terms."

Illustrations.--"The lighter sort of malignity turneth but to a coarseness or forwardness or aptness to oppose, or difficileness, or the like; but the deeper sort to envy and mere mischief."-Of Goodness.

We see the Switzers last well notwithstanding their diversity of religion and cantons; for utility is their bond and not respects [consideration of persons]."-Of Nobility.

7. Intellectual Elevation.-Hazlitt observes that Bacon "views objects from the greatest height and his reflections require a sublimity in proportion to their profundity, as in deep wells of water we see the sparkling of the highest fixed stars," and Minto finds that "the quality of strength in his style is intellectual rather than emotional. In his narrative there is very little expression of feeling; the strength comes chiefly from conciseness, secured by comprehensive statement, pregnant metaphor, and occasional strokes of epigrammatic condensation. To read the productions of Bacon's vigorous and subtile intellect has a bracing influence."

Illustrations.-"The first creature of God, in the works of days, was the light of the sense, the last was the light of reason, and his Sabbath work ever since is the illumination of the spirit. First he breathed light upon the face of the matter, or chaos, then he breathed light into the face of man; and still he breatheth and inspireth light into the face of his chosen."Of Truth.

"The understanding when left to itself in a man of a steady, patient, and reflecting disposition, makes some attempt in the right direction but with little effect, since the understanding undirected and unassisted is unequal and unfit for the task of vanquishing the obscurity of things."-Novum Organum.

History and Social Economics.

The course in this volume will cover the study of American History. It is in charge of SUPT. WILLIAM É. CHANCELLORof Bloomfield, N. J., and all articles, unless otherwise credited, are written by him. Aside from the general copyright covering all the material in this magazine, a special copyright has been secured for the author of this series.

T

The Race Questions.

The Nature of Races of Mankind.

HE most important contribution of anthropology to modern thought has been its explanation of the origin of the races of men. This explanation has not yet sifted down from monographs and treatises chiefly in European languages thru essays, lectures, discussions, and conversations into the text-books, but it bears so clearly upon the historical problems of the United States in relation to the aboriginal Indians, the captured black Africans, and the excluded Chinese that no historian of this century is warranted in omitting the use of this explanation in interpreting the events in which racial antipathies have been the chief factors.

A race of mankind is any group of peoples of a common ancestry. It includes all descendants of that ancestry and excludes all others. It is a physical fact, bearing no relation to religion, government, or culture. Intermarriage between races at once produces not a new race but the union of races; it tends at first to decrease the number of races. There are at least three so-called "white" races in Europe and one in Asia. viz., the Mediterranean, the Teutonic, and the Alpine or CeltoSlavic in Europe, and the Hindoo in Asia. A race must be a group of peoples living together. There is abundant evidence that Hindoos, Teutons, Celts, and Slavs all can find a common ancestry in the Mediterranean peoples. Yet these do not constitute one race.

While intermarriage tends to unite men in fewer races, migrations tend to separate them into more races. Mere common nationality does not make of the people one race; but by tending to limit emigration and to encourage intermarriage, it tends to the making of one race. History is full of examples. The Conflict of Races.

The separation of men into groups tends to their alienation

thru the establishment of new social ideas, not known to other groups. Further, climate interferes and tends to change the physiques of races of men, making them strange to each other. As a fact there is not greater diversity of origin between the two branches of the Alpine races, the Celts of France and the Slavs of Russia than between the Finns and the black Africans, those children of the Mediterranean race; but Nature has intervened, and lo! what changes and differences in physique, appearance, ability and character between the white Swede and the black Congo negro. In North Europe the swarthy Mediterranean race grew hardy and strong and tall, energetic, independent, clever: the sun bleached the skin that all its heat might reach into the marrow of the bones. In Central Africa the same race changed into the indolent, emotional, obedient negro; him the sun-tanned black, that none of its rays should penetrate his skin lest they kill him.

Put the Teuton and the African together in a new land, and there results not general open intermarriage, but an inevitable conflict with the victory of the strong as its only possible result. The surprising fact in the history of the United States in relation to our black-fellowmen is that legal slavery has been ended.

It might be called an accident of history that our land has seen as its most important race question this of the whites and blacks, for only the smallness of their numbers kept the copper_ colored Indians, off-shoots of the yellow races of Asia, from causing us even more trouble than the Africans, and only the keen racial instinct of our own white people of California protected our nation from opening this country to a struggle with the yellow Chinese, far more dangerous to the success of our great political experiment than the presence of a multitude of black slaves. The invasion of that persistent, self-reliant, stoical people from Asia would have necessitated a military and aristocratic organization of our society rather than an industrial and chiefly democratic organization. Many, many more centuries separate the Anglo-Saxon from the Chinaman than from the Ethiopian; and it is possible that we have had no common human ancestry since Chaldea rose.

The Three Race Questions.

The two elements in our American national history so far of the greatest moment to us have been the presence in immediate neighborhood with each other of two races of men unlike each other in all respects except the pos