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ploy these or any others of the throng of ancient terms that modern usage has cast aside. It has not been thought necessary to introduce into these articles any of those obsolete terms that, although occasionally met with, are for all practical purposes likely never to come under the notice of those for whom "Legal Terms" is intended. But there are a few terms which, though no longer strictly necessary, have so strong a hold on the legal profession that they continue extensively in use. These will be included because they are certain to be met with, and may be met with frequently.

In addition to explanations of words, a number of the more common legal phrases and maxims will be explained and illustrated, and a list will be given of the principal abbreviations in use in solicitors' offices with their equivalents, some remarks being added on the methods of abbreviation practised in the profession, with some warnings against certain pitfalls that lie in the path of the injudicious and inexperienced when they attempt, as unfortunately they do, to extend and amplify the number of contractions in general use.

A word appears to be necessary as to the method of classification adopted. Terms relating to special branches of practice have been dealt with together, those relating to conveyancing having a section to themselves, and separate sections being devoted to terms in use in connection with proceedings in the High Court, the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division, the County Court, etc. This mode facilitates reference, and it follows generally the plan of 'Elementary Law." Of course it will be understood that the classification is not an exclusive one; conveyancing terms may occur in court proceedings because those proceedings may relate to disputes in which questions of conveyancing are involved; and terms belonging specially to court practice may occur in conveyancing, because it may be necessary to recite court proceedings in the preparation of documents such as the conveyancer is called upon to draw. The clerk employed in one department of an office should, therefore, not neglect to acquaint himself with the meaning of terms relating to other branches of legal work at some time or other he will need to understand those terms for the purposes of accomplishing the tasks of his own department. (To be continued.)

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,, 24.-Cash sales to date

Balance of cash at Birkenhead transferred to

Liverpool

Paid into bank..

,, 29.-Received from sundry

debtors

,, 31.-Cash sales to date Household a/cs for month paid..

Wages, salaries and

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(Paid in cash at the several shops.)

Rent, etc. due to date

Paid Bush and Co. for

paper and string

Value of stock on hand paper, etc.,

450 O O 8 II O 15 O O

As the proprietors live on the premises they are to be charged for their board, etc.

L. Spratt, senr., £7 per month.
L. Spratt, junr,, £5

L. Spratt, junr., is allowed to draw £6 per month for his personal expenses, which is paid at Liverpool in cash.

(The answer to the above paper will appear in our next issue.)

ANSWER TO No. 39 (Vol. 61, page 1029).

1. In sales book and ledger debit Smith and Brown with net amount only for goods. As the cash payment is not made in due time, credit them only with amount received, and bring the amount deducted for discount down as a debit.

2. Debit bills receivable and credit Harris and Weir with £315. At the same time debit Thomas Ellis and credit bills receivable with the same amount. As this bill is accepted only for a smaller sum, the above named entries must be written back and similar ones made for £275. When no journal is used these entries must be made by references to the bills receivable book.

3. Through journal or returns and allowances book pass the £7 to debit of the railway company and to credit of the buyer.

4. Pass the usual entry through journal or bills payable book to the accounts concerned. On the note coming back to the maker, credit W. Wilkins with the face value, less two months' interest at 6%, which would be £74 55., and pass the 15s. interest to credit of interest account. The full face value would go to debit of bills payable.

INC. SOCIETY OF SHORTHAND TEACHERS.

LONDON.

The London District quarterly meeting was held on 6th Dec., and was preceded by a Council meeting, at which there were present Messrs De Bear (in the chair), Booth, Doble, Houghton, Powley, and the Divisional Secretaries (Messrs S. A. Tanner and A. H. Mathews). A report of the sub-committee on accommodation was discussed, and the hire of a suitable room at the Cripplegate Institute was decided on. The District by-laws were then considered.

At the general meeting, presided over by Mr De Bear, a paper was read by Mr A. R. Doble on The Shorthand Teacher in London." London shorthand teachers, Mr Doble said, might be divided into four classes: (1) the diplomated teacher; (2) the capable and experienced but undiplomated teacher; (3) the aspirant to the teaching profession; and (4) the quack teacher. That the latter was a great grievance to the properly qualified teacher all such were ready to admit, but that the capable and efficient, though undiplomated, teacher was so, was not so self-evident. Nevertheless, this was the case. Educational authorities, knowing that there were many good shorthand teachers about who were not in possession of the diplomas of either of the two principal bodies whose work largely consisted of examining teachers' qualifications, were too ready to appoint undiplomated teachers to important positions. The sooner the efficient but undiplomated teachers recognise that by not submitting themselves at one or the other of the examinations held from time to time, they were keeping the field open to the really unqualified teacher, the sooner would the status of the profession be improved, and the "quack" teacher, who very often did not know any more than his students, be squeezed out of existence. It was the unfair competition of these quacks that kept the standard of remuneration so low. The paper touched upon several other points, and was very well received. Discussion was opened by Mr Tanner. After an adjournment for tea,

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Mr E. J. Nankivell, at the evening sitting, gave Some Notes on the Vocalization of the Reporting Style." Nobody, he held, should consider himself a verbatim reporter until his speed would allow him to freely vocalize his notes. The most important principle, in his opinion, was the insertion of initial vowels; secondly, the final vowels, especially after 1, then the insertion of a distinctive medial vowel in words having the same consonant outlines was often a very great help. The vocalization of proper names, too, was almost a sine quâ non. A discussion followed, in which Messrs De Bear, Tanner, Booth, Boitel-Gill and Powley took part, to which Mr Nankivell replied.

After this the meeting was open for topical talk. Mr De Bear suggested two topics for consideration. First, ways and means of increasing the scope of the Society's usefulness; second, the boundaries to be fixed for the London District. After considerable discussion Mr MacNeill proposed that the London District should comprise the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire. He also suggested that the shorthand teachers in all the evening continuation schools should be circularized with a view to making the Society more widely known. Mr Tanner said one of the objects of the Society was to provide substitutes for those of its members who were incapacitated through illness, and he proposed that the members should be circularized with a view of getting to know when any of them were at liberty to take up such casual engagements. A successful meeting then terminated,

SHEFFIELD.

The second annual meeting of the Sheffield District was held at the Vegetarian Restaurant, Campo lane, on 22nd Nov., and was largely attended. After tea, the chair was taken by Mr Seth Whiteley, the Vice-President, who apologized for the unavoidable absence of the President (Mr A. Davis). The General Executive was represented by Messrs G. F. Sandiford, E. J. Cross, and W. H. Jones (Gen. Sec. and Treasurer).

Mr Sandiford (Manchester) gave a very interesting criticism lesson on "Circle S," and a discussion followed. Mr Cross (Manchester) spoke on the advantages of membership in the Society, and appealed for individual effort to further the interests of the various districts. Mr Jones gave a brief resumé of the progress made by the Society since its inauguration. Sixty-eight per cent. of the candidates presenting themselves for the diploma failed to satisfy the examiners. The present number of members of the Society was 277. The members of the Executive were accorded a hearty vote of thanks for their attendance. Mr Dennis Wood, of Mexboro, read an excellent paper entitled "Commercialism," in the course of which he commented on English business methods, and emphasized the necessity for an all-round education, and the desirability of business men teaching business subjects in technical and other schools. Messrs Morris, Toplis, Summerfield, Whiteley, Brock, and Miss B. M. Jenkinson took part in a discussion which followed.

The Secretary (Mr B. Toplis) submitted the report and accounts for the past year; the balance sheet showing a credit balance of £1 10s. 11d. as against a debit balance of 4s. Id. for the previous year. The average attendance at the quarterly meetings was 23. The election of officers resulted as follows:-President, Mr G. Dawson; Vice-President, Mr A. Davis; Council, Messrs A. Morris, S. Whiteley, D. Summerfield, J. A. Hill, G. E. Brock, and Miss B. M. Jenkinson; Secretary, Mr B. Toplis, 10 Broom terrace, Rotherham.

YORKSHIRE.

Mr

The quarterly meeting of the Yorkshire District was held on 13th Dec., at the Leeds Institute, Cookridge street, Leeds. W. Thompson (Leeds) occupied the chair, and there was a large and representative attendance.

Mr J. Johnson (Dewsbury) read a paper on "The Shorthand Examinations of the West Riding County Council." He said that for several years past systematic commercial courses had been in operation in the West Riding, and students were expected to take three or four subjects. He considered this was a mistake in the case of youths who were working perhaps ten hours a day: such students could not be expected to do the necessary home work, without which it was impossible, in a session of 28 or 30 weeks, to get through the amount of work now given in the syllabus issued by the West Riding County Council. Dealing with the tests given in the examination, he said in his opinion it was unfair to introduce foreign words and phrases, business abbreviations, etc., which the pupils were not expected to learn in connection with a shorthand class. Although the examinations were considered by teachers to be unsatisfactory, yet the Governors or Committees of Technical Schools would continue to expect the students to be presented, and he proposed that the Society should officially communicate with the County Council, suggesting several modifications. It was decided that the Council should take the matter into consideration, and report to the next meeting. An interesting discussion followed, opened by Mr W. Tillotson (Cullingworth).

A criticism lesson on "The Half-length Principle" (continued) was given by Mr J. Jackson (Hull), and a discussion opened by Mr. H. Holmes (Pontefract).

With reference to a communication received from the Yorkshire District of the Incorporated Phonographic Society, suggesting that the two societies hold joint meetings, the following resolution was passed

That the Yorkshire District of the I.S.S.T. regrets that it cannot see its way to discontinue any of its meetings under its own name, taking into consideration its large membership and excellent attendances, but that it extends a cordial invitation to all members of the I.P.S. to attend its meetings, and assures them of a hearty welcome.

MIDLAND.

The next meeting of the Midland District will be held in the Y.M.C.A. Rooms, I Mansfield road, Nottingham, on Saturday, 17th Jan., at 4 o'clock. Mr James Hynes (Manchester) will attend to represent the Executive. A hearty invitation is extended to all shorthand writers in the district, whether members of the Society or not. A paper will be given on "The Teaching of the Reporting Style of Phonography," by Mr A. T. Eyre (Leicester), and Mr Hynes will lecture upon "The Elasticity of Phonography."

PITMAN'S METROPOLITAN SCHOOL

IN THE PAST YEAR.

The Annual Prize Giving and Concert of the School, which took place on 10th December last, practically marked the close of the School's working year. The function referred

to was an immense success, and it would have been quite possible to bring together an audience of six thousand instead of the three thousand who filled the Large Queen's Hall to overflowing. The Chinese Minister (His Excellency T. Y. Chang) gracefully performed the presentation of the prizes and certificates-more than two hundred in number. The chair was occupied by the Right Hon. Lord Monkswell, who, a day or two before, had paid a surprise visit to the School, and had manifested great interest in the work carried on at Southampton row-particularly in the departments for Business Training and Modern Languages. His Lordship referred to his visit in his opening speech at the Queen's Hall as follows: "The School was a very excellent one, and was carried on in the teeth of fierce educational competition. There were one or two things that particularly struck him in going over the School. One was the extremely diligent way in which the students were attending to what was going on in the classes. He was also struck with the fact that they taught English men and English women foreign languagesFrench, German and Spanish-and taught them uncommonly well."

Among the recipients of prizes were many who had won notable distinction in the past year. The largest number of awards went to Miss M. E. Kinnaird, a young student of seventeen, who had carried off almost all the honours publicly offered for Shorthand. Mr S. H. Godfrey, the winner of the School's first prize for verbatim reporting, had taken with this proud distinction the bronze medal of the National Union of Teachers for 160 words per minute, and the London Phonetic Shorthand Writers' Association first prize of the gold medal. Miss D. A. Mackey, after winning the Society of Arts first-class certificate for German, sat at the London Chamber of Commerce examinations, and secured the senior certificate for French, for German (with double distinction), and for Spanish (with double distinction). It is confidently expected that Miss Mackey will figure very prominently in the prize list when the final announcements are made. Both at the Society of Arts and London Chamber of Commerce the School achieved a unique record, taking 92 first-class certificates against its previous best of 73 at the Society of Arts, and 86 against its previous best of 70 at the London Chamber of Commerce. For the fifth successive year its students secured the whole of the medals awarded in connection with the London Phonetic S.W.A. There were many others among the 137 prize winners who achieved special distinction in Shorthand, Typewriting, Book-keeping, and Languages.

The membership of the School in 1902 reached a higher figure than ever before, and during the closing months of the year it was usual to find present at one time in the day sessions between eleven and twelve hundred students, making with the evening attendance a total of over seventeen hundred passing through the School in the course of one working day. It is noticeable now that the majority of new students undertake a wider range of subjects than before, the necessity for an all-round commercial training being recognised in every direction. Much greater attention is being paid to the thorough study of English, to perfection in such apparently simple matters as punctuation and spelling, and to the need for the ability to express one's ideas in terse, vigorous, but always grammatically accurate English. One of the most progressive departments of the School has been that devoted to training in Business Methods, and many important additions have been made in the equipment of this department, which may now claim to be the best appointed and the most practical in the kingdom.

It is interesting to note that the sections given up to the teaching of English to foreigners have grown at such a rate

as to render the provision of space a matter of constant difficulty. It is contemplated to provide another room and master with the opening of the New Year. These students come not only from all parts of Europe, but from Africa, India, and Asia, and many of them, after acquiring fluency in speaking the language, coupled with a sound grammatical knowledge, take up other subjects in order to qualify for important positions in the commercial world.

Another department that has grown to a gratifying extent is the Correspondence Section, and there is hardly a subject in the School's curriculum which is not being taught to large numbers of students whose only acquaintance with the School is through the medium of the Post Office. Some even of those who appeared in the list of prize-winners had received the whole of their instruction by correspondence, notably, Mr E. S. Hayward, who won the Society of Arts. prize of £2 and the Society's bronze medal for German.

The School's work has formed the theme of one or two interesting articles in the public press during the year. One appeared in Madame in January, and was capitally illustrated with views of "A Speed Room" and "One of the Typewriting Sections." Later in the year there appeared an exceedingly able article, by a well-known journalist, in Our Young Men, accompanied by a portrait of the Principal and an illustration of the School building.

This article would not be complete without a reference to the important changes made in the past year in the Employment Department of the School, the principal of these being the abolition of all fees in connection with the finding of appointments. As a natural consequence, the School has had a much larger number of capable candidates to select from, and there is a daily growing demand from employers, not only in the metropolis and in the provinces, but also abroad. Considerably more than two thousand applications were received from employers in the twelve months, and the chief difficulty in dealing with these was the almost unaccountable scarcity of youths and young men waiting for employment. It is expected that in the present year, for reasons already explained, the demand will be very much greater than has ever before been experienced.

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS

ANNOUNCED.

ASSISTANT CLErks (AbstractORS). See Journal of 13th Dec. ENGINEER STUDENTSHIPS. See Journal of 13th Dec. SORTER TELEGRAPHISTS G.P.O., London. 35 vacancies. Age 16 to 18. Application form to enter for exam. (27th Jan., 1903) obtainable from The Secretary, Civil Service Commission, Burlington gardens, London, W. It must be filled up and returned by 8th Jan.

This appointment is a capital stepping stone to better things for a youth who can live at home, but is practically useless for those who have to keep themselves, because during instruction in telegraphy and sorting (usually about twelve months) these officials are only paid 9s. per week. The class is, however, newly created, and as it has proved unattractive for presumably the reason indicated, a revision of the pay scheme is highly probable. Candidates must be at least 5 ft. 2 in. in height, and the medical examination is fairly severe. The hours are eight per day, and the pay, on appointment, 18s. per week until 19 years of age and competent, then 52 per annum rising £6 annually to £112, and beyond this if certified as to conduct and ability to £160. After ten years' service, sorter telegraphists are eligible for pensions, one-sixteenth of average salary for last three years for each year of service; maximum pension, forty-sixtieths. Exam. fee, 4s. Subjects, English Composition (including handwriting, tabular statement), and dictation; arithmetic (Metric system and up to vulgar and decimal fractions); Geography (general). Pitman's text-books for all these subjects are recommended as adequate. Previous papers can be obtained from Messrs Eyre and Spottiswoode.

FOREIGN COMMERCIAL EXERCISES.

SPANISH. 54.

" EL TRUST" MARÍTIMO.

Los armadores1 ingleses empiezan2 á recelarse3 de la nueva combinación ó trust maritimo promovido por Pierpont-Morgan.

Las cámaras de comercio se preocupan también de la situación creada, hasta el punto que se asegura que la de Londres, Liverpool y Glasgow están decididas á hacer al Gobierno algunas reclamaciones".

¿Reclamarán el establecimiento de un régimen protector? en favor del pabellóns británico?

Parece dudoso, y más bien se cree que reclamen la abolición de ciertas medidas10 legislativas que ponen áll los11 ingleses en una situación de inferioridad frente12 á12 sus competidores.

16

Hace poco13 el Times acusaba al Gobierno alemán de haberse1 valido por medio de su prensa dels indisponer á los Estados Unidos con Inglaterra. "Los periódicos alemanes, decía, son los que propalan el rumor de que17 los18 ingleses hemos18 hecho un mercado19 de fantasía19, dicen y que han sido favorecidos en su arreglo20 con los americanos, lo que no es verdad. Lo exacto22 es que los alemanes nos compadecen 23 y parecen deplorar que nuestra marina mercante esté en disposición de acomodarse24 bajo el pabellón americano. La opinión inglesa, nerviosa y pesimista, acepta sin reflexión estos rumores y se recela de sí misma; un sentimiento de hostilidad contra los Estados Unidos comienza á iniciarse25 ya en Inglaterra. El juego26 está conocido."

De todo esto resulta que la cuestión del trust de navegación anglo-germano-americano amenaza salir23 del terreno puramente económico para hacer presión 29 é influir en las relaciones internacionales.

Se confirman nuestros pronósticos.-Diario Mercantil.

I shipowners; 2 are beginning; 3 to dread; 4, 4 it is certain; 5 make, submit, propose; 6 remonstrances, claims; 7. 7 policy of protection; 8 flag; 9, 9 rather; 10 measures; II, II the; 12, 12 as compared with; 13, 13 not long ago; 14, 14 having prevailed, having successfully tried; 15 to 16 publish, spread; 17, 17 that; 18...18 we English have; 19...19 fancy market; 20...20 in their arrangements; 21, 21 which; 22 real truth, fact; 23 pity; 24 put itself; 25 take shape, make itself felt; 26 game, trick; 27 threatens; 28, 28 to go away from, to extend its influence beyond; 29 pressure; 30 prognostics, anticipations.

GERMAN. 55.

Jeden Eindruck, welchen wir durch unser Gehör erhalten, nennen wir Schall; indes2 können diese Eindrücke sehr verschieden sein. Die musikalischen Töne unterscheidet man nach ihrer Höhe als höhere oder tiefere3 Töne. Worauf dieser Unterschied beruht', lässt sich leicht durch den Versuch zeigen. Ein longitudinaler Ton ist stets viel höher als der Transversalton desselben Stabes und der Transversalton eines Stabes ist um so höher, je kürzer und dicker der Stab ist; bei schwingenden Saiten ist der Ton um so höher je kürzer die Saite ist, oder je stärker man sie spannt. Also ist ein Ton um so höher, je mehr Schwingungen der den Ton erzeugende Körper macht. Die Töne unterscheiden sich durch eine eigentümliche Beschaffenheit", die man häufig als Tonfarbe bezeichnet12, vielfach wendet 13 man auch dafür das französische Wort "Timbre" an14. Die Ursache der Klangverschiedenheit ist besonders von Helmholtz in neuerer Zeit untersucht worden, und er hat gezeigt, dass dieselbe in der That von der Form der Schwingungen, oder vielmehr von den gleichzeitig auftretenden16 Tönen bedingt17 ist17. Einen Ton erzeugt jede regelmässig periodische Wiederkehr19 von Stössen in unser Ohr, wenn nur dieselbe Bewegung in den folgenden Perioden in gleicher Weise wiederkehrt.-Society of Arts Examination Paper.

I impression; 2 nevertheless; 3 deeper, lower; 4 is based; 5 experiment; 6 staff, rod; 7 cords, strings; 8 tightens ; 9 producing; 10 peculiar; 11 idiosyncrasy; 12 describes; 13, 14 applies; 15 investigated; 16 coming forward; 17, 17 depends, is caused; 18 generates, causes; 19 recurrence. ENGLISH VERSION OF LAST WEEK'S EXERCISE FRENCH. 53.

UTILIZATION OF ALPINE WATERFALLS.

For people who, like ourselves, have not made a special study of law, the opinion maintained by M. Pillet has the merit of good sense, and good sense so rarely has opportunity to come forward, that it is as well to take notice of this manifestation. By what right could the State make concession of motive power? There has been some talk of value created (by industry) but industrial utilization creates nothing at all, it can at most have no other object than to find new employments for an available force which has existed for all time, although it has frequently been neglected for lack of a possible means of adapting it to the needs of industry. If it were a case of value (so) created the State would not be without an interest in such creation, and consequently it cannot find in this circumstance any foundation for its claims. It would be, then, under the title of res nullius that the State might think itself justified in appropriating the waterfall to itself and exercising over it a right of disposal; and, in fact, the partisans of the system of concession by the State are never tired of repeating that motive power constitutes a "value" quite distinct from the value which running water may present from other points of view, that riparian proprietors possess no right in this motive power unless they have already made use of it; in fine, that to abandon it to them would be to make them a present to the detriment of the rights of the community, the State. The inaccuracy of this affirmation arises from legislation itself, and from the interpretation which jurisprudence has given to it in the matter of watercourses: there is no doubt of the fact that when the river flows, in the part of its course susceptible of utilization as a motive power, between banks that belong to a single riparian, the motive power of the waterfall belongs to that riparian and to him alone. cannot be claimed without contradiction that if, instead of a single riparian, there are two or a greater number, the right which in the former case belongs to the riparian, does not belong in the second case to the riparians, but to the State. The system of concession is in reality an appropriation, and if no indemnification be granted, it is a confiscation.-Revue Industrielle.

PITMAN'S SHORTHAND TEACHER'S CERTIFICATE.

It

The Pitman's Shorthand Teacher's Certificate has been granted to the following, after examination :—

Butcher F. E., Gosberton Hall School, Spalding.

Cave Ernest A., 3 Stannard road, Dalston, London, N.E.
Cooper Edward Stroud, 17 Ravensworth road, Kensal Rise,
London, N.W.

Dugdall Ralph S., 1 Manor terrace, Brixham.
Howells Rees, Rose House, Upper Brynamman, Car.
Johnston William, 6 Camden street Upper, Dublin.
Jordan F. W., Ardmore, Crown Drive, Inverness.
McClure John, 55 Clarence street, Glasgow.
McEvoy William, 69 Drumcondra road, Dublin.
Perry Thomas, 57 Gill street, Blackley.

Rainford Richard M., Board School, Kingston, Jamaica, B.W.I.
Shearer James, 1 Kilmailing terrace, Cathcart, near Glasgow.
Warren Robert, East street, Wimborne.

Full particulars relative to the examination for Pitman's Shorthand Teacher's Certificate may be obtained on application to Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., Phonetic Institute, Bath. The examination can be taken at any time or place, and the fee is 5s.

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Shorthand Reading Practice.

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A COURSE OF PROGRESsive exercISES IN READING SHORTHAND, DESIGNED AS A COMPANION TO THE MANUAL AND "INSTRUCTOR," TWENTIETH CENTURY EDITION.

No. XIV. To follow Exercise 35.

The hook which represents -tion is written on the inside of curved consonants; but when added to a straight letter it is placed on the side opposite to an initial hook, circle or loop, or, in the absence of such hook, circle or loop, on the side opposite to the last vowel. The -tion hook is written on the right side of the simple letters t, d, j, and when it follows the circle s it is expressed by a small hook, not a large one.

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The camel seems formed to be the servant of man in those parts of the world where it is found, and it is known as the "ship of the desert." In the vast deserts of the East, where the earth is dry and sandy, where there are no birds or beasts, insects or vegetables; where nought is to be seen but hills of sand and heaps of stone, this animal will travel without either drink or pasture, and will often go for six or seven days without food or water. Its feet are formed for treading on the sand, and are unfit for moist or marshy places. The Arabs find the camel very useful where no other animal can live, and by its means are able to cross the deserts in safety, which they could not do by any other means. In Arabia the animal is greatly prized; its milk forms part of the food of the people, they eat the flesh of some of the young which they kill for food, they use its hair for their clothing, and for riding it is of great service, as it has been known to go a hundred miles in a single day. The camel is easily taught to carry a burden, and from day to day the load is raised till it has got one suited to its strength. In the same way the animal is made patient of hunger and thirst, and is educated to do without food or drink for a long time.

(To be continued.)

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