The simplicity and poverty of these early structures were owing no doubt to the rudeness of the people, and to the infancy of the Church among them. We are at this very moment, from a like necessity, sending out to our several colonies, churches made of wood. After the mission of S. Augustine and conversion of the Anglo-Saxons, the universal Christian custom of erecting substantial and handsome edifices as Houses of Prayer, for daily services, would of course be introduced. S. Ninian, who converted the Southern Picts, is already quoted as having built the first of stone. At whatever period the practice became prevalent, it is probable that the remains of Roman brick and stone work would have furnished an idea to the Anglo-Saxon architects. We accordingly find in the earliest specimens of Saxon work an evident resemblance to Roman. This is seen (1) in the Rounded Arch; (2) in what is called Long-and-short work, so named from the arrangement of the dressed stone at the quoins of buildings, or door-jambs, in vertical and horizontal positions alternately; (3) in Herring-bone masonry, i. e., a series of rag or rubble, set aslant in rough walling; and (4) in the massive projecting imposts, or capitals. Another idea seems to have been suggested by the wooden churches previously existing. There is an evident imitation of carpentry in the baluster form of the shaft, which often divides the tower windows; and in the stone ribs which score on, as it is called, reticulate the surface of the masonry. Again, in the triangular-headed windows, meeting like rafters in a vertex. This form is very frequently repeated in illuminated manuscripts of the period. All these features are indicative of Saxon as distinguished from Norman architecture. Others are (1) deeply-splayed windows, externally as well as internally, Norman windows being splayed only on the inside; and (2) the height of the towers, without buttresses or stair-case; Norman towers being low and massive. These then are the principal characteristics of Ante-Norman Architecture. But the distinction between pure Saxon and Norman Romanesque (a name given to both styles from their rounded form, derived from Roman architecture, as distinguished from the pointed Gothic), will be more apparent, when we come, in a future number, to consider the details of the latter developement. THE PAINTER'S GALLERY. THE EMIGRANTS TO BRAZIL. THE VOLUNTARY SLAVE. THE Vessel arrived, at length, at Rio de Janeiro, and all were in a great state of anxiety to go on shore. "There is the Imperial Palace," said the Captain to the emigrants, pointing to a large building not far from the Port. "There you will be told in what part of the country you may settle. As for this youth," added he, pointing to Conrad, who stood motionless, not daring to raise his eyes, "his time belongs to me, and I am going at once to sell him." "How! What do I hear! To sell my son!" cried Herman, in a transport of anger and indignation, as he threw himself between Conrad and the Captain, "is there neither law nor justice in this country?" "It is just, because there are both here," replied the Captain, with a grim smile, "that I shall insist upon my rights. Hold ! do you know your son's handwriting? Here is the engagement by which he has sold himself to me, not exactly as a negro is sold,-for life, but still for a pretty considerable number of years. He will be, to all intents and purposes, the slave of whoever will give me the sum of money I shall ask for his time and his labour, and if his master is not satisfied with him, let him beware of the whip!" As he spoke he held out to them, without letting it go, the engagement signed by Conrad. "Are you such simpletons as to believe," continued he, "that I should have brought five people from Amsterdam to Brazil for 200 crowns! 400 was the least I could have taken, and your son has completed the sum by the engagement he has contracted with me; in this country these engagements have the sanction both of law and custom, the authorities see that they are executed to the letter, and your son will belong, for the time agreed upon, to the person to whom I shall transfer my rights; he will employ him as he likes, and take him where he likes." "Miserable trafficker in human flesh!" cried Herman, his whole frame quivering with emotion and indignation. Then turning to his son and bursting into tears, thou, Conrad," said he, couldst thou think of causing me such a sorrow?" "And "how "Oh, father!" said the poor youth, throwing himself into his arms, "how could I have acted otherwise? We had lost our all, this voyage was our only hope, you had not enough money to pay our passage; we were ruined, I wished to save my family, and I accepted the bargain which the Captain proposed to me." "Alas, my boy! my noble boy!" cried the unhappy father, and his sobs choked his utterance. His brother and his sisters lifted up their voices and wept. "Come, come! have done with all this blubbering!" said the Captain impatiently, "You, Conrad, go below; and as for the rest of you, be off, directly! the sooner you are gone the better." "One more word Captain," said Herman, "here are 50 crowns, they are all I possess, take them and keep me in his stead, for I have still strength to work." "You old fool," replied the Captain, "think you that I would exchange a stout young man, for a feeble old fellow like you, whom no one would buy? Do you take me for an idiot?" "Captain," implored the father, "if you have the heart of a man, if you believe in the rewards and punishments which God reserves in a future state for those-" "A truce to all this nonsense!" exclaimed the Captain, interrupting him, "the like of you often treat me to similar trash, and were I to listen to them, I should soon become a beggar as you are! Conrad, go below instantly, or I will have you put in irons; and all of you, if you do not quit my ship forthwith, I shall order the sailors to flog you off." Saying these words, he pushed Conrad from the deck, and the rest of the family reluctantly left the ship, casting back many a tearful glance, and calling out, Conrad, dearest Conrad, adieu! we will pray for you, we will try to deliver you! Adieu! adieu!" 66 THE FIRST DAY IN BRAZIL. The Captain after having made some enquiries in the Town, proposed to the Head Gardener of the Emperor (who, at the period of our tale was Don Pedro, father of the present sovereign) to sell Conrad to him. This man went on board with the Captain, paid down the money for the unfortunate youth, and took him away with him. Negro slaves are sold in the market place at Rio, but white men who make a similar engagement to that of Conrad, are sold on board the vessel they arrive in, by their owner. They are treated exactly like the negroes, the only difference being, that the slavery of these is perpetual, while that of the white man is only temporary, although sometimes of long duration. Conrad had engaged himself for twenty years. The infamous Captain had taken advantage of his inexperience and his generosity to exact from him this condition. To return to Herman, who with the rest of his family proceeded to the palace. As they arrived there after all the other emigrants they were attended to last. Business was conducted there in the following manner-first, the Governor's Secretary called out some name on the list; the Governor then drew from an urn, a slip of paper on which was written the name of the district and the lot of ground assigned to the emigrant; another secretary immediately inscribed them in a register; the emigrant was then dismissed with an intiImation that he was to return in a week to receive the document which authorized him to take possession of the land allotted to him. All was transacted in a most orderly and expeditious manner, but the donation was unaccompanied with a single word of kindness. Herman's turn came at last. The Governor put his hand into the urn, and drew out a written scroll, which he read aloud in Portuguese and which a German Secretary translated. It ran thus,-"Granted to Heinrich Herman, a farmer from the kingdom of Wurtembourg, one square mile in the Diamond District, on the banks of the River Jiguitinhouha." The Governor then rose and dismissed the assembly. "Sir," said Herman to the German Secretary, "I am happy to find a countryman in you, pray be so kind as to tell me if fortune has favoured me." "Yes, my friend," replied the Secretary, "with skill and industry you are very likely to succeed, but I must warn you of one thing, beware of buying diamonds from the negroes who work in the mines of the Mandanga, for it is forbidden under pain of death." *The Mandanga is the most considerable mine in Brazil for diamonds, the strict laws concerning them have since been repealed. "Oh, Sir," cried Herman, "God forbid that I should ever commit so great a sin as to become the accomplice of a thief! Such conduct would moreover be great ingratitude towards the government which has befriended me in my distress. May I, however, take the liberty of asking you something further about our future abode ?" All "I am so tired." replied the Secretary, "that I must really leave you to go and take some rest. I can tell you is, that if you have any money, you had better lay it out on agricultural implements and the materials for building a house, or you will find yourself badly off, for they will give you nothing but the bare soil. In order to attract foreigners here, they promise to furnish them with cattle, implements of husbandry, and seed, &c., but these promises are never fulfilled, and many of the miserable wretches who arrive here quite penniless, die of misery and starvation. Adieu, my friends, this is all the advice I can give you." After leaving the Palace, Herman went to seek a lodging for his family, where they might live with economy during the week they had to pass at Rio de Janeiro. Being unacquainted with the language, he was much embarrassed what to do. He and his children wandered about this great city without finding any inn humble enough to suit their purpose. It was midday, they were fainting with heat and thirst, the streets were deserted, for in these burning regions, none who can avoid it venture out under the rays of the noonday sun. In this extremity God sent Herman a friend. During the voyage, he had found most of the sailors as hard hearted as their Captain; one of them, however, under a rude and homely exterior concealed a generous and feeling heart. He had pitied and admired Conrad who had devoted himself to slavery for the sake of his old father, and he had earnestly desired to assist his family but had hitherto been unable. Providence, however, had so ordered that he should light upon them just at the very moment when his aid was most useful to them. As soon as he saw them, he ran up to Herman, shook him cordially by the hand, and offered to take him to an inn where he would be well treated, and not forced to spend more money than he chose. Herman accepted the offer with gratitude, and the sailor conducted him to a humble looking inn near the Port, and recommended him warmly to the landlady who was an acquaintance of his. On the road he had informed Herman that Conrad had been bought by the Head Gardener of the Emperor, and promised to accompany him the following day to the Imperial Gardens, that he might see his son. THE GOOD SAILOR. The sailor kept his word, and arrived early the next morning. Conrad's brother and sisters wished to accompany their father, but the sailor observed, that if so many went together they would certainly be repulsed, Herman, therefore, went with him alone. When they arrived at the Garden gates, the sailor, who could speak Portuguese, asked the Porter's permission to enter. "Have you an order for admission?" said the Porter, eyeing them with great contempt. "No," replied the sailor, "but my friend wished, before he left the Town, to bid a last farewell to his son, the young man who was bought yesterday by the Head Gardener." "Oh," replied the man, "he ought to have bid him farewell before he left him, it is impossible now; we can't interrupt our labourers for such nonsense." And thereupon, he reclosed the iron grating, and recommenced smoking his cigar. to them to stop. The muleteer called to his mules to halt, and the sailor, with the help of Herman and William, adjusted the sack on one of their backs, saying, "I have brought you this as a small re This repulse was a bitter disap-membrance of me, it contains some pointment to Herman, and with a dejected heart he retraced his steps to the inn. His companion, who would fain have assisted him, had nothing to give him but his sympathy. When the week appointed by the Governor had elapsed, Herman returned to the Palace to receive the Act confirming the grant of land that had been made him. As the German Secretary placed the document in his hands, he congratulated him, and repeated the warning not to buy diamonds either of the slaves of the Mandanga, or of those who connived at the thefts committed by those slaves. "You may be quite sure, Sir," said Herman, "that I shall follow your advice.' After having paid the Innkeeper, Herman laid out the money that remained to him, in farming implements, tools for building, a few provisions for the journey, and seed for sowing his land with, such as Indian corn, rice, &c. He loaded all upon some mules, with which the Goverment provided him to convey his family and property to the place of their destination. As soon as they were all mounted the muleteer cracked his whip and the cavalcade set off. The father and his children were all in tears, they spoke not to each other, but all were thinking of the unfortunate Conrad, whom they were thus obliged to abandon to his fate. They had hardly proceeded twenty yards, when they perceived the good sailor hurrying after them, and panting under the burden of a large sack. He was screaming things which may be useful to you on the journey. May God be with you, for you are good and honest folk, and you cannot fail of being happy." So saying, he held out his hand to them, embraced them all one after another, and left them precipitately, to avoid the thanks with which the whole party overwhelmed him. ARRIVAL ON THE BANKS OF THE JIGUITINHOUHA. The journey our emigrants had to accomplish was a long and tedious one, occupying full six weeks. At the end of the first day's journey they opened the sack of their kind friend, the sailor, and found it to contain some coffee, sugar, rice, fifteen oranges tied up in a coloured handkerchief, and even a small packet of dollars, which as they had spent their last farthing of money proved of the greatest service to them. As no adventures worth recording happened to them on the road, we will pass over the rest of the journey, and convey our readers at once to the market place of the little town of Tejucco, where they must imagine our travellers just arrived, very sunburnt and very weary, and wondering whether they had at length reached the end of their tedious pilgrimage. 66 "I have orders to deposit you here," said the muleteer to Herman, go to the Governor, who lives in the fine house yonder, show him your papers, and he will point out to you where your allotment of land lies." As he said these words |