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Phono, 30 Elizabeth st., West Gorton, Manchester, will teash Phonography to anyone who will give him lessons on the violin. Would also correspond in Reporting Style with Indian phonographers. [48] Walter Wood, 45 Nora st., Broughton, Manchester, desires to exchange pictorial cards. Views and music hall artistes preferred. Immediate reply.

Correspondence desired on pictorial post cards. English or oreign. Longhand. Immediate replies. Miss J. Chandler, 84 Longstone rd., Eastbourne, England.

Pictorial post cards of all kinds exchanged, British or oreign. Miss M. Shipman, Bellevue rd., Redruth, Cornwall, England.

Gentleman wishes to meet French lady or gentleman or practice in conversational French. Will in return give lessons in either English or shortband. J. E., 21 Gladstone st., Southwark, London, S.E.

Pictorial post cards. Exchange desired in good views with residents in all parts of the world. Correspondence in longhand or shorthand. Prompt replies to all. Address Ernest E. Empett, Chatham. Readers abroad please insert England in the address.

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Wanted, pictorial post cards, from all parts of the world, photos, views; prompt replies. 8971, Corpl. Nolan, Barracks, Bury, Lancs. [49] Pictorial Post Card Exchange, 31 Amesbury avenue, Streatham hill, London, S.W.-To increase your collection send a picture post card for names and addresses of reliable correspondents.

Pictorial post cards exchanged. Views preferred. All countries. Miss E. Morley, 25 Dulka rd., Leithwaite rd., Clapham Common, London, S.W. Pictorial post cards exchanged. Longhand or shorthand. Home and abroad. Coloured views, stage and other artistic cards preferred. E. J. Briggs, 24 Samuel st., Woolwich, Kent, England.

Pictorial post cards exchanged. Actresses and foreign views preferred. Mr C. E. Furze, 5 Tuam rd., Plumstead, Woolwich, England.

Cyril St Cyr invites pictorial correspondence at home and abroad. 41 Wenlock st., Hull, England.

Mi deziras korespondadi Esperante, per leterɔj au postkartoj ilustritaj. Appleton, 12 Basinghall st.. Leeds.

Pictorial post cards exchanged with readers at home and abroad, longhand or shorthand. Stanley Hall, 38 St Matthew st., Hull.

Pictorial post cards exchanged. Longhand or shorthand. State subjects desired. Mabel Hiscox, 91 Talfourd rd., Peckham, London, S.E. [49] Colonial readers interested in view cards, shorthand, stamps, or books, send name and address, enclosing two id stamps, for picture post card and reply. Arthur Gill,* Shrubbery st., Kidderminster, England. [50] Pictorial post card correspondence desired from any person writing either English or French (longhand) in any part of the world. Replies sent to all. John H. Chapman, Customs, Westport, N.Z.

Pictorial cards of M.P.'s and famous personalities wanted. wanted in exchange. Prompt replies (longhand or shorthand). Eccles, 36 Fleeman Grove, West Bridgford, Notts.

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[49] State kinds Harold L. [51]

Phonetic Shorthand Writers' Association (London District I.P.S.), The Arcadian Restaurant, 8 Queen st., Cheapside.-The principal Shorthand Association in the kingdom. Meetings held every Thursday evening from 7 to 10. Regular speed practice conducted at various rates by experienced phonographers. Lectures by well-known shorthand writers; discussions, etc. Speed examinations held periodically. Centre for Society of Arts shorthand examination and for Pitman's medal competitions. (Members sit at these examinations and at the I.P.S. Teachers' Exam. at reduced fees.) Shorthand library and other advantages. Fees, including speed practice, 10s 6d per annum, or 38 per quarter. All phonographers (ladies or gentlemen) are eligible for membership. Prospectus, with full particulars, on application to Secretary, H. J. Cork, 2 Reedholm road, Stoke Newington, London, N.

Evercirculators and Libraries. 1d. per line o ten words.

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An evercirculator is a manuscript phonographic magazine, consisting of articles written by the individual members, one member acting as conductor. The book passes round, and each round members contribute an article and remarks, or take part in the discussion. A leaflet containing further particulars forwarded from the Phonetic Institute, Bath, on receipt of id stamp. [x] Evercirculator paper in three varieties, of superior quality, five quires Is 6d; headings and title-pages, 3d per doz. ; covers, cloth is, leather is 6d. Samples for id. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. [x] To Solicitors' Clerks.-Few junior members wanted or legal evercirculator (elementary section). Articles and discussions on points of law and practice. Stamp for particulars. E. Eccleston, 39 Belle vue, Shrewsbury.

Wanted few young men abroad to join Greater Britain Evercirculator. Particulars enclose stamp. Holmes, Ardconnel, Grantown-on-Spey, Scotland.

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There are three vacancies on the Ivy Evercirculator. Ladies preferred. Joseph Airey, Jubilee terr., Rishton, nr. Blackburn.

Advertiser wants names of phonographers desirous of joining The New Thought Evercirculator, devoted to psychics. Also correspondence. C. Ashworth, 80 Clayton st., Nelson, Lancs.

Any

Wayfarer Evercirculator. Members wanted to fill vacancies. phonographers eligible who write legibly. Apply H. Farr, 365 Cowbridge rd., Cardiff.

Mr J. Springett, P.O. Box 203, Vancouver, British Columbia, would be glad to have particulars of membership of an evercirculator circulating in the colonies and the old country.

Those wishing to improve their speed in shorthand should join the Kelvingrove Shorthand Circulating Library. Circulating all the best magazines, Australian, etc., only is. 3d. quarterly. All particulars, David Cook,* 157 Kent rd., Glasgow, W

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Rambler Library circulates all shorthand papers, subscription is 3d per quarter, or 4s 6d per year. Gripton's School, High st., West Brom wich.

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Reading practice. The best library is the Telegraph, established eleven years, circulating all the magazines; quarterly subscription, is 3d; always vacancies. The 20th Century Commercial Library, over 200 books available for use of members. Shorthand, typewriting, French, German, Spanish, and commercial books, together with copies of all English and American shorthand magazines. Subseription one penny per week. Splendid opportunity of studying large selection of works at small cost. Full particulars of either library for penny stamp. Lady and gentlemen members throughout the kingdom. J. H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London. S.E. [

Second-hand Books, Shorthand or Phonetic, or Sale, or Exchange, or Wanted, 1d. per line of ten words; Miscellaneous Books, 3d. per line. Lightning Business Phraseograms, by Oliver McEwan, published at 3s 6d; few copies for sale, 1s 6d each post-free any part of the world. J. H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London. [50] Reading practice for the forthcoming examinations, etc. 6s worth shorthand magazines in new condition, all different, post-free is 6d, sent any part of the world for money order for 2s; splendid and unequalled value. J. H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London, S.E. (49)

For sale, copies of Oliver McEwan's Verbatim Reporting, post-free Is Id. J. H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London, S.E. [49] Do you require shorthand books or magazines? Write to J. H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London, S.E., with penny stamp for full list. Thousands of books and magazines for sale. [49] For sale, Phonetic Journal, vols 10 to 23, bound; vols. 24 to 40, monthly parts, all equal new. Best offer for lot or separate. Room wanted. Tate, Kendal st., Carlisle.

Wanted, Shorthand Dictionary; must be in clean condition; 20th Century preferred. Sampson, Knocktopher, Kilkenny, Ireland.

Sonnenschein's 3s 6d Advanced Arithmetic; Gill's 25 6d Geography; Chardenal's Is 6d first French, all as new. What offers? Wanted, latest Shorthand Dictionary. E. Crampton, 10 Fallsbrook rd., Streatham, London, S.W.

For sale, 72 Phonetic Journals, 1902-3, 38; Manual, 9d; Teacher, 3d; Key 3d. Bell, Clandown,Radstock, Bath.

Assorted penny pictorial post cards-bargains-6d dozen; coloured twopenny, views, also actresses' photos (2d), 10d dozen. Halmshaw, 13 Harvey rd., Hornsey, London, N.

Boot's Fountain Pen for sale. Guaranteed suitable for shorthand, 4s 6d or offer. H. Watts, 84 Church rd., Urmston.

Wanted, Spanish Phonography (Pitman's), good condition. Communicate, stating lowest price, H. E. Harvey, 21 St Leonard's rd., Ealing, W. For sale, a large number of American shorthand magazines and books: 49] list stamp. A. Eyre, 14 Hinckley rd., Leicester.

For sale, Reporter's Guide, cloth, is; Instructions on Remington Typewriter, 4d. Evercirculator case and 24 heading sheets, is 3d, post-free. G. S. Cope, 111 Stroud Green rd., Tollington pk., London, N.

Stamp Competitions.-One million stamps for sale, £4 4s. Anderson, 9 Hillside rd., Stamford hill, London, N.

Bargains Post-free. Phonographic Journal, vol. 3, 1844; Phonographic Correspondent, 1845. 4s; Reed's Reporter's Handbook, Is; Pitman's Teacher's Handbook, is; Reed's Fonografic Reporter, 1850 to 1863, 14 vols., cloth, 25s; ditto, 1850 to 1854, 5 vols., 10s; Reed's Phonographic Reporter, 1860-1861, 4s; Fonographic Star, 1848, Correspondent, 1848, 4s; Reporters' Magazine, vol. 1, 1853, 2s; Fonografik Korespondent, 1871, 2s; Phonographic Examiner, vol. 1, 1853, 2s; Reporters' Magazine, bound, vols. 5, 13, 16, 2s each; Noble, Dot and Dash Shorthand, 3d; The Pentateuch, shorthand, is 6d; Phonotypic Journal, vols, 3, 4, 5, 6, bound, Is 6d each; Phonetic Journal, bound, 1876, '77, '78, '79. '81, '84, 85, 86, '87, '90, 2s each; Teacher, 1d; Reporter, Is; Phrase Book, 6d; Progressive Studies, 6d; Reader, 2d; Esop's Fables, 2d; Extracts, 1, 2, 3, 6d; Selections 2 and 3, 4d; Easy Readings, 2d; Reading Lessons, 3d; Pitman's History of Shorthand, is; Sloan-Duployan Instructor, 6d. Tate, Kendal st., Carlisle.

Wanted, Pitman's Book-keeping Simplified and Key, Ditto Advanced and Key, Pitman's Commercial Correspondence and Commercial English, must be in good order, and reasonable price. R. Gollop, 9 Primrose Bank, Blackburn.

Reading practice.-For sale, Reporters' Magazine for 7 years, 1896-1903, unbound, clean. What offers? C. T., 43 Castle rd., Bedford.

Wanted, Key to Reporting Exercises, 1889 edition. Arch Dowrick, Bodmin.

Wanted, vols. 8 and 9 Pitman's French Weekly for cash, or will exchange vol. 1 T. P's. Weekly, bound (publisher's case). G. R. Makeham, 43 Nassington rd., Hampstead, London.

TO SHORTHAND LEARNERS.-Students commencing the study Pitman's Shorthand are recommended to obtain the "Phonographic Teacher," 6d.; "Key," 6d.; and "Progressive Studies," Is.; or "Pitman's Shorthand Instructor," 38. 6d. These Books can be obtained of all Booksellers, or from the Publishers. Students desiring a teacher may be put in communication with one on sending a penny stamp to Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., Phonetic Institute, Bath.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES.-This Journal may be ordered through any Bookseller, Newsagent, or Railway Bookstall, or by post direct from the Publishers. The terms to all parts of the world are is. 8d. per quarter; 3s. 3d. per half year; or 6s. 6d. per year, payable in advance. Subscriptions may commence with any number. Monthly parts, 5d., post-free 7d.; terms of subscription same as above.

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TRIAL BY NEWSPAPER.

The strong remarks that Mr Justice Kennedy felt it to be his duty to make the other day in delivering judgment on the application to commit for contempt the editor of a well-known newspaper of large circulation, deserve the careful and thoughtful attention of all journalists, young and old. Englishmen are proud, and justly proud, of the newspaper press of Great Britain. Conducted as a whole with a praiseworthy sense of dignity, a vivid feeling of responsibility, and a living recognition of the duties that it owes to the community, it is an institution that merits the high esteem in which it is held. Of late years the scope of the newspaper has been enormously widened, and today the pages of our daily journals teem with interest, and appeal to all tastes. But modern journalistic enterprise, which has done so much to enlarge the field of journalistic work, and to humanize the newspaper, in its incessant eagerness to present new features to attract the attention of readers, is not always wise. There have been developments which the judicious are compelled to deprecate, and to deprecate seriously.

In no direction have such developments been more marked in recent years than in the manner of dealing with cases in which crime have been, or appear to have been, committed. Instead of contenting themselves with stating the facts that are disclosed, giving the evidence at the inquest if there is one, at the police court where the matter comes before a magistrate, or at the trial where that stage is reached, newspaper

editors set themselves the tasks of discovering not only the obvious facts about the supposed crime, but also everything that can be ascertained or that gossip is able to tell them concerning the antecedents, past history, occupation, character, opinions, and mode of life of everybody connected in any prominent way with the occurrence. Every little bit of information that hurried interviews can yield, every scandal that can be raked up against anybody who appears to be involved in the transaction, is collected, dressed up in an attractive style, and presented to the readers. Suspicious circumstances that tell against an individual are worked up with all the skill of a novelist, and are related in the most modern fashion in a narrative form, which permits of the personality of the journalist playing an active part in what becomes for the reader an interesting piece of story-telling.

Obviously procedure of this kind may have a mischievous effect. Its tendency is necessarily to create prejudice against an accused person, and, as everybody in these days reads newspapers, it is practically impos. sible to get together a jury of men who come into court with minds altogether unbiassed-as the minds of jury. men should be. Its tendency is to bring about trial by newspaper rather than trial by jury. An inquiry conducted by journalists with the object always present in their thoughts of making interesting "copy," must, at its best, be a poor and unsatisfactory substitute for a trial in open court. A court of justice has elaborate methods of sifting statements made by persons who present themselves as witnesses. The cross-examiner who addresses awkward questions to an occupant of the witness-box, does so not only with a sense of his personal responsibility to the court, but with a thorough knowledge of the facts of the case as stated by those for whom he appears, and with a knowledge also of the explanation that these persons have to offer of circumstances that, unexplained, would tell against them. Witnesses in court give their evidence amid surroundings that tend to make them more careful and strict in their statements than they would be elsewhere. Many a positive assertion made with every appearance of confidence to the journalist in a private interview, becomes in the witness-box a mere hesitating affirmation of an unverified belief.

After all, there is no real need why the public should be put into possession of every bit of gossip, or even of every discovered fact bearing on such a case, until gossip, rumour and fact, tested and checked by exami. nation and cross-examination, come out at the trial in court. The old plan which the judges seem inclined to insist upon, of a general reticence on the part of the newspaper press on the subject of a pending or probable trial, rests on sound principles, and is consonant with the best traditions of British journalism.

Mr D. W. Evans, F.I.P.S. (honours) desires correspondents to note that his address is now 6 Westbury road, Bowes Park, London, N.

Mr Arthur E. Morton, F.I.P.S., has been appointed examiner in typewriting by the Examinations Board of the National Union of Teachers.

The new number of the I.P.S. Quarterly Journal contains a full report of the Liverpool Conference, and will consequently be of considerable value to all interested in what was said and done at that gathering.

Teachers of Pitman's Shorthand in Paris and other French cities and towns are requested to notify their names and addresses to Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd.. Phonetic Institute, Bath, England.

Mr James Munford, the director of the Kensington College, was at the recent municipal election in London elected a member of the Paddington Borough Council, being returned unopposed for the Westbourne Ward. Mr Munford has had considerable experience in local work, and the opinion is expressed that he will certainly prove a useful member of the Council.

The annual prize distribution and concert of Pitman's Metropolitan School will take place at the Queen's Hall, Langham place, on Friday, 18th December. Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal will present the prizes and certificates, and Mr Winston S. Churchill, M.P., will preside. Admission will be by ticket only. Application should be made to the Secretary of the School, Southampton row, London, W.C.

The public examination of Oliver McEwan, shorthand teacher, of 22 Oxenden street, Panton street, Haymarket, was notified to take place at the London Bankruptcy Court on 13th Nov. When the case was called the Official Receiver (Mr Chapman) applied for a fortnight's postponement of the examination, as the debtor had not yet supplied a complete statement of accounts. The case was accordingly adjourned till Friday, 27th Nov., at eleven o'clock.

Mr Hubert Stewart, a shorthand teacher of many years standing at Perth, Western Australia, has lately come to London, and proposes to permanently settle in England with a view to continuing the literary work in which he has achieved some success in Australia. His immediate business

panied his friend and namesake, the Editor of the Reporters" Magazine, to the annual meeting of the Teachers' Section of the Incorporated Phonographic Society, and made several sketches of Miss Corelli when she distributed the prizes. A verbatim report is also given of Miss Corelli's interesting speech on her own use of the typewriter and of shorthand, and of her method of writing her books. An illustration of the Editor's new home at Tunbridge Wells is included in the number.

TYPEWRITING NOTES.

The Plymouth, Devonport and Stonehouse Trades, Industrial and Photographic Exhibition was opened at Plymouth by the Earl of St Germans recently. One of the special features was the interesting stand of Mr Pryor of the Plymouth Shorthand and Typewriting Academy.

From time to time during the day he gave a demonstration of the modern method of book-keeping upon the typewriter, showing how the invoice and the day book entry could be written simultaneously. This would have been impossible a few years ago and it is only the introduction of the Tabulator and the book capable of being built up so to speak from loose leaves which has enabled it to take its place in the business life of the country. It is surprising how large a number of houses now use this essentially modern method.

The Glasgow business for the sale of the New Century typewriter has been transferred to 101 St Vincent street, where Mr G. McAdam, of Edinburgh, who has been appointed agent for the American Writing Machine Co. in the Glasgow district, has taken premises. A copying office is one of the departments of the business.

The Anglo-American Typewriter Co., Ltd., has been registered with a capital of £1,000, in 1 shares, to adopt an agreement with W. E. Thorpe, and to take over the bu-iness of typewriter dealers and repairers, dealers in typewriting accessories, copyists, translators, teachers of typewriting, shorthand, and commercial routine, etc., carried on by the said W. E. Thorpe as the Anglo-American Typewriter Co. No initial public issue. The first directors (to number not less than two nor more than three) are W. E Thorpe (managing director) and C. K. Coutts. Qualification, £io. Remuneration of managing director as fixed by the board.

in this country is the superintendence of the publication of FOREST HILL SCHOOL OF SHORTHAND. a novel of adventure, which he has just completed, dealing with life in the pioneer days of the Western Australian goldfields.

A new prospectus has just been issued by Messrs F. J. and H. H. Hallett, principals of the Shorthand and Typewriting Institute and School of Commerce, Taunton. As a guide to the course of training which this institution offers to those "'twixt school and business," the brochure contains several original, distinctive, and very praiseworthy features. It is by no means common in literature of this kind to find the reasons why particular branches of commercial education are especially useful to particular people expressed so clearly and convincingly, and embodied in such excellent literary style. A "foreword" addressed to parents, guardians, etc, gives sound advice to those who think of putting their young people into commercial life.

The Christmas number of the Reporters' Magazine will be of unusual interest. It may almost be called a Marie Corelli number, for it will contain a special portrait of the popular authoress, drawn from life by Mr Frank A. Nankivell, the well-known black and white artist on the staff of Puck, the American comic journal. Mr Frank A. Nankivell happened to be in London finishing a series of paintings for an exhibition of his works this winter in the States, and he accom

The third annual concert and distribution of certificates to the successful students of the Forest Hill School of Shorthand, Typewriting, etc., 73 Devon: hire road, took place recently. The crowded audience, and excellent report of work presented, testified to the fact that during the past twelve months the school had increased in numbers and usefulness. Mr C. M. Fleury, the principal, said that the school had been established four years. Since the commencement they had sent in students with success for the Society of Arts examinations, commencing with the small number of six, after six months' work. The next year they increased the number to 15, then to 18, and this time to 26, when, beside the ordinary, the passes, they had the additional honour of gaining two first-class certificates for shorthand speed of 140 words per minute. An interesting feature of the earlier portion of the program was the presentation by the students of a handsome bouquet to Mrs Fleury. Mr J. W. Poole, of the Williams Typewriter Company, who presided, delivered a very practical speech, pointing out that a knowledge of shorthand and typewriting might, in the interests of their commercial career, be profitably supplemented by French, German, and book-keeping. Mr Frank Lauder, in the absence of Mr Arthur Morton (examiner of the Society of Arts) presented the certificates for shorthand, typewriting, and book-keeping.

SHORTHAND AND TYPEWRITING IN

SCOTLAND.

BY OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.

It is a common remark that the typist's vocation is overcrowded; that well-educated girls whose qualifications for the position they seek to occupy are of the highest order, can scarcely find employment owing to the keen competition. To bear out these statements, the large number of applications for situations advertised in the daily newspapers is referred to. Quite recently a correspondent to one of the dailies pointed to the fact that 139 applications had been received in answer to an advertisement for a shorthand writer and typist, as proof beyond question that the market was largely "overstocked." When therefore, the other day, the agents for a well-known typewriting machine inserted the following advertisement in the Glasgow Herald, they were prepared to deal with a bulky parcel of applications. They were somewhat surprised to find that the task of sifting was a comparatively light one, only thirteen replies in all having been received. Here is a copy of the advertisement referred to:

Typist (Lady) and Shorthand Writer, with knowledge of Bookkeeping, for Typewriter Sales Office in Glasgow. Good salary.

It would be interesting to know why a larger number of applications was not received. It is difficult, of course, to arrive at a correct conclusion where so much must be left to conjecture. Those, however, who have had much to do with the training of girls for this class of vacancy, will not be at a loss to understand the position. There can be little doubt that the mention of book-keeping" in the advertisement had a great deal to answer for. The fact is that girls generally who are aiming at a typist's position, avoid

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book-keeping" as they would a plague. Had there been no mention of this subject, it is probable that there would have been three times the number of applicants. If it had been further stated that the vacancy was for a "junior" at IOS per week, the number of applications would in all likelihood have reached three figures. On the other hand, if in addition to the requirements stated in the advertisement, a knowledge of French or German, or both, had been demanded, it is questionable if there would have been even one application.

The "shoals of applicants." it would appear, are composed for the most part of those who are aiming to fill a positionwhich, of all others, requires a full, an almost liberal education, backed by sound intelligence-with the most meagre stock of acquirements. One who aims at the typist's position should never consider her education complete without having acquired a good style of handwriting and a knowledge of the principles of book-keeping. There is still "room at the top."

CORRESPONDENCE.

PROPOSED TEACHERS' MEDALLION.

Sir,-Referring to the letter which appeared in your issue of 7th Nov. from Mr V. W. E. Brooks, of Brighton, I shall be glad to be allowed to support his suggestion that both the I.P.S. and the IS.S.T. should consider the desirability of providing a medallion for those teachers holding a diploma. I have long thought that some such distinction would be an excellent thing, and that it would go a long way towards enabling shorthand teachers to become better known to one another. Of course I would not recommend the wearing of a medallion on any other occasions than those mentioned by Mr Brooks, as I do not think any teacher would wish to wear

it simply for the sake of decorating himself. The medallions might be in gold, silver, and bronze; the former for "honours" men, the silver for fellows, and the bronze for members. If a pendant for the watch chain could be designed, it would do much towards bringing about an acquaintance or even a friendship with others connected with the societies. I have many times travelled with, or been near other teachers, but have been unaware of the fact till long after we had gone our several ways. Now had a pendant, such as I have suggested, been worn by us teachers, we should undoubtedly, in some instances at least, have recognised one another as being fellow practitioners. I trust that the Societies concerned will give this matter their careful consideration.

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Sir,-Personally I cannot see what reasonable objection there could be to Mr Brooks's suggestion being carried out by the respective teachers' societies, and in the case of the Incorporated Phonographic Society I would suggest that candidates passing the examination with the coveted distinction of "honours," should be awarded silver medals and bronze medals to those teachers who satisfy the Board of Examiners. Of course a matter of this sort rests entirely with the Executive, and I would suggest that it receive their consideration at an early date. In my opinion the subject is certainly worthy of consideration, as a medallion would be extremely useful in more ways than one. Nottingham.

GEO. BROWN, F.I P.S, F. Inc.S.T.

THE IRISH SHORTHAND WRITERS'

INSTITUTE.

Mr B. F. Higgins, F.Inc. S.T., of the Emerald Standard School, Ranelagh, Dublin, has addressed a letter to us concerning the founding and working of the Irish Shorthand Writers' Institute, which has been under discussion for some time past. He has taken part in the deliberations which have resulted in the framing of a code of regulations to be submitted for approval at the first general meeting of the Institute. While not entirely approving of the rules designed to govern the membership of the General Section, he considers that it would be out of place for him to oppose them, as they have no particular bearing on the position of the professional teacher. But he is antagonistic to the rules relating to the Teachers' Section, especially to the proposal to grant teachers' certificates without examination. At the meeting reported in our issue of 7th Nov. he proposed and Mr W. Johnston, principal of the New Century School, Dublin, seconded, a resolution to the effect that during the first six months of the existence of the Institute any member should be entitled to obtain its teacher's certificate in either of the following ways:

(a) By giving satisfactory evidence that he or she has passed any one or more of the following examinations, viz:-(1) Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons' teacher's examination; (2) the teacher's examination of the Incorporated Phonographic Society; (3) the teacher's examination of the Incorporated Society of Shorthand Teachers. Or (b) By passing a teacher's examination to be set by an elected Examining Committee of not less than three persons, each of whom has already passed at least one of the examinations mentioned in paragraph (a). No fee to be charged for such examination if held within six months.

This resolution was not, however, carried, a motion on the subject, given in our issue of 7th Nov., being passed. As the teacher's certificate of the Institute would easily obtain and hold the confidence of educational authorities and the public, Mr Higgins contends that it should be a positive proof of ability to teach. He strongly objects, as a professional shorthand teacher, to certificates being granted unless candidates have passed an examination.

SOME EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

AND THEIR WORK.

THE CITY OF LONDON COLLEGE. There is always something of a romantic interest about institutions which, starting from small beginnings, have dived deep into the wants of the people, and become great factors in the life of to-day. The City of London College may claim to be among such institutions. Though grouped with two other institutions under the style of the "City Polytechnic," by an accidental association when the Charity Commissioners, and the Trustees of the City Parochial Charities were giving an impetus to the modern Polytechnic movement, the City of London College, like the Birkbeck Institution, one of the other

two in the group, has an interesting history which goes back long before Polytechnics were thought of as such, and has done some excellent pioneer work. Like other institutions of the kind in the Metropolis, its work in later years has come under the influence of the modern movement in commercial education, and it is, therefore, interesting to trace something of its origin, growth, and development, from small beginnings to an effective instrument in meeting the special demands of to-day. Through the courtesy of the Principal, Mr Sidney Humphries, B.A., LL.B., and of the Secretary, Mr David Savage, we recently had an opportunity of learning something of what the City of London College has done and is doing.

In answer to the very comprehensive question of how, when, and why the College came into existence, and what it has done and is doing to meet the demands for more practical education for the business of life, Mr Savage took us at once back to the day of small things when the College was started as "The Metropolitan Evening Classes for Young Men."

"Probably the best information as to the origin

"The classes were begun in some rooms near Crosby Hall in 1848, but this was only a temporary arrangement, for probably in the same year, 1848, they were removed to Crosby Hall. This, as you know, was the home of the famous debating society in which our present chairman, Sir Edward Clarke, K.C., and other distinguished men, acquired something of their oratorical powers. Yes, Sir Edward Clarke has been connected with the College from his student days up to the present time, either as student, teacher, or member of the Governing Body, and finally as Chairman of that Body. The College remained at Crosby Hall until 1861 when it removed to Sussex Hall, Leadenhall street. The original design was to provide evening classes in languages, literature, mathematics, on a small scale, and probably limited to about a dozen classes. Its original title

CITY OF LONDON COLLEGE, MOORFIELDS.

of the College is that given in the original prospectus which we place in the front page of the Calendar. That prospectus was issued in 1848 by the late Prebendary Mackenzie, who as the founder was joined almost immediately afterwards by our late Principal, Prebendary Whittington. Here is a statement of the objects from that prospectus :-' To improve the moral, intellectual and spiritual condition of young men in the Metropolis, and for this purpose a Committee was appointed and devised a scheme for opening Evening Classes where instruction in the languages, arts and sciences may be given in a familiar form, at an easy rate.' The Committee added, leaving to a future day the fuller development of this idea in the erection of Reading Rooms and Libraries, they are content, in the first instance, with attempting that which is at once most urgent and most practicable.'

of The Metropolitan Evening Classes' was retained until its removal to Sussex Hall, when it changed into that of the City of London College, and the classes were then more systematized. In the first calendar, issued in 1861, there is an interesting reference to the prizemen for previous years in the Society of Arts examinations, and those names for the year 1856 included that of Edward George (now Sir Edward) Clarke, for English literature, and again in 1857 his name appeared among prizemen distinguished for general excellence.' At that time some of the students had access to a limited competition for certain branches of the Civil Service, and it was in this way that Sir Edward Clarke entered the India Office from the College.

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And what were the chief subjects taught by the College in those days?"

"The chief subjects were algebra, arithmetic, bookkeeping, English history, geometry, magnetism and electricity, heat, music, French, German, Latin and Roman history."

"How do you find the number of students compared then and now?"

"In 1861 the number of students had grown to 800, while in the session just ended for 1902-3 the number of individual students was 2,135, and the number of class tickets issued was 6,500, giving an average of about three subjects to each student. To follow up the history of the College, we remained at Sussex Hall until 1883, by which time the College had outgrown the place and the present building was entered upon.'

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"And was your present building erected especially for your work?"

"Yes, erected by subscription especially for our purpose, on ground belonging to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. In the year 1891 we were incorporated with the Birkbeck in the group of institutions now known as the 'City Polytechnic,' which, as you know, includes the City of London College, the Birkbeck, and the Northampton Institute in Clerkenwell,

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