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Dear Sir,-In further reply to yours of the 10th inst. with reference to the work of your car, we have had the enclosed tracing made for your information, and have marked the two parts of the drawing | A and B for reference. A represents the shaft as it was, and B as it is now being constructed. You will see that we have divided the axle at | c, and have put a new steel piece d, which | screws on the boss of the flange of the differential gear. We think you will see from this what a (1) very complicated piece of mechanism this is, and that we | are employing our best efforts to ensure the car being | turned out in a satisfactory manner. We wish to remind you, of course, that the initial trouble with your car was through the soft axle made by Messrs Thomas and Co., and not through any fault of ours. We have asked these people to be specially careful over the axle | this time, and we ourselves are thoroughly testing the component | parts before assembling them, so that you will see that everything is being done to make absolutely certain that no (2) accident will occur after the car has left our works | this time. We once more express our regret at the | annoyance that you have had in this matter, and we hope that this letter will assure you that we are doing everything on our part to satisfy you.

Yours faithfully, (250)

LEGAL TERMS, PHRASES, AND

ABBREVIATIONS

FOR TYPISTS, AND SHORTHAND AND OTHER

JUNIOR CLERKS.

BY THE AUTHOR OF "ELEMENTARY LAW FOR
SHORTHAND CLERKS AND TYPISTS."

III.—TERMS USED IN LITIGATION (Continued).
Certiorari.-A Certiorari is a special form of writ, the
object of which is the removal of proceedings from an inferior
An instance in which
court into the High Court of Justice.
this procedure is resorted to is where judgment having been
recovered in the inferior court, and it having been discovered
that the defendant has no property within the jurisdiction of
that court against which the judgment can be enforced, but
has property available for that purpose outside the jurisdic-
tion of the court, application is made to the judge or the
The leave to
master supported by an affidavit of the facts.
issue a certiorari is not given as a matter of course, but is
entirely in the discretion of the judge. Furthermore, the
power to give the leave is limited in various ways under
various Acts of Parliament. Actions may be removed into
the High Court before judgment as well as afterwards, and
may be so removed on the ground that the action ought
properly to have been brought in the High Court, and on
certain other grounds. A certiorari, when issued, has to be
served, but it is not necessary to hand it personally to the
judge to whom it is directed. Service on the registrar of the
court, or upon the person acting as registrar's clerk in the
registrar's office, is generally sufficient.

When once an action has been removed into the High Court by certiorari, the proceedings continue in the same way as if the action had been in the first instance commenced in that court.

FORM OF Certiorari ADDRESSED TO A COUNTY COURT. Edward the Seventh by the grace of God etc. [as in an ordinary writ of summons] To the Judge of the County Court of Surrey holden at Guildford [or whatever is the proper official designation of the court concerned] greeting

We willing for certain causes to be certified of a plaint levied in our court before you against William Smith at the suit of John Brown command you that you send to us forthwith in the King's Bench Division of our High Court of Justice the said plaint with all things touching the same as fully and entirely as the same remain in our said court before you by whatsoever names the parties may be called therein together with this writ that we may further cause to be done thereupon what of right we shall see fit to be done

Witness Hardinge Stanley Earl of Halsbury Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain the 19th day of January 1903

This writ was issued by Coke and Chitty of 189 Chancery Lane London W. C. solicitors for the said etc. whose address for service is 189 Chancery Lane aforesaid

GENERAL FORM OF CERTIORARI. To etc. greeting Edward the Seventh by the grace of God etc. We willing for certain causes to be certified of [describing the document commencing the proceedings] command you that you day of 1903 send to us in our High Court of Justice on the the aforesaid with all things touching the same as together with this fully and entirely as they remain in writ that we may further cause to be done thereupon what of right we shall see fit to be done

Witness etc. [ending as in previous form]

Distringas.-The word "Districgas" is a technicality that survives and is constantly in use not only in legal offices but also at the Bank of England (which institution has rather more to do with the thing signified by that word than any other body), although the document formerly known as a writ of distringas is no longer issued. Its place has been taken by an affidavit and notice, which, under the Orders of Court, have the same effect as the distringas. Service of the notice and of a copy of the affidavit in the manner prescribed by the rules is almost invariably described in correspondence

and otherwise as "putting a distringas on" whatever is intended to be affected by it-generally stock, and more frequently Government stock than otherwise.

There are various occasions in connection with which a distringas is resorted to. Suppose, for instance, that A. is entitled to a share in a sum of £1,000 Consols, which will be divisible on the death of his mother who is still living, and that the stock stands in the name of B., trustee of the will of A's. father, or of a settlement under which A's. mother is entitled to the income of the Consols for life. As the fund is entirely under the control of B., there is nothing to prevent him from selling it and putting the money into his own pocket if he is disposed to do so. A. wishes to secure himself from possible loss on this account. In order to do so he "puts a distringas on the stock." Or suppose another very common case. raises money on his share in the Consols and gives C., the lender, a mortgage on that share. If B, were allowed to deal unrestrictedly with the stock, C. might lose the very security on the strength of which he made his advance. He safeguards himself against this risk by "putting a distringras" on the stock. Any person who is interested in any stock registered or inscribed at the Bank of England, or in any stock or shares of any public company, may by the same process prevent the registered holder from dealing with the stock or shares without notice to him.

A.

For this purpose he or his solicitor makes an affidavit proving his interest, and the affidavit with a formal notice annexed is filed, and an office copy obtained in the ordinary way and served on the bank or company to whom the notice is addressed. The receipt of the affidavit and notice is then entered in the books in which the stock or shares concerned are registered, and when any application is received from the person in whose name the stock or share stands to deal with it by sale, transfer, or otherwise, notice of that fact is at once given to the person at whose instance the distringas was served, the notice intimating to him that unless he takes proceedings within a specified time to establish his right to prevent the proposed dealing, the sale, transfer, or other transaction will be allowed to be carried through notwithstanding the distringas. This gives the person who has placed the distringas on the stock an opportunity (if he thinks fit) to issue a writ to restrain the proposed dealing with the stock, or to ask that it be transferred into court and dealt with in such manner as the court may direct, or otherwise to secure himself from loss. The bank or company is made one of the defendants in any such proceedings, and it, of course, submits to such order as the court may make.

A distringas may be withdrawn by a written request to that effect signed by the person on whose behalf it was placed on the stock. The Bank of England require the signature to this request to be attested by a solicitor.

A distringas may or may not restrain dealings with dividends as well as with stock or shares. It may relate to more sums than one, provided that those sums all stand in the books of the Bank of England, or in the books of one company. The document under which the claim to an interest in the stock is set up must be mentioned in the affidavit. Care should be taken to state this with precision, giving dates and other particulars that will enable the document to be identified without a doubt. A mere mention of the will of a person named without giving its date, or without giving the testator's address and description, is insufficient, because it might easily happen that there were several-in some cases there would certainly be many--wills in existence of persons of that name.

Another thing that needs care is to state exactly the amount of stock, giving the stock its proper description, and setting out the correct name and address of the person in whose name it stands. Failure to attend to these requirements may defeat the very object of the distringas by making it impossible to identify the sum of stock intended to be affected.

The word distringas comes from the same root that gives us the more familiar word distraint, and indeed the process represents a kind of distraint. The term was formerly used

more extensively and in a somewhat wider sense than now, but a discussion on this topic would lead us into a region of what may be styled "legal antiquities." Specimen forms will be given next week.

(To be continued. Commenced in No 1.)

THE POLYTECHNIC BUSINESS TRAINING SCHOOL.

Below will be found the results of the Shorthand, Typewriting and Book-keeping examinations at the Polytechnic, Regent street, London, W. (Mr John S. Horton, head master). The examiners were as follows: Shorthand, Mr Frank Hastings; Typewriting, Miss Leoline Hartley; Book-keeping, Mr Calder Marshall, A.C.A.

SHORTHAND.

120 words test.-Mr F. E. Patterson, silver medal; J. P. Curtis, Miss M. E. Goodman, Miss F. Sheppard.

100 words test.-A. W. Bartlett, bronze medal; Miss F. Minnett, prize; F. Hayes, Mr H. E. Streeter, Miss A. M. Clarke. 80 words test.-Mr T. Scudder, prize; C. Louis Cunat, prize; Miss N. Irving, prize; Miss K. B. Banister, prize; Mr F. Bray; E. Allchin, Miss R. B. Aronson, Miss E. Barnes, Miss M. Blackwell, Miss E. Brittain, J. E. Crowsley, Byron Davies, Miss W. G. Dowler, Miss E. A. Dyson, Mr H. S. Eldridge, Miss E. Fettes, Miss E. Gray, Miss E. Greenwood, Miss L. E. Gurd, Miss F. Howe, Miss G. K. Jenkins, Miss R. Ledgard, Miss E. Lewis, Mr G. Leggett, Miss M. Maclagan, Miss M. E. Messiter, Miss D. Newton, Miss E. Weston, Mr I. Orenstein, Miss M. Pittman, Miss M. A. Rogers, Miss A. Talfer, Miss K. Smallwood.

60 words test.-Miss R. M. E. Wells, prize; Miss G. Marshall, prize; Miss K. Jackson, Miss A. Cecil, Miss A. Daley, Miss E. Lennox, Miss M. Prince, A. E. Taylor, Mr F. Wright, Miss E. Cederholm, Mr P. Claridge.

Theory.-Miss C. M. Bayliffe, Miss M. Cass, Mr R. Chambers, Miss E. Cook, Douglas Clarke, Harry Clow, Miss G. A. Garthorne, Miss E. Goldschmidt, Mr F. Hawkins, Miss W. Hollis, Mr J. F. Hess, Miss M. Lewis, Mr M. M. Newman, Mr F. Smith, Miss L. Smith, Miss K. Tasch, Miss W. P. Taylor.

TYPEWRITING.

First Grade.-Mr John Deed, silver medal and certificate; Miss Amy Cecil, bronze medal and certificate; Miss L. Wilson, prize and certificate; Miss E. A. Dyson, prize and certificate; Miss L. Wigginton, Miss E. Nash, Miss R. Aronson, Mr A. P. Abraham.

Second Grade.-Miss J. B. Douglas, Miss M. W. James, Miss E. M. Cook, Miss L. Leon, Miss E. Hope, Mr J. P. Curtis, Miss F. M. Earley, Miss E. O. Salter, Miss A. M. Rogers, Miss A. E. Maddock, Miss E. R. Greenwood, Miss R. Wells, Miss Brand, Miss M. Pontifex, Miss D. Newton, Miss W. Harte, Miss A. Alderson, Mr G. Leggett, Mr S. G. Higgins.

Third Grade.-Mr I. Orenstein, Miss S. Thom, Mr Streeter, Mr M. M. Newman, Miss E. Vickress, Miss F. Martin, Miss E. Lennox, Miss B. Hubbard, Miss L. E. Jeffrey, Miss H. Clowes, Mr F. Wright, Miss C. M. Bayliffe, Miss G. Marshall, Miss W. G. Dowler, Miss M. Prince, Miss N. Irving, Miss E. Weston, Mr P. Claridge, Mr R. Brown, Miss K. Banister, Miss K. Smallwood. BOOK-KEEPING.

First Grade.-Archibald W. H. Osborne, 1st prize; J. B. Kauffmann, 2nd prize; Miss S. K. Walpole, 3rd prize; Mr Thomas F. Scudder, 4th prize; Miss Alice M. Darvill, W. H. Hutchins, Miss L. Baker.

Second Grade.-Theodor Miller, T. W. Williams, Lucie M. Tyrrell, Marion Filmer, Jcseph Curtis, J. B. Douglas, E. L. Mellow, M. E. Marriott, Minnie Berkley, E. G. Gunn, W. Payne, I. Webster, A. Thornton, H. Bemister, Miss F. Banister, Herbert Osborne, F. Dudley.

Third Grade.-E. E. Jury, Martin Newman, F. J. Taplin, F. Wright, W. J. Bryant, Isaac Orenstein, W. Brittain, W. Piper, P. Dalton, P. T. Pethybridge, E. Nash, O. Watts, E. Jones, E. Beyfus, F. Kuntsen-Oy, E. M. Cook, Miss J. Desaint, M. Finberg, H. Hermer.

OFFICIAL RE-DIRECTION OF LETTERS.-The Postmaster

General gives notice that from 1st July any person whose correspondence has in consequence of change of address been officially re-directed for three years, may have the privilege extended on prepayment of five shillings a year. A separate application must be made at the end of each year.

INCORPORATED PHONOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. INC. SOCIETY OF SHORTHAND TEACHERS.

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The quarterly meeting of the Yorkshire District was held at Henderson's Business Training Institute, 18 Park lane, Leeds, on 20th June. Mr A. E. Hodgson presided, and there was a good attendance. Applications for Associateship from Mr G. A. Shaw (Wakefield), Mr T. Ellam (Honley), and Miss M. E. Taylor (Bradford), were accepted.

tem.

Mr Henry Smith gave an address on "Shorthand: Present and Future," in which he reviewed the various influences at work in the present which would eventually mould the shorthand of the future, in connection with which every writer and teacher of Phonography was playing his part either to improve or mar the system he had adopted. The present condition of Phonography might be looked at from three points of view: the teacher, who saw things from within; the outsider, from without; and the student, from an intermediate position. The up-to-date teacher was naturally in touch with the various minor changes, and if an expert, he was able to estimate the value or worthlessness of these. The outsider, who probably looked upon shorthand as a purely mechanical operation, ignored or was unconscious of what was passing in the phonographic world. The student viewed matters in a somewhat narrow field, not having the knowledge of the expert, yet being desirous of benefiting by a study of the sysEach phase was worthy of consideration, but the teacher and student mostly concerned those present. It had been pointed out that verbatim reports in the newspapers were giving place to smart paragraphs on the topics of the day, amusements, sports, fashions, etc. There was also a noticeable increase in the rate of speed which speakers had adopted, and even in the dictation of commercial correspondence. These two factors implied that teachers must aim at turning out better and more rapid writers than formerly. Since the field of operations for the reporter had been narrowed, compensation must be looked for in the enormous increase in the amount of commercial correspondence. Shorthand here had become absolutely essential, as shorthand was a practical art, and its utility demonstrated by practice, the writing of it must be kept in view, instead of wasting time on theoretical niceties of no practical value. The address might be summarised as follows:-(1) Make the practical part the goal. (2) Aim at higher speed and better writing. (3) Simplify the teaching as far as possible. (4) Try to be orthodox. (5) Use the I.P.S. Quarterly more, so as to prove of general benefit to the Society, particularly to those members who could not attend the meetings.

A discussion followed, in which the Chairman, and Messrs Wilson, Byers, Simpson and Fieldhouse took part. On account of the lateness of the hour, Mr Hodgson's paper was put off for the next meeting, which it is proposed to hold on 3rd October. Mr Warden will also give a paper. Votes of thanks to the Lecturer and Mr Henderson concluded the proceedings.

MANCHESTER DISTRICT.

The quarterly meeting of the members of the Manchester district was held in the Marsden Café, Manchester, on 20th June. There was an exceedingly good attendance. Mr N. E. Rostron (Rochdale) gave an excellent model lesson on the -tion hook, and Messrs T. Beswick (Manchester), Birtwhistle, Close, Dulanty and others took part in the discussion. After tea,

Mr W. Crookes (Hazel Grove) gave the Chairman's address. After paying a tribute to the many excellent chairmen who had preceded him, he promised to do his best to serve the district and its members. As a result of taking up the study of Phonography at the age of 17, he had step by step advanced until he became a teacher of the art, and he had been teaching it now for more than a quarter of a century. In 1875 he joined the Manchester and Salford Phonetic S. W.A., and for some time acted as secretary. Some years later he became a member of the Manchester Commercial S.W.A., and then of the Manchester and District Shorthand Teachers' Society, not very long after its inception, and he had been connected with it under its various titles ever since. He hailed the time when the society became a branch of the National Society of Shorthand Teachers, and was equally gratified when the latter became incorporated. He had been a member of the Council of that district for an unbroken number of years; the secretary and treasurer for three years and treasurer for one year, and now the members had bestowed upon him its highest honour. He suggested various methods by which the attendance and interest at their meetings could be improved, and concluded a practical address by reference to the high ideals which inspired the true shorthand teacher in his work.

Mr J. W. Brooks (Sale) gave an exhaustive paper on the subject of the 1903 Shorthand Examinations of the Society of Arts, the Lancashire and Cheshire Union of Institutes, and the I.S.S.T., Theoretic and Speed. At the outset, in discussing the subject of examinations generally, he said that he would ask teachers were they satisfied that shorthand examinations, ie., external examinations (not teachers' own examinations), were for the good of the student? If they were good for the student they must be good for the teacher, as their interests were identical, and if they thought it necessary for students to be examined by an independent body, was not one examination sufficient to serve the purpose? In a word were they not over examined? Although he felt certain that there were too many examinations, he was inclined to think that reasons might be put forward for an independent examination in which the teacher should take no part. If they as teachers decided to give sanction and support to a thoroughly good examination, conducted by those in whom they had the fullest confidence, they should only do so on condition that the regulations were satisfactory. Often the Education Committees took no account of the qualifications of the students, and as a result students were driven in, young and old, fit and unfit, the teacher was expected to lick them into shape, and in many cases students sat for examination who were certain to fail. He did not think any examination satisfactory where so much was left to the tender mercies of inexperienced and careless individuals. It was a great shame that candidates' chances of success should be jeopardized by careless and ill-informed superintendents. He believed it was a fact that superintendents as a rule did not know much about the regulations before getting into the examination room, and, if they came late, as they often did, the candidate must suffer. He suggested as the only solution that an official superintendent should be sent to every centre to see the regulations properly carried out, and he recommended the I.S.S.T. to take up the matter. If the shorthand examination was here to stay, let them have a good one. Let the standard be no lower than the Lancashire and Cheshire Union of Institutes', but at the same time let teachers work under conditions which would enable them to reach that standard. Let the regulations be as perfect as the tests, and let them be carefully carried out. Let them have students whose age and general education will enable them to understand the subject, and who had the desire to learn, then they would not complain and would be willing to be judged by the results.

Messrs J. Berry, G. Bletcher, Sandiford, Blain, Beardwell, Collinge, Beck, Nixon, Karfoot, Cross, Millican, Luckhurst and others joined in a discussion, to which Mr Brooks replied.

S.W.A. WANTED FOR BRISTOL.

Mr G. T. Payne, 13 Milsom street, Stapleton road, Bristol, will be glad to hear from any local phonographers willing to cooperate with him in the establishment of a S.W.A. for Bristol,

MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF COMMERCE.

The committee which was appointed at the meeting held in the Lord Mayor's Parlour some months ago, to raise funds to establish a Faculty of Commerce in the Manchester University, announces that an income of £1,200 a year clear for five years has already been assured. The minimum amount asked for was £1,500 a year for five years, and it is hoped that the additional £300 a year needed to complete this sum will shortly be subscribed. The promoters of the scheme are sanguine that a five years' experiment will demonstrate the value of higher education for business as plainly at least in Manchester as it did in London, provided that the enterprise is not cramped at the outset through lack of funds.Manchester Guardian.

LONDON AND THE PROVINCES.

The Editor will be greatly obliged by receiving marked copies of any local journals that contain paragraphs or comments on subjects likely to be of interest to the readers of this Journal.

The prize distribution of the Lewes Evening School took place recently at the Co-operative Hall. Councillor Every, who presided, said that a debt of gratitude was due to the Co-operative Society, for it was almost entirely owing to that body that the school was launched on its successful career, and he pointed out that with the fees earned it had been selfsupporting. Mr A. G. Sole, the secretary, stated that the school came into existence in 1897, when there was nothing of the kind in the town. In the second session a shorthand class was started under Mr G. E. Muddell, and the committee were abundantly satisfied with the results. At the recent examination eight third-class, four second-class, and three speed certificates for 60 words per minute had been won; in all 53 certificates had been gained since the shorthand class was formed. French, book-keeping, and commercial geography were among other subjects in which gratifying progress had been made.

The following are the results of the examinations held at the Totnes Grammar School on 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th April, in connection with the Totnes School of Commerce classes, conducted by Mr W. H. Frost. Devon County Council Examinations Shorthand: Preparatory Stage (five candidates). First Class-F. Barrett, Mary Heath. Second Class-Mabel B. Baker, H. Stupart. Third Class-Mabel Knott. Shorthand: Elementary Stage (two candidates).— Second Class-F. Revell. Third Class-G. Yeoman, junr. Shorthand: Advanced Stage (three candidates). —Second Class-S. Beatrice Mitchelmore, G. Day, A. Maud Wendon. Business Methods: Elementary Stage (five candidates).First Class-A. Maud Wendon, H. Stupart. Third ClassMabel Knott, L. von Stockhausen, R. A. Matthews. Bookkeeping: Elementary Stage.-First Class-H. Stupart. Second Class-A. Maud Wendon. Third Class-P. Widdicombe, J. E. Youldon, Lucy Nicoll. Pitman's Shorthand Examination.- The following were the successful candidates in the above examination held on 9th April :First Class (full) proficiency certificate.-S. Beatrice Mitchelmore, G. B. Day. First Class (speed) certificate, 80 words per minute.-S. Beatrice Mitchelmore, G. B. Day. Elementary certificates. -Mary Heath, H. Stupart, F. Barrett, M. Knott.

SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT.

Teachers of Phonography and Secretaries of Shorthand Writers' Associations are invited to send us Announcements of Classes, Meetings, Lectures, Discussions, etc., for this column. Announcements are inserted free of charge.

ALDERSHOT. School of Shorthand and Typewriting, 8 Wellington street. Mr S. H. German has started elementary and advanced shorthand and typewriting (Yost) classes at the above address. Terms and full particulars on application.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Answers to all inquiries relating to Shorthand, Typewriting, Commercial Education, Commercial Law, the Civil Service, and kindred subjects, will be published as soon after receipt as possible, but correspondents are requested to bear in mind that in some instances research taking time may be needful before satisfactory information can be furnished, and also that this Journal is sent to press eleven days in advance of the date of publication. Correspondents can be answered under initials or a pseudonym, whichever they prefer, but their names and addresses must be forwarded as a guarantee of good faith. All letters of inquiry should be addressed EDITOR, PITMAN'S PHONETIC JOURNAL, PHONETIC INSTITUTE, Bath.

SHORTHAND Outlines, etc.-The phrase A. (Madras) suggests appears to us a useful one.-J. W. S. is advised that our reply to a Jamaican correspondent (p. 498) was, through our omission to quote the question put to us, unintentionally misleading. The question had reference to par. 125 (d) of the Instructor, and we pointed out that the employment of upward after ʼn was very rare. As an example we mentioned the Dictionary outline for unload.-In whatever sense the word is used, beat is correctly pronounced as only, the pronunciation bit has no authority,

though it is occasionally heard.-Constant Reader will find the reason why some outlines in the Reporting Style are vocalized in par. 238 of the Instructor. In reply to our correspondent's second question, we certainly do not recommend a general deviation from the rules of the system in order to secure more facile outlines. The outline for ford should be but the termination -ford is represented either by Cor and vocalization is usually unnecessary.

READING NOTES.-Bad Outlines has mastered the instruction books thoroughly and attained to a speed of 90 words, but he cannot read his notes.-Our correspondent has evidently been acquiring speed at the expense of legibility. He should have regular practice at a lower rate, taking care to form his notes accurately, and he should carefully read over all that he has written, taking note of bad outlines and inaccuracies with a view to their avoidance in the future. A portion at any rate of his practice should be from matter given in longhand and shorthand, so that he may revise what he has written by the printed shorthand. He should also read as much printed shorthand as possible. With care in writing and plenty of reading practice, our correspondent may readily overcome his besetting difficulty.

PROFESSOR OF SHORTHAND.-A. (Mysore) inquires whether the holder of Pitman's Full Certificate or of a teacher's diploma is entitled to be called a professor of shorthand?-We do not advise it, because the title of professor is recognised as the designation of a university teacher. Those who give instruction in shorthand should call themselves shorthand teachers, and mention the qualifications they hold. We are not sufficiently acquainted with Indian life to be able to advise as to salaries.

TYPISTS' TRADE UNION.-M. asks for the name and address of the secretary of this body. Will some reader be good enough to furnish it?

THIRD WRITER IN THE NAVY.-Albert asks what deductions there are for food and lodging, and whether the result and the papers set at the May examination will be published.-Third Writers have, of course, free quarters and rations, they rank as petty officers and wear a uniform of dark cloth. They pay for clothing and for extras in food. After 1st Jan., 1904, the conditions of service throughout the Navy will be considerably improved. Suppers not now supplied free will be provided, and butter, now an extra, will be served out. Owing to purchasing by contract and Naval messing arrangements, the cooking of rations and providing of extras in the Navy is done well and cheaply. The papers and results for the May examination will not be published.

BOOKS FOR CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS.-Subscriber inquires what books are generally used in Civil Service examinations for English History, Geography, Algebra, Geometry, and Euclid. He does not state for what particular examinations.

For Boy Clerkships use Ransome's History; Pitman's Commercial Geography of the World (price 2s. 6d.); Hall and Knight's Algebra, and Hall and Stevens's Euclid. The last two books are the Elementary text-books, not the Advanced. Excepting where otherwise stated, the published price is about 3s. 6d.

POST OFFICE CLERKS' EXAMINATION FOR DOUBLE INCREMENT.-T. D. S. requires information respecting the examinations to be passed by Post Office Clerks (established of course) to entitle them to double increment.-He should be able to obtain all the details from his Postmaster or Chief Clerk, and either gentleman would know whether T. D. S. is eligible for the double increment. The examinations are: (1) a First-class, Advanced Stage, Board of Education Certificate in Electricity and Magnetism; and (2) the Certificate of the City and Guilds of London Institute in Practical Telegraphy and Telephony. In the latter (practical) subjects the handicapping seems hardly favourable to the Provincial P.O. Clerk, except in towns like Manchester and, perhaps, Birmingham.

POST OFFICE LEARNER, PROVINCIAL.-W. G. attempted to enter the Post Office as a Learner before he had reached the lowest limit of age for the post he sought, and appears to regard himself as unsuccessful because he failed.-Age limits in the Civil Service are final, and a single day too old or too young would disqualify a man even if he sat for and passed the literary test. We gave full details of open examinations for Post Office Learners last week, and, if our correspondent has any prospect of passing, and the post is what he desires to obtain, he should sit for the examination at the centre nearest to him, but should apply at once.

INDIA CIVIL SERVICE COMPULSORY AND OPTIONAL SUBJECTS.-L. W. G. asks which of the optional subjects he must take, and what text-books he should use.-None of the twenty-one subjects which may be taken are obligatory, but candidates may offer any or all of them. No candidate, however, who is a mere smatterer in a subject, need be examined in it, as a deduction from the marks obtained in each subject is made, and the numbers shown in the mark list represent the surplus of marks gained after this deduction has taken place. No man but a University graduate has the faintest prospect of success in this examination. of 94 appointments made on the result of last year's examination, one man only did not hold a degree, and he was educated at Haileybury, and stood 91st on the list, the Cambridge 7th Wrangler of the year standing 24th only with a total of 2,611 marks, against the first candidate's magnificent score of 5,382.

Out

CIVIL SERVICE Medical EXAMINATION, DEAFNESS.-D.W. E. asks whether deafness of one ear affects the medical examination for the Civil Service.-The Commissioners regard as a disqualification "Impaired hearing, or discharge from one or both ears, disease or thickening of the lining membrane of the external ear." If in doubt our correspondent should get the opinion of his own medical man, or sit for the examination and take his luck in the medical test.

FEMALE TYPISTS, LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.-Nancie asks what are the subjects, whether, on passing, one enters into a vacancy at once, and where are the examinations held.-The vacancies are advertised from time to time, and applications to enter have to be made to the Clerk to the Council, L.C.C. Offices, Spring Gardens, London. The age limits are 18 to 25, and the examination fee 5s. The preliminary subjects are Dictation and Handwriting, Copying Manuscript, Arithmetic (Simple and Compound Rules, Weights and Measures and Reduction), and Geography or History. Half marks have to be secured in each, and candidates who wish to qualify for superior work, in addition to typewriting, may take a further examination in Advanced Arithmetic (vulgar and decimal fractions); Composition and Shorthand (80-100 words a minute). Candidates who pass the preliminary examination undergo an examination in Typewriting, and upon the result appointments are offered as vacancies arise. The salary is £1 per week, rising to £1 5s. in Class II., and in Class I. to £1 10s. weekly. The examination takes place in London only. Nancie's handwriting can be improved by practice only. Use Pitman's Copy Books, and study for this examination at Pitman's Metropolitan School.

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PLAINT FEEs-Præcipe on ISSUING DEFAULT SUMMONSCROSSING CHEQUES.-Algy asks several questions on these points. As to plaint fees, the Treasury Order of 22nd February, 1901, provides as follows: "For every plaint one shilling in the pound. Where the claim or demand exceeds 40s. and an ordinary summons has to be served by a bailiff, an additional fee of one shilling. This fee is not to be taken where a default summons is issued, or in any case in which a fee for service is prescribed by schedule B." Schedule B provides "for every default summons to be served by a bailiff," an extra shilling for each defen. dant. There is a maximum plaint fee. We do not quite understand the point of Algy's second question. A præcipe has to be filed on entering every plaint, whether it be an ordinary plaint or one for a default summons, and whether it be entered in the "home court," that is in the district in which the plaintiff resides, or in a "foreign court," the court belonging to the district in which the defendant (but not the plaintiff) resides. Where a default summons is issued and the solicitor wishes it served otherwise than by the bailiff, he has to make his request for service" otherwise" in the præcipe. Algy's third question "If crossing a cheque as follows: 'under £5,' or under £10,' etc., is a safeguard, why not always make use of this crossing?" can only answer by remarking that there is no reason why the practice should not be generally adopted. It is not so adopted because most people do not think it necessary except in rare instances. Algy's other question asking for the meaning of seven special legal terms we must defer till next week.

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GEOGRAPHICAL INQUIRIES.-W. J., after searching in a dozen geographies and maps without success, asks us where or what is Yukon-If our correspondent had consulted "Pitman's Commercial Geography" he would have found under Canada particu lars of the Yukon district of the North-West Territories, which has a special form of government and comprises the Klondike gold fields. It is named after the river Yukon, of which the Klon, dike river is a tributary. Our correspondent further asks, how many British Viceroys there are and where. According to Whitaker the only representative of the King who bears this title is the Viceroy of India.

BANK EXAMINATIONS.-M. C. P. will find from the prospectus of Pitman's Metropolitan School, which we have forwarded to him, that book-keeping is neither an obligatory nor an optional subject in any of the bank examinations. The subjects actually required are fully stated in the prospectus.

HANDWRITING.-Eric's handwriting is a very good business style; its appearance would be improved, however, if he invariably wrote the small d in the orthodox fashion, and also looped small g.-Stanley writes a satisfactory hand, which would be suitable for book-keeping, but some of his capitals could be improved.By careful practice F. G. M. might convert his handwriting into a good regular style; he should study Pitman's "Business Handwriting" (price is.).-E. A. G's. handwriting is unsuited for office work; he should endeavour to write a more neat and compact hand; work with Vere Foster's Upright Series, No. 12, would help him.-J. V. S. writes a fairly neat hand, which would be improved if made slightly more upright.-If B. H. S. avoids flourishes, makes a proper distinction between thick (down) strokes and fine (up) strokes, and loops g, y, etc., in the proper way, he will materially improve the appearance of his writing.

MISCELLANEOUS.-There is no suburban association in Eric's district; he would find membership of the London Phonetic S.W.A. most helpful, particulars are announced on the next page. Tired-of-Waiting should endeavour to obtain a situation through the employment bureau of the typewriter she operates. It is much preferable to have lessons from a teacher in modern languages, though some proficiency can be attained by unaided efforts. French would probably be the easiest language to begin with, and Marlborough's "French Self-Taught" (price is.) would suit our correspondent.-M. M. S. might hear of a French lady willing to exchange conversation lessons through the medium of an announcement similar to those under the heading Corre;

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