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"Yes. We consider we revolutionize the typewriter business by the manufacture of these two distinct styles." Especially from the selling point of view?”

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Yes, it is the selling point of view, of course. bringing out this shift-key model, as an alternative form of our machine, I need hardly tell you that we have not attempted to make any improvement as far as the actual arrangement of the keyboard is concerned. On the contrary, we have copied in every particular-size of key, distance apart, height of each row-the existing single keyboard, printing eighty-four characters. So that the operator used to the single keyboard can go straight from that to the Bar-Lock, and so far as concerns the position of the keys, he or she will notice no difference. But we have, we think, improved the touch of the keys by our balanced type-bar, we have been enabled to shorten the depression of the key, and rendered the touch very much lighter than on any typewriter previously brought before the public."

"And how do you manage to provide for the two different types of keyboard without sacrificing the characteristics of your machine ?"

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"That is a very natural question, which I daresay the users of our machine may ask. The matter, in the hands of our inventor, turned out to be a simple thing, though we have had it in hand for some time past. the present No. 10 model of the Bar-Lock with a duplicate keyboard the paper carriage runs on ball-bearings, there being a race for the balls fastened to the back of the machine and another race in front. Instead of fastening these races to the actual base of the machine, a cradle was constructed and the races screwed to this cradle. The cradle is pivoted so that on the depression of the shift-key it is thrown forward, and the paper takes an impression of the capital instead of the lower case letter. The whole of the mechanism of the paper carriage, letter spacing, margin devices, all remain the same, the only mechanical difference being the rocking of the carriage on the pivoted cradle, which makes enough difference to bring the alternate sets of letters to the printing point.

"There is one point to which I would like to draw your attention, and that is the extra key provided, which we call the shift lock. For making single capital letters, such as at the beginning of a word, the ordinary shift-key, like that of other shift-key machines, is used, but if continuous capitals are required, instead of having to first press down the shift-key, and then with the other hand move a lever to lock the shift, we have placed an additional key, and by pressing this key, you at one and the same operation bring your capitals into play at the printing point, and lock them permanently for continuous use, and to return to lower case letters, you just tap the ordinary shift-key, which, being placed at the other end of the attachment carrying the shift-lock, raises the latter and releases it. The contrivance is a very simple one."

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"Then practically it comes to this, that the only difference in your new shift-key machine and your ordinary duplicate keyboard machine is a lesser number of typebars, each carrying two letters, instead of only one letter on each type bar, as formerly?"

"That is so, but as the placing of the two types on one type-bar increases the amount of wear upon that particular type-bar joint, we decided to increase the strength and the width of each type-bar bearing, and have placed upon the machine the widest central type-bar bearing ever placed upon a typewriter. We have all the Bar-Lock advantages retained on this alternative type of machine-paragraph spacing, margin release key, line lock, automatic ribbon reverse, ribbon switch for disengaging ribbon when cutting stencils-these all remain, and also Our well-known paper feed,

with the envelope feed which was mentioned in your columns a short time ago. As far as the keys of the new keyboard machine are concerned, we shall make them in two styles-glass top and metal rim, and also in solid celluloid, with concave surface."

The new shift-key machine, which we had the opportunity of inspecting side by side with the duplicate keyboard machine, is very compact in appearance, 13 ins. square, with a height of only 8 ins., bringing it slightly lower than the duplicate keyboard machine. Strength and lightness of touch are claimed for the shiftkey machine which can be made, if necessary, with 45 characters to print 90 characters, to meet the requirements of copying offices.

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And when do you expect this new shift-key machine to be placed upon the market by the side of your other, Mr Richardson ?"

"It will be on the market on and after 12th October."

FOREIGN COMMERCIAL EXERCISES.

ENGLISH VERSION OF LAST WEEK'S EXERCISE. GERMAN. 105.

TURKISH FINANCE.

However, in order to receive this amount, the Government must undertake to supply, every year for forty-one years, £200,000 (Turkish), the Five per cent. Customs Loan being to all appearance extinguished in the course of twenty-two years by devoting this money to that purpose, the result being that the Government, in the course of nineteen years, would have to suffer a loss of £390,000 (Turkish) every year or, in all, £7.410,000 (Turkish) in the event of its agreeing to the scheme of conversion, by which it might gain something like £1,000,000 (Turkish). It would therefore pay a sevenfold price for this saving. On the basis of a four per cent. payment of interest and a half per cent. annual provision for redemption, an equal annual payment of £390,000 (Turkish) would yield a nominal amount of loan capital equal to £8,666,500 (Turkish) which, at the price of 80, would bring in an amount of £6,934,000 (Turkish). If from this the £5.144,000 (Turkish) of the outstanding Customs Loan still in circulation were deducted, there would come into existence a profit of £1,790,000 (Turkish) to the Turkish Government. Provision must therefore be made for the yearly payment of interest on £390,000 (Turkish) throughout fifty-six years, instead of twenty-two years, that is to say, for thirty-four years longer. Consequently, in order to receive the above-mentioned amount of, about, £1,800,000 (Turkish), the Turkish Government will have to pay £390,000 (Turkish) for thirty-four years longer than by the present arrangement, that is, in all, £13,260,000 (Turkish), consequently, to mention the fact once again, seven times as much as the amount received. Furthermore, in the "expert opinion," attention is directed to the fact that the Ottoman Bank is still keeping back £280,000 (Turkish) for the cancellation of the Customs Loan which amount has not been shown for two years past. The "expert opinion" finally concludes that the conversion of the Customs Loan would have to come after the unification of the Series Debt, because in such case, the new bonds could be disposed of at a higher quotation than 90. Any quotation under 90 is injurious to the credit of the Government.-Der Kapitalist.

BOOK POST.-Important concessions with regard to the Book Post will come into force shortly, and particulars will be given by public notice.

GUINEA POSTAL ORDERS.-Regulations have been made by the Postmaster-General authorizing the issue on and from 15th October of postal orders for the sum of 21s. The poundage will be ind.

INCORPORATED PHONOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.

ANNUAL CONFERENCE.

The Annual Conference of this society was held at the Hotel St George, Liverpool, on Saturday, 26th Sept., when there was a very large attendance of fellows and members, representatives being present from all parts of the Kingdom. The conference was welcomed by the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of Liverpool (Councillor W. Watson Rutherford, M.P.), Sir Edward Russell, Editor of the Liverpool Post, and the I.P.S. Council.

In opening the proceedings, the LORD MAYOR OF LIVERPOOL said that he welcomed the society to Liverpool with great pleasure. If he had understood the objects and the importance of the society and that that was practically a meeting of representatives from different parts of the kingdom, it would have been his wish to have welcomed them at the Town Hall. (Applause.) There was no doubt that the science of writing quickly by means of signs had come to stay. Some people were under the impression that with the invention of various mechanical means of doing things, shorthand would disappear. But it seemed to him that there was room for all kinds of improved methods cf transcribing our thoughts and the speech of others. Phonography, the system adopted by their society, had now become practically world-wide, and it was most important that it should be so, because unless a uniform system was adopted, it was absolutely impossible for any one individual to make head or tail of what another individual had put down. Some years ago he (the Lord Mayor) had ventured to make some kind of study of shorthand. He got to such a stage of facility in it that he could take down a fairly ordinary speech of a moderately competent person on the platform. But his system was partly founded on a German book, partly on Pitman, and partly on dodges of his own. They in Liverpool looked upon themselves as an enterprising and go-ahead community. They looked upon the art of Phonography as one of the most interesting and one of the most useful achievements of modern times. He desired to welcome them most heartily and most cordially to that city. (Loud cheers.) Sir EDWARD RUSSELL proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the Lord Mayor for his kindness in coming to welcome the society. The Lord Mayor had vastly enlarged the scope and the significance and the value of the hospitality of the city of Liverpool. He and Sir Alfred Jones were about as great employers of the stenographic art as could be found in the city. One of the greatest benefits of the increased use of shorthand in business had been that a great freedom had been conferred by it upon the minds of men engaged in affairs. It left them freer for the great subjects that they had to consider. There never was an invention which tended more to mutual help than that which resulted from the great labours of Sir Isaac Pitman. (Cheers.)

Mr T. E. CATLEY seconded, and the vote was carried by acclamation.

The LORD MAYOR, in responding, suggested that the next time the society visited Liverpool, they should apply to him. He should like to have the opportunity of showing the interest the Corporation took in the work of the society.

FIRST SITTING.

Mr J. H. FOXCROFT then took the chair, and
Mr F. J. HALLETT (Taunton) read a paper on

"THE TRAINING OF THE SHORTHAND TEACHER." After a comprehensive description of the inefficient teacher, Mr Hallett asked what should we recommend in his place? A man who had a profound grasp of Phonography, both theoretically and practically; who thoroughly understood how each principle served to fill an important niche in the phonographic edifice; and who was so intimately acquainted with the contents and arrangement of the principal text

books as to be able to place his finger on any rule or outline without difficulty. In order to fulfil these conditions, such a phonographer must be possessed of a satisfactory knowledge of what had been aptly termed "the basic principles of Phonography;" he must have reasoned out the rules in an intelligent manner, so that he might be able to see why they exist; he must possess the capacity for detecting errors at a glance; and he must be in a position to give a reason for the phonographic faith that is within him. Hence it was that the unwritten rules of the system should be adequately understood. The teacher who realized that mastery of any art as a whole must be built up on the separate mastery of each of its several parts, would not be satisfied until he had obtained a profound knowledge of the entire phonographic system, and for this reason he would never regard his shorthand education as finished. To him the why and wherefore of things would have but few terrors, for he would be prepared to give cogent and satisfactory explanations for the errors which it was his duty to correct. He felt bound to note with regret the increasing tendency on the part of shorthand teachers to neglect their speed. Not the least serious evil which resulted from this was that a teacher was not capable of imparting a thoroughly practical knowledge to his students. If the teacher were chiefly a theorist he could not understand the hindrances to high speed, and how they might be overcome. Moreover, how far was he able to prove that the system was equal to the demands of rapid work?

The inefficient teacher gave many evidences of inability to impart knowledge. What should we recommend in his place? A man able to explain the principles clearly, lucidly, and brightly, not in the language of the text-books, but in his own words, selected to meet the individual circumstances of the pupils before him, so that he might succeed in teaching them to think intelligently and clearly. If the teacher realized the fact that Phonography was an educational factor of no mean importance, he would be able to accomplish better work. A teacher with a stereotyped method of presenting the principles, irrespective of the type of student he was called upon to teach, could not be a success. If he did not know how to arouse the sympathies of students and to interest them, he could not hope to succeed.

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Seeing that they did not possess a training college for shorthand teachers, he felt bound to say a word on behalf of the "model lesson" met with at the meetings of teachers' societies. There was no better way for a teacher to acquire the best teaching methods than by comparing his own with those of other teachers. If more of our would-be teachers would, whenever possible, only make arrangements for assisting competent men for a time, the standard of shorthand teaching would be undoubtedly raised. Teaching was, undoubtedly, an art to be studied. He would mention the following works on the subject: "Lectures on Teaching," by Fitch; "Education as a Science," by Bain; Teachers' Handbook of Psychology," by Sully; 'Psychology for Teachers," by Lloyd-Morgan; Principles of Teaching," by Findlay; "Practical Education," by Leland; "Common School Education," by Currie ; Mental Science and Logic for Teachers," by Cartwright; "Locke on Education;" Jevons' Logic;" "Educational Reformers," by Quick; Thirty Years' Teaching," by Miall; "The Life of Matthew Arnold;" and "Sweet's Phonetics." Every District of the Teachers' Section ought to possess a selection of these works, in order that the members might benefit from a perusal of them, especially in regard to the true aim of education, and such questions as discipline and class management generally. Mr Hallett then proceeded to urge the importance of the teacher cultivating public speaking ability and a thorough acquaintance with English.

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Perhaps on very few subjects was public opinion more illformed than on the question of shorthand. Members of educational bodies had been actually known to desire to dictate a newspaper passage to classes which had merely received ten lessons! In these cases, the teacher had a capital opportunity for convincing such people of the absolute impossibility of the task, but he usually missed it. Unless a

shorthand teacher had qualified himself for dealing with popular misconceptions respecting shorthand he had not fitted himself for his work. How frequently did we encounter such views as "Shorthand handicaps a man in life!" or "Shorthand spoils spelling!" Where must we look for the refutation of these opinions unless in the ranks of the shorthand teacher? The qualified shorthand teacher might also do good service in showing employers what they might fairly demand from their shorthand clerks.

After some remarks on the influence of character, and on the attitude of public bodies towards teachers, Mr Hallett asked, "How shall we ensure thoroughness and efficiency on the part of shorthand teachers?" If only all efficient teachers would consent to undergo examination, the days of the inefficient teacher would be numbered, as the absence of a teacher's diploma could then signify one thing only, i.e., that the teacher was incompetent. Although the subject was a somewhat well-worn one, they must all agree that so long as the inefficient teacher was to be found, so long would it be necessary to remind the shorthand public, and especially junior and ill-qualified teachers, of what was demanded in this important work. They had no desire to exalt it to a plane which it had no right to occupy; nevertheless, they realized that it was one of great responsibilities and great possibilities. Because of this they would seek to impress upon educational authorities the imperative need of only engaging the services of experienced and qualified teachers.

Mr H. G. HARRIS proposed a vote of thanks to Mr Hallett for his paper. The man who had a good practical knowledge of the system as well as a good theoretical one, would make a better shorthand teacher than the man who understood the theory alone. He heartily endorsed what Mr Hallett had said as to the value of oral dictation.

Mr E. TANNER (Kidderminster) thought Mr Hallett's list of books formidable. The shorthand teacher should not talk too much or too fast, and he should like to apply that rule to the public speaker as well.

Mr J. B. WHITTAKER (Burnley) would like to increase the rate of the speed test in the examination for the teacher's diploma.

Mr H. BYERS (Middlesbrough) drew attention to the value of cultivating speed in writing Phonography on the blackboard. It would be a good thing to show pupils that a piece could be put on the blackboard at 100 words per minute.

Mr V. W. E. BROOKS (Brighton) hoped that the time would soon come when no one would be appointed by a public body as teacher of shorthand who did not hold a diploma.

Mr A. NIXON (Manchester) strongly commended Mr Hallett's paper. He did not attach much importance to speed for teachers. It took very much more than the mere ability to write 100 words per minute to make a teacher.

The vote of thanks having been put to the meeting and carried, Mr Hallett briefly replied.

SECOND SITTING.

At the opening of the second sitting, a telegram was read from Miss Marie Corelli, from Braemar, conveying her hearty wishes for a very successful conference. Mr E. A. Cope took the chair, and called upon

Mr W. L. BATTISON (Glasgow) to address the meeting on "SHORTHAND: AN EDUCATIVE FORCE and Agency as well AS A COMMERCIAL ASSET."

The practical commercial utility of shorthand had, said Mr Battison, thrust itself so much on our notice in late years that the value of the subject as an educative force and agency had been almost lost sight of. It was well that we should now dwell on that side of the question. The value of a subject from an educational point of view consisted of (1) How much did a theoretical knowledge of it enlighten our understanding? (2) To what extent did it enable us to acquire a knowledge of other subjects? and (3) To what degree of usefulness could we apply it practically? Viewed in this light there were few subjects that could claim to be so useful all round as shorthand. We might, therefore, be pardoned if we laid hold of every opportunity to press the claims of shorthand upon educational authorities, so as to secure for it a much better position in the scholastic world than it had yet

obtained. It was true that shorthand had gained introduction into many schools during the last decade. But in a large number of those schools it had not been given the place in the curriculum to which it was entitled. It was satisfactory to have got the subject into the school, but it would be more satisfactory when entrance was gained for it as a general part of the curriculum. It was still to be numbered among the subjects which went to make up the "leaving certificate." If they could get the Board of Education to do this, they would give shorthand a big lift-up. It was valuable educationally because it was a powerful lever in the attainment of other subjects, and because it was a pre-eminently practical subject. Shorthand promoted efficiency, and this fact entitled it to rank high as an educational subject. You could not make any use of shorthand until you had become efficient in it. The desirable habit of efficiency in shorthand would benefit one in other directions as well. It promoted alertness. We had to do the right thing at the right moment without hesitation. The small word now had to be written in big capitals when we talked of the efficient shorthand writer. The training required to produce this alertness was a very valuable education in itself. It begot also accuracy of thought and hand combined. In the study of shorthand we were taught perseverance. Where was the shorthand writer who was a stranger to perseverance? What more useful weapon could the youth of this country employ in his endeavour to rise up the ladder of science, art, and literature? Shorthand was also a grand training of the memory. In this respect it ranked alongside mathematics, and in some respects it might be said to be superior. Then shorthand trained the hand as well as the mind. To become a good shorthand writer a man needed neatness and accuracy of hand. Nor could we dissociate accuracy of hand from shrewdness of eye. What an important place did observation occupy in the building-up of a business or the guidance of a nation or an Empire!

Shorthand gave an insight into the English language. It was a great dissector of language. It made us acquainted with our tongue in a manner that no other subject did. It taught us the proper pronunciation of words, it gave practice in punctuation and in the proper grouping of words in phrases. Its utility in the schoolroom, in the University, and in private life was generally overlooked. Shorthand lent itself to the extension of knowledge. No sooner did a schoolboy acquire shorthand than he began to jot down titbits of information in his daily lessons or in the preparation for the inevitable examinations. University students found it of incalculable service: with its aid they could take down all the salient points in a lecture. The University student who could do this possessed a great practical advantage over his handicapped competitor. Mr Battison concluded with some remarks on shorthand as a commercial asset.

Mr G. W. LAMBERT (London) regretted that commercialism was swallowing up everything in these days. It was well for us to pause to consider whether behind the £ s. d. aspect there were not other uses of Phonography. It was really and truly an educational agency and influence.

Mr J. HYNES did not think there could be two opinions as to the value of shorthand as an educational agency. A man had to exercise his mental abilities to get a grasp of this subject, though one of the greatest failures he had had among his pupils was an M.A. Shorthand also made us better social beings.

Mr G. J. BROWN (Warrington) thought shorthand was undoubtedly an educative agency, but shorthand run in single harness would not be of much benefit commercially. It was necessary to add book-keeping, a foreign language, etc.

Mr SETH WHITELEY (Sheffield) thought that shorthand would not be treated as an educational force until it was introduced into the general curriculum of the schools.

Mr J. G. HENDRY (Glasgow) pointed out that young fellows asked what place would shorthand occupy in their advancement in business. They must have cognate subjects as well as shorthand. A vote of thanks to Mr Battison for his address was then put to the meeting, and carried unanimously.

Mr Battison having replied, the company adjourned to lunch, which was served in the hotel.

(To be concluded.)

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Some interesting contributions find a place in the Phonographic Monthly, and Mr Cope's series on Departed Phonographers" this month consists of a sympathetic notice of T. A. Reed, which should be read by all who admire Mr Reed's life and work.

Among several effective articles in the Phonographer, special mention must be made of Mr A. Henderson's paper on "Some Shorthand Systems," dealing with present day rivals of Phonography. "Some people," Mr Henderson observes, say they do harm to the shorthand profession, but that is doubtful. The great sale of patent medicines makes more work for the regular doctors."

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The Shorthand Writer begins its tenth volume with an excellent number, which affords abundant evidence of the activity of the S. W.A. movement.

UNSECURED POSTAL PACKETS.-The following notice has been issued by the Post Office :-Attention is called to the fact that large numbers of postal packets sustain injury in transmission owing to the insufficient protection provided by the senders. The packets most liable to become damaged are those sent in fragile card-board and chip boxes, many of them of unsuitable shape; also bulky newspapers and books secured merely by means of thin weak wrappers which give way on handling. As, in addition to possible loss of contents, packets which become damaged in transit are subject to delay in delivery, owing to their having to be specially dealt with, it is to the interest of the public to see that all articles sent through the post are made as secure as possible against injury before posting.

CORRESPONDENCE.

FREE LIBRARIES AND SHORTHAND STUDY.

Sir,-In reference to the letters which have appeared on this subject, it may be pointed out that the primary object of all free libraries is to encourage and assist all who seek mental elevation or knowledge of any kind or nature. Students are permitted to occupy a position at one of the tables and make use of the accessories provided for writing purposes. But with such useful institutions there must of necessity be certain regulations which, though perhaps strict and rigid, cannot be otherwise than enforced. Some of these rules are often condemned by students who unfortunately know nothing of the origin of them, or why they are executed. The reference library is the place for all who desire to study or consult the works contained in the institution. No reasonable objection can be made to a shorthand student bringing his own text-books, provided he does not encroach the rules, which in the reference library usually prohibit conversation, letter writing, or the reading of fiction and newspapers. For a student to take up his position for study at the news table is apparently unreasonable, if a reference library is provided. Since rules will not allow anyone to take a newspaper to the reference room, similarly students should not be permitted to occupy the news table with their text-books. Free libraries therefore are promoters of the mind's improvement, and as such they are doing a great work.

He who seeks the mind's improvement
Aids the world in aiding mind!
Every great commanding movement
Serves not one, but all mankind.-Swain.
HASTINGS Shaddick,

The Athenæum, Barnstaple.

Assoc. Lib. Assoctn.

Proposed Society of booK-KEEPING TEACHERS.

Sir, It has been a source of satisfaction to teachers of book-keeping that you have published in the Journal from time to time such excellently arranged "test papers" in book-keeping. Now it occurs to me that the time is ripe for the formation of a Society of Book-keeping Teachers, on similar lines and for similar purposes to that of the I.S.S.T. I have already discussed the matter with several prominent teachers of this subject, and there is a consensus of opinion in favour of such a movement. I would, therefore, request any teachers who are willing to take an active part in the initial stages of such a society to communicate with me at an early date.

14 King's road, Wimbledon.

JOHN WM. RAMSHAW. ADJUDICATING A BRASS BAND CONTEST.

Mr G. S. Cope, M.I.P.S., Tollington Park, London, N., writes:-"As showing the variety of purposes to which a practical knowledge of Pitman's Shorthand can be applied, it may be of interest to state that on Saturday, 26th

September, I accompanied a well-known composer and

musician to the fourth annual Brass Band Contest, open to all amateur brass and reed bands throughout the world, and held at the Crystal Palace, to officially report one of the adjudicator's remarks on the playing. Having a slight knowledge of musical terms and abbreviations, I did not find any technical difficulties. We were shut in an uncovered pay-box for nearly five hours, with the bands playing, now soft, now loud, and then very loud, so much so that it was with difficulty I could hear my employer speak. The experiment was so successful that there is talk of adopting the idea generally. Let us hope, in the interests of Phonography, it may be so." We concur in our correspondent's concluding remark. This is, we believe, the first occasion on which shorthand has been employed for this purpose at the national contest at the Crystal Palace, but it was so used at a provincial contest some years ago.

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So off this man started and took with him a dog. gone but a little way through the wood when the hound went mad, and tried to run back. At the same moment a bare arm was stretched out of a pool of dark water, and the dog was drawn beneath it.

When he saw this the man ran back for help, and with the aid of three other men set about the task of getting the water out of the pool. This did not take long, and they found at the bottom a man of wild appearance, with long hair hanging over his face, and having a brown skin. This strange creature was bound securely, and taken to the castle. The king had the man locked up in an iron cage of which he kept the key, and from this time anybody could go through the wood with safety.

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