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Board Continuation Classes, and teacher in the same subject at the Kettering Road Board Schools. He also conducts classes in shorthand and typewriting at All Saints' Commercial School, Castle Hall School, and the Town and County School. At the Y.M.C.A. and at the College Street Young Men's Society and elsewhere, he has also taken the classes in shorthand. His students have done well at the Pitman examinations and at the examinations conducted by the I.S.S.T., and numbers of them hold good appointments, not only in the town and neighbourhood, but in British Colonies.

He has added book-keeping, handwriting, and other branches of commercial knowledge to the list of subjects taught at his school, the additional subjects being taken by a visiting professional master.

He

Mr Billingham was connected with the late Northampton S.W.A. almost from its birth to its death. was in turn secretary, speed conductor, and president, and for a time held the post of district secretary for the Midlands in connection with the Federation. He has been a contributor to several evercirculators and shorthand periodicals, and enjoyed, the privilege of a long correspondence with Sir Isaac Pitman.

He has also been an active worker in connection with Sunday Schools and other local work. A little natural bistory, photography, and fishing, with a taste for reading in English literature, serve to take his thoughts away from shorthand during a few of the diminishing hours of leisure that his daily occupation leaves him.

BRUMBY'S STENOGRAPHY.

BY ALEXANDER PATERSON, F.J.I.

It is a significant fact which, so far, I have not seen commented upon, that, with hardly an exception, no shorthand system of exclusively provincial origin has ever enjoyed more than a purely local popularity. A new shorthand system may be locally printed, and, provided it is creditably got up, such will not mar its success: but, unless it has also a metropolitan publisher of good standing, its author cannot hope to get under the notice of the public outside a comparatively restricted area. Purely provincial stenographies have not, it is true, been very numerous, and I do not know that any one of them has been distinguished by particular merits over the ordinary average of stenographic mediocrity; but still the fact remains that something more than a merely local reputation is one of the more important essentials to

success.

An absolutely complete bibliography of the various stenographic productions that have at various times been issued from the British press, within the past three centuries, will probably never be compiled. The late Dr Westby-Gibson's exhaustive work is as nearly complete as it was possible to make it at the time of its publication sixteen years ago, but several old systems have since been discovered of which it makes no mention, and there have, doubtless, been others of which all traces are lost. Of such I have one now before me respecting which all shorthand histories and bibliographies are completely silent. The work in question is by one C. Brumby, and was published at Leek, Staffordshire, in 1844. The title page, which certainly cannot boast the merit of brevity, runs as under:

"A new system of Stenography, on a principle of connexion, by which a whole sentence may be written without raising the pen: the only practical method whereby a speaker can be successfully followed; exhibiting throughout modes of abbreviation hitherto unattempted; more especially in a

new scheme of terminations, and the designation by simple and appropriate signs of double and triple consonants, pronouns, auxiliary verbs and prepositions. Containing also concise modes of expressing a great variety of adverbial phrases and familiar idioms, and representing by a mere stroke of the pen a host of common verbs, in their several persons, moods, and tenses; the whole combining brevity, facility, and perspicuity, and clearly demonstrating a saving of at least one-third of the time usually taken up by other systems. By C. Brumby. Leek: Printed by G. Nall, bookseller, bookbinder, and stationer, 1844."

It comprises twenty odd pages of letterpress, with twentyfive plates. Several of the plates contain blank squares for characters to be filled in with the pen.

The system is characterized by no slight measure of ingenuity, but it is ingenuity misdirect:3. More unsightly looking and involved characters when written according to the briefest method it would be difficult to imagine There

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is nothing particular in the alphabet as compared with other alphabets of the a b c order. The author must have been familiar with Mavor's system, that author's vowel signs not merely being copied, but the consonant forms for b, l, m, n, r, s, t, and z are also identical. Many of the letters are paired, as for example, b and p; d and t; fand ; g (hard), and k; g (soft), and j; and s and z, each pair being represented by a single character. The consonant signs are as under: b and p ( d and t f and v g (hard) and k ) g (soft) and j↓ 1 and / ዝክ ngs and z Txy Under Double and Triple Consonants," we have characters for among other sounds th shch and there is also a large collection of what are termed "preliminary syllables" and "terminations." There is, it will be noted, no sign for the aspirate (h), nor do I find that one is otherwise provided, an ordinary script h being used when a word begins with that letter. There is a tolerably long list of arbitraries, and the objection to these as burdensome to the memory is answered by anticipation with a statement to the effect that such objection can be urged only "by such as aspire merely to a superficial acquaintance with things."

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The germ feature of the system distinguishing it from the majority of those systems by which it had been preceded is a method of combining words into phrases to be written without lifting the pen, and without any regard to symmetry, neatness, or regularity. This is what the author terms his "principle of connexion," and it is secured by combining in phrases words which are grammatically related to each other as far as such is possible. It is contended that such combinations are conducive to expedition in writing through utilizing the time that would be wasted consequent upon frequent liftings of the pen. That is quite correct so far as phrases composed of characters which naturally run into each other are concerned, but not such as are the results of a multiplicity of cobweb looking twists and turnings. The author says the necessity for taking off the pen at every word is the greatest obstacle shorthand writers have to encounter in following a speaker. This objection applies most forcibly to short words when combined in adverbial phrases and brief sentences which glide rapidly over the tongue, and also to words which have a natural connexion to each other; such, for example, as the personal or relative pronoun, auxiliary verb and principal, followed by an objective case; the preposition and substantive, with or without an adjective, etc., all of which, in their respective relations, ought naturally to be linked together without raising the pen."

The above is Mr Brumby's theory briefly stated, and it only remains for me to show by an illustration, reproduced from the book, how it is applied. It will be noted that the words may be either separately expressed or combined on what is termed the joining system. By the former no very great brevity is secured, by the latter there may be brevity though it hardly looks like it, but if there is brevity there certainly is not elegance. On that point, however, the reader will be

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LEGAL TERMS, PHRASES, AND
ABBREVIATIONS

FOR TYPISTS, AND SHORTHAND AND OTHER
JUNIOR CLERKS.

BY THE AUTHOR OF "ELEMENTARY LAW FOR
SHORTHAND CLERKS AND TYPISTS."

III. TERMS USED IN LITIGATION (CONTINued). Garnishee. This strange-looking word always comes as a surprise to those who encounter it for the first time. It is derived ultimately from the same root which gives us the word warn, and the verb to garnish means to warn. It will be seen that a garnishee notice is in essence a warning to a debtor not to pay certain money to his creditor pending a claim by a third person.

In legal offices the term garnishee is used as a noun and as an adjective also, and it may occasionally be met with as a verb. Thus the person against whom what is termed a garnisbee order is obtained is described as the garnishee, and the debt referred to in the garnishee order is sometimes said to be garnisheed.

When the plaintiff in an action has obtained judgment against the defendant, his next step, unless the defendant pays voluntarily, is to enforce his judgment. This he may do in various ways. One only will be dealt with here. If he discovers that there is a third person who owes money to the defendant, or has in hand money belonging to the defendant, he may take steps to get that money paid over to himself instead of to the defendant, on account of the judgment debt.

In order to achieve this result, the judgment creditor, or his solicitor, makes an affidavit proving that judgment has been recovered, stating for what amount, that the judgment remains unsatisfied, and that the person against whom a garni hee order is desired owes the defendant a certain sum of money. This affidavit being made and filed, an ex parte application is made in chambers, and if the affidavit discloses the required facts, an order will be made attaching the debt and calling upon the garnishee to appear and show cause why he should not pay to the judgment creditor the amount he owes to the judgment debtor, or (if the amount be larger than the judgment debt) so much of it as will satisfy the judgment debt.

The garnishee may pay the amount into court, or he may

dispute the debt. If reasonable ground is shown for a doubt as to the garnishee's liability, the usual course is to direct "an issue to be tried so that the court may decide the question after hearing proper evidence on both sides. Meanwhile, the judgment debtor cannot compel the garnishee to pay the amount to him.

If the garnishee does not appear on the summons in chambers, or does not disclose a sufficient reason why he should not pay the amount, a final order will be made directing him to pay to the judgment creditor.

SPECIMEN FORMS IN GARNISHEE Proceedings.
1.-Affidavit on Application for Garnishee Order.
In the High Court of Justice
King's Bench Division

1902 B No. 495

Between John Billings Judgment Creditor

and

William Munns Judgment Debtor

I John Billings of Billings House Mitcham in the county of Surrey retired surveyor the above named judgment creditor make oath and say as follows

1. By a judgment of the court given in this action and dated the 24th day of May 1902 it was adjudged that I should recover against the above named judgment debtor the sum of £100 and costs to be taxed and the said costs were by a master's certificate dated the 31st day of May 1902 allowed at £21 108.

2. The said judgment debt and costs still remain unsatisfied to the extent of the whole amount thereof [or "to the extent of 'if part of it has been paid] and interest amounting to 8s. 4d.

£

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3. James Heaver of Elm Lodge Carshalton in the said county of Surrey builder is indebted to the judgment debtor in the sum of £80 or thereabouts

4. The said James Heaver is within the jurisdiction of this

court

NOTE. Though it is preferable that this affidavit should be made by the judgment creditor, it is not absolutely necessary it may be made by his solicitor. In the latter case various obvious verbal alterations will be necessary in the foregoing form. Where either the judgment creditor or his solicitor may have reason for not swearing positively, it is sufficient if paragraph three of the affidavit begins "I am informed and verily believe that," etc.

2.-Garnishee Order made on Ex Parte Application. In the High Court of Justice 1902 B No. 495 King's Bench Division

Between John Billings Judgment Creditor

and

William Munns Judgment Debtor

James Heaver Garnishee

Upon hearing the solicitors for John Billings the above-named judgment creditor and upon reading the affidavit of the said judgment creditor filed the 21st day of July 1902 IT IS ORDered that all debts owing or accruing due from the above-named garnishee to the above-named judgment debtor be attached to answer a judgment recovered against the said judgment debtor by the above-named judgment creditor in the High Court of Justice on the 24th day of May 1902 for the sum of £100 and £21 10s. costs on which judgment the sum of £121 10s. together with 8s. 4d. for interest thereon remains due and unpaid

And it is further ordered that the said garnishee attend the Master in Chambers Central Office Royal Courts of Justice Strand London on Wednesday the 30th day of July 1902 at twelve o'clock at noon on an application by the said judgment creditor that the said garnishee pay the debt due from him to the said judgment debtor or so much thereof as may be sufficient to satisfy the judgment

Dated the 23rd day of July 1902

[Signed by master]

NOTE. This order is sometimes referred to as an "order nisi." The term nisi will be explained hereafter in this series of articles. A copy of the foregoing order is served on the garnishee, and the immediate effect of doing so is to prevent him from paying the judgment debtor until the court has decided whether to order payment to be made to the judgment creditor as asked. This order having been served, the debt owing by the garnishee is said to be "attached."

3.-Final Garnishee Order.

[Heading as in previous form]

Upon hearing the solicitors for the judgment creditor and the garnishee and upon reading the affidavit of the judgment creditor filed the 21st day of July 1902 and the order nisi made herein dated the 23rd day of July 1902 whereby it was ordered that all debts owing or accruing due from the above-named garnishee to the above-named judgment debtor should be attached to answer a judgment recovered against the said judgment debtor by the above-named judgment creditor in the High Court of Justice on the 24th day of May 1902 for the sum of £100 and £21 10s. costs on which judgment the sum of £121 10s. together with 8s. 4d. for interest thereon remained due and unpaid IT IS ORDERED that the said garnishee do forthwith pay the said judgment creditor £80 the debt due from him to the said judgment debtor and that in default thereof execution may issue for the same

Dated the 30th day of July 1902

4.-Order where Garnishee disputes his debt and Judgment Creditor elects to try the question.

[Heading as in Form No. 2]

Upon hearing the solicitors for the judgment creditor and the garnishee and upon reading the affidavit of the judgment creditor filed the 21st day of July 1902 the affidavit of the garnishee filed the 29th day of July 1902 and the order nisi herein dated the 23rd day of July 1902 it is ordered that the judgment creditor and the garnishee proceed to the trial of an issue wherein the said judgment creditor shall be plaintiff and the said garnishee shall be defendant and that the question to be tried shall be whether the said garnishee was indebted to the judgment debtor in any and what amount at the time the said order nisi was served And it is further ordered that the issue be prepared and delivered by the plaintiff therein within ten days from this date and be returned by the defendant therein within seven days and be tried at the Royal Courts of Justice Strand London and that the question of costs and all further questions be reserved until the trial of the said issue

Dated the 30th day of July 1902

(To be continued. Commenced in No. 1.)

CORRESPONDENCE.

NATIONALITY IN BUSINESS.

Sir, The article in your issue of 4th July, entitled "Educating Boys and Girls for Business," by Sir Swire Smith, has considerably interested me, as, no doubt, it also has a great many others among your readers. As to the passage in which the author says that there are hundreds of foreigners being employed in different capacities, and holding important positions in British commercial houses over the heads of our own people, etc., I admit that there is some truth in this, but, personally, think the picture is overdrawn, although I am not in a position to furnish actual statistics on the subject. However, if it be true that there are very many representatives of continental nations in the van of English industry, there is no need for alarm on the part of our countrymen. Is it not true that in these matter-of-fact and cosmopolitan times, we find people of different nationalities sprinkled about the earth, and a considerable interchange of brain power" going on. I know for a fact that there are many Englishmen holding most important positions in continental manufacturing centres. Nay more, in spite of the repeated assurances that we receive of America's great commercial supremacy over ourselves, we even find Englishmen in the continental branches of American houses, some of them forming the very backbone of their leadership. Here in this Swiss town, where in the export of Swiss embroideries, laces, etc, an immense trade is done with England, America, and other countries, there are several of our countrymen holding most influential situations in commercial houses. Of course there are many other of our compatriots here occupying minor positions, as well as some younger members, who will, no doubt, one day also become leaders of commerce here. This is an example from only one industrial centre, and I have no doubt that other of your readers

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Les seuls changements qu'il soit3, à mon avis1, nécessaire d'apporter à la structure des locaux sis" 2 South Place, pour les rendre propres au genre de commerce que vous vous proposez d'y exercer", sont les suivants: construction d'un toit en fer galvanisé, au dessus de l'espace autrefois couvert d'une voûte qui fut condamnée comme étant une construction dangereuse, et enlevéel il14 y a environ deux ans11.

Cet espace mesure près de 50 pieds (mesure anglaise) del longueur, sur 17 pieds 5 pouces de largeur.

Le toit s'appuierait' par devant sur le mur exi tant et par derrière sur des piliers à élever18.

Si, comme je crois19 le comprendre, vous désirez que votre garde-magasin20 réside21 dans le local, quelques-unes des chambres exigeront des réparations qui les rendent habitables.

Ces changements et les réparations générales ordinaires suffiront23 amplement.

Agréez, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma sincère estime. FREDK. WILSON.

JAMES BROWN, Esq.

I translate by the English passive form; 2 building; 3 which it may be, will be; 4 opinion; 5 to make; 6 situated; 7 fit; 8 to yourselves; 9, 9 to carry on there; 10 the construction; II roof; 12 vault, arch; 13 taken away, removed; 14..14 about two years ago; 15, 15 in length; 16 inches; 17 should support itself, should be supported; 18..18 posts to be set up; 19..19 think to understand it, believe I understand it; 20 store-keeper; 21 should reside (subjunctive); 22 will need ; 23 will be sufficient.

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Agissant au nom et comme fondé de pouvoir3 de M. Walter Green propriétaire de l'immeuble1 sis" au numéro 9 de "Upper Thames street," j'ai l'honneur de vous informer de son intention de démolir et de rebâtir le local par lui occupé, et d'élever le murs mitoyens qui sépare ledit local des magasins que vous occupez.

En prévision des difficultés qui ne manqueront11 certainement pas de12 s'élever12, au cours de la construction, concernant ce mur mitoyen, je vous serais bien obligé de11 me faire connaître le nom et l'adresse de votre architecte afin que je puisse1 me mettre en rapports16 avec lui, à ce sujet17, dans le cas où les circonstances l'exigeraient18. Agréez, Monsieur, mes salutations empressées. FREDK. WILSON.

CHARLES NORTON, ESQ.

the

1 adjoining; 2, 2 acting in the; 3..3 empowered; immovable, the house; 5 situated; 6 to; 7 rebuild; 8, 8 middle wall, party wall; 9 the said (one word in French); 10 anticipation; 11 will fail; 12, 12 to raise themselves, to arise; 13 to you; 14..14 for informing me, if you would inform me ; 15 may (subjunctive); 16 communication; 17..17 on this matter; 18 may demand it (conditional).

FOREIGN COMMERCIAL EXERCISES.

SPANISH.

95.

AGRICULTURA.

Se ha concedido una subvención de 2,000 pesetas al Ayuntamiento de Córdoba para la Exposición de ganados' que organiza para el próximo mes.

Se ha concedido licencia ilimitada al ingeniero de Minas D. Manuel Lacasa, que estaba en Jaén.

Se ha dispuesto que se3 constituya3 en Madrid una Comisión presidida por el inspector general de Caminos D. Federico Rivero, y de la que formarán parte el ingeniero profesor de electricidad de la Escuela de Caminos, un ingeniero designado por el Ayuntamiento y dos nombrados por las Empresas de tranvías para que, previas las pruebas necesarias, informen respecto al valor práctico del interruptor eléctrico automático inventado por don Ernesto S. Schultz, y la conveniencia de su aplicación en las líneas de tranvías eléctricos de cables áereos.

Como resultado de un expediente' ha sido suspenso en sus funciones el ingeniero agrónomolo director de la Granja11 ex

perimental de Palencia, y remitidos los antecedentes12 al ministerio de Gracia y Justicia para que entienda13 en13 el asunto el Juzgado14 correspondiente por revestir15 caracteres de delito algunos de los hechos comprobados.

Para facilitar el despacho de los asuntos en el Consejo de Obras públicas se ha dispuesto17 que la Sección segunda se subdivida en dos de Carreteras 13 yde Ferrocarriles, presididas por un mismo inspector, pero con distintos secretarios. Se designarán seis y tres vocales, respectivamente, á cada una de ellas.

Al mismo tiempo se ha ordenado que sólo se envíen á informe del Consejo los asuntos de relativa importancia y los que por su índole1 sean de dudosa ó difícil resolución.— Heraldo de Madrid.

4

I cattle; 2..2 a decision has been given, it has been authorized; 3, 3 there shall be constituted; nominated; 5 enterprises, companies; 6 (being) previous, having previously adduced; 7 fitness, suitability; 8, 8 aerial cable, overhead wire; 9 judicial proceedings; 10 agricultural, specializing in agriculture; 11 grange, farm; 12 records of what has been done; 13, 13 may deal with; 14 tribunal; 15, 15 because....show; 16 crime, offence of a more serious nature; 17..17 it has been decided; 13 main roads; 14 persons authorized to vote; 15 nature, peculiar characteristic. ENGLISH VERSION OF LAST WEEK'S EXERCISE. GERMAN. 94.

THE GERMAN ASSOCIATION BANK.

"

If Balzac were still living he would have found ample material for the continuation of his O Comédie Humaine in the general meeting of the German Association Bank which was held the week before last.

And if the independent shareholders do not unite in the coming week to protect their interests, it will serve them right if they are entangled in the snare of the repurchase project which has been prepared for them, abandon their rights in the matter of power to make directors personally responsible, and in future find themselves standing in front of a closed up receptacle.

Owing to a fortunate circumstance, which we believe was brought about by ourselves, there is still time for the shareholders to defend their rights, because the directors had not succeeded in gathering together a sufficient number of shares, either among their own friends or by the clamorous advertising of certain members of the Board who are, all the time, supporters of the inner ring of the Association.

As no more than eight and a half million marks of shares entitling the holders to vote were represented out of a share capital of thirty-six millions, the logical deduction is admissible that almost eighty per cent. of all the share capital is in the hands of independent shareholders (for those persons who are in alliance with the Bank have obviously placed themselves at the disposal of the stage managers of the general meeting held in the preceding week in order to cover up the Augean stable with the cloak of friendship, and to serve the purposes of the directors) who have the power and the will to obtain whatever shall appear to be necessary for their own purse, even though a part only of them should form a phalanx at the general meeting against the specious arguments adduced by the directors.-Berliner Finanz-und HandelsZeitung.

RECIPROCAL EDUCATION.-The chairman and hon. secretary of the League of the Empire (Sir P. Hutchins and Mrs W. Ord Marshall), writing from II Dartmouth street, Westminster, wish to make it generally known that the League of the Empire, having been engaged for some time past in placing teachers and students from many parts of the Empire in communication with each other, is now prepared to act as an agency for teachers desiring exchange of work in other countries of the Empire as well as for pupils and students desiring courses of study at other schools or universities than their own.

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had to trouble himself with their business, on which he told them to set the lady free at once. "Oh! by all means!" they cried, and laughed heartily at the notion. Then the prince got off his horse and put on his little red cap.

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When he got there, Eric lived in grand state, and was received by the queen with great honour. Now it was the rule at the court that all must pay their addresses to some one, and the prince devoted his attention to one of the queen's maids of honour, but the lady proved cold. Though he gave feast, ball, or opera every day to please her, she showed no sign of affection, and finding that his favoured rival was a minstrel, who sang the lady's praises in words and music alike wretchedly bad, he startled the lady by becoming invisible and pitching the bard from the window into the garden below. In a short time he left the court.

Going on his way Eric one day entered a forest, when his attention was attracted by the cries of a female, and looking about he saw four well armed men dragging along a young lady who seemed to be in deep distress. He went up to them as fast as he could, and desired to know what harm the lady had done that they should treat her like a slave. The men asked him what right he

The robbers said one to another that the young fellow had fled, and that though he was not worth any trouble to catch, yet his horse seemed worth taking. One of them took charge of the lady while the other three gave chase to the horse. The lady still cried for help, so the prince seized the ruffian who held her, and bound him to a tree. The man now cried out in his turn, and when one of his friends came up and asked him who had served him that trick, he said that he had seen no one. So the other called him a coward and gave him a sound thrashing with his whip. Eric went behind the fellow and bound him likewise to a tree, at the same time saying that he too must be a coward to submit to it. While this was going on, the young lady, whose name was Lily, had run away. When he missed her, Eric cried out, " Eclipse, come to me! and his horse, feeling that he was obliged to join his master, rid himself by two kicks of the robbers who he'd him. His master mounted him, and in a moment came up with the lady, who was now so very tired and weary that she had fallen down among the flowers by the road side.

(To be continued.)

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