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PITMAN'S SHORTHAND CERTIFICATES.

The following Certificates are issued :

THIRD CLASS OR ELEMENTARY Certificate, for thorough knowledge of the "Phonographic Teacher"; "Shorthand Primer, Book I."; or 20th Cent. "Manual" or "Instructor," as far as Chap. xvii. Fee 6d. Every student after having worked through the "Teacher" is recommended to test his knowledge by applying for this Certificate.

SECOND CLASS OR THEORY CERTIFICATE, for a thorough know. ledge of the 20th Cent. "Manual"; or "Instructor," Chaps. 1-xxvi. ; or "Shorthand Primer, Book II." Fee 2s. FIRST CLASS OR SPEED Certificate. Speed Certificates are granted for 60 words per minute and upwards. Fee Is. 6d. FULL CERTIFICATE OF PROFICIENCY.-When a Second Class Certificate and a First Class Certificate for 80 words have been obtained, a Full Certificate is issued, certifying that the holder has a thorough theoretical and practical knowledge of Phonography. Fee IS.

Forms of Application for the above Certificates, containing ful particulars, can be had gratis and post-free from any of th Offices of Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd

NOTICES.

Each Notice should be written on one side only of a separate piece of paper. Every Notice under the head of Correspondence must give ful name and address.

Correspondents are requested to write their address clearly in ordin ary longhand. If they wish to receive replies in Phonography, a star should be attached to the name; thus, John Smith.*

Notices of all kinds must reach Bath at least eleven days before the date of the Journal for which they are intended.

Every communication addressed to the Editor of this Journa/ must be authenticated by the name and address of the writer.

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Correspondence, etc. 1d. per line of ten words. Lincoln.-Phonographer in this town wishes to meet with another for mutual improvement and speed practice. Write Miss Fisher, 3 Norman st., Lincoln.

Correspondence desired (Easy Reporting Style) with phonographers in all parts of the world, Great Britain excepted. Arthur I. Edwards, 37 Jolliffe st., Liverpool, S.

Correspondence desired in the Reporting Style. Lim Koon Tye (Chinese), c/o Guthrie and Co., Ltd., Singapore, Straits Settlements.

24] Pictorial post card correspondence invited. Shorthand or longhand. Heraldic cards preferred. Fred Ingham, junr., 116 Clarendon st., Hull. Correspondence desired on pictorial post cards. Longhand. Heraldic cards only. Miss M. Brunton, Rossall, Fleetwood, Lancashire.

Unused pictorial post cards, 44d dozen. F. Halmshaw, North st., Heckmondwike.

Pictorial post cards.- Correspondence desired, shorthand or longhand, in all parts of the world. Prompt replies. Gordon L. Hickin, c/o P.O. Box 28, New Plymouth, New Zealand. [22] Pictorial post cards.-Correspondence desired (longhand or shorthand). Replies to all. Leonard Hallam, 2 Thornes lane, Wakefield.

Associations. 1d. per line of ten words.

Phonetic Shorthand Writers' Association (London District I.P.S.). The Arcadian Restaurant, 8 Queen st., Cheapside.-The principal Shorthand Association in the kingdom. Meetings held every Thursday evening from 7 to 10. Regular speed practice conducted at various rates by experienced phonographers. Lectures by well-known shorthand writers; discussions, etc. Speed examinations held periodically. Centre for Society of Arts shorthand examination and for Pitman's medal competitions. (Members sit at these examinations and at the I.P.S. Teacher's Exam. at reduced fees.) Shorthand library and other advantages. Fees, including speed practice, 10s 6d per annum or 38 per quarter. All phonographers (ladies or gentlemen) are eligible for membership. Prospectus, with full particulars, on application to Secretary, H. J. Cork, 2 Reedholm road, Stoke Newington, London, N. [24]

Evercirculators and Libraries. id. per line of ten words

An evercirculator is a manuscript phonographic magazine, consisting of articles written by the individual members, one member acting as conductor. The book passes round, and each round members contribute an article and remarks, or take part in the discussion. A leaflet containing further particulars forwarded from the Phonetic Institute, Bath, on receipt of id stamp.

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Evercirculator paper in three varieties, of superior quality, five quires Is 6d; headings and title-pages, 3d per doz.; covers, cloth is, leather is 6d. Samples for id. Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd. [x]

New Ideal Evercirculator (No. 3). Members wanted. Interesting articles, discussions. No subscription, entrance fee 6d only. Send at once. If particulars wanted, enclose stamp. Joseph Archer, 46 Weston st., Coventry.

Mid-Derbyshire Phonographer, just commencing. Phonographers (ladies or gentlemen), particularly those residing in Derbyshire, are invited to join this evercirculator. Send stamp for particulars. Ernest Roome,* Leslie house, Swanwick, Derbyshire. 221

Members wanted for the Ulster evercirculator, just commencing. Send stamp for particulars W. Bickerstaff, 28 Denmark st., Belfast.

The Gordon Shorthand Library circulates all the leading magazines. Subscription 6d per month. Is 3d per quar er. Particulars post-free. A month's trial solicited. Conductor, A. T. Bean, I Victoria rd., Stoke Newington, London, N. [221 The best Library is the Telegraph, established ten years, circulating all the magazines, including Australian magazine; quarterly subscription Is 3d; always vacancies, particulars stamp. Conductor, J. H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London. 33

The 20th Century Commercial Library, over 160 books available for the use of members. Shorthand, typewriting, French, German, Spanish, and commercial books, together with copies of all English and foreign shorthand magazines. Subscription one penny per week. Splendid opportunity of studying large selections of works at a small cost. Full particulars for stamp. J. H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London, S.E. 33 Second-hand Books, Shorthand or Phonetic for Sale, or Exchange, or Wanted, id. per line of ten words; Miscellaneous Books, 3d. per line. Wanted in exchange for 10s 6d Parker fountain pen (new), Pitman's Business Man's Guide, and Key to Book-keeping Simplified. Any other offers for same considered. E. J.Sercombe, 81 Earle st., Yeovil.

Wanted, cheap, 20th Century Instructor (Pitman's), with or without Key. What offers for Reporter's Companion and Phrase Book, neatly bound, slightly used, published 1869? 7 Gill st., Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent. A poor phonographer, who has had the misfortune to lose the use of his leg, and being almost entirely confined to his chair, would be very thankful for any kind of reading matter (shorthand or common print) to while the time. Grateful thanks for what has been received. Ling, 43a COLnaught st., London, W.

Wanted, Pitman's Manual of Business Training, Business Correspondence in Shorthand and Key. Miss Harvey, 38 Cambridge rd., Southendon-Sea. [23]

Books worth buying, good condition, is 6d each, post-free. Phonographic Quarterly Review, vol. 2; Book of Common Prayer, in roan, gilt edges, covers slightly soiled; Reed's Reporters' Guide; Pitman's Reporters' Reading Book, with key in longhand, marked for speed practice; Reporters' Hand-book and Vade Mecum; Phonography adapted to French, number of copies of each for sale; Tom Brown's Schooldays in Shorthand given away with any three; the seven books for 8s, sent abroad for 9s 6d. J. H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London. [26] Manual and Key, is; vol. 20, Shorthand Weekly, Is 2d; Reporters' Journal (unbound), 2s; Dictionary, 3s. Frank Halmshaw, North st., Heckmondwike.

For sale, two years Phonetic Journal from May, 1901, in good condition. W. Liberty, 10 Robert st., London, N.W.

For sale, Pitman's Shorthand Dictionary, 2s 9d; British Orations, two vols., 4s; Pilgrim's Progress, Is 2d; Pitman's Progressive Studies, 20th Century Edition, rod; Gleanings from Popular Authors, Is; Shorthand Commercial Letter Writer, 1od; Key to ditto, 4d; two Pitman's Manuals, Is; two Teachers and Key, 9d; Sloan Duplovan Instructor, IS; 12 Phonetic and Typewriting Magazines, 7d: or offers, carriage forward. Coombs, 119a High st., Oxford.

For sale, a few vols. of Pitman's Shorthand Weekly, bound, as new. Bargains, is 6d each, post-free (cost 38 6d). W. J. Eburn, 47 St Andrew's rd., Southampton.

What offers? Shorthand Weekly and Phonetic Journal, 25th Nov, 1899, to 1st Feb., 1902. Unbound, clean. Culshaw, Workhouse, Blackburn.

For sale, Reed's Reporter's Guide, is 3d; Shorthand Examinations and How to Pass them, 44d; Psalms in shorthand, 9d; Manual, is; Teacher, 4d: Manual, published in 1871, 9d: Teacher (1869), 3d. Apply G. S. Cope, Surrey lodge, Queen's rd, South Norwood, London, S.E. For sale, Pitman's Phonetic Journal for 1900-1-2. T. H. Francis, 37 Cumberland st., Carlisle.

For sale, new and second-hand Shorthand and Commercial books and magazines. List post-free. A. T. Bean, 1 Victoria rd., Stoke Newington, London, N. [22] Thousands of books and magazines (shorthand) for sale, all good condition. If you require anything, you cannot do better than drop me a line, with stamp, stating requirements, and I can meet them. J H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London. [27]

Reading practice for the coming holidays, etc. 6s. worth shorthand magazines in new condition, all different, post-free is 6d, sent any part of the world for money order for 2s; splendid and unequalled value. J. H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London. [27] For sale, few copies of Oliver McEwan's Verbatim Reporting, post-free, Is Id. J. H. Simmons, 2 Rokeby rd., Brockley, London, SE. [26]

SUBSCRIPTION RATES.-This Journal may be ordered through any Bookseller, Newsagent, or Railway Bookstal', or by post direct from the Publishers. The terms to all parts of the world are 19. 8d. per quarter; 3s. 3d. per half year; or 6s. 6d. per year, payable in advance. Subscriptions may commence with any number. Monthly part, 5d., post-free 7d.; terms of subscription same as above.

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OFFICE REFERENCE BOOKS.

Within recent years comments, lamentations, and advice on the never-failing theme of the supposed shortcomings of the British commercial man and his assistants, have poured in plenty from public platforms and through the columns of the newspaper press. But it is not too much to say, that the majority of the speakers and writers who have favoured the world with their opinions upon this topic, have not given evidence of any intimate familiarity with the interior of the ordinary business office. Perhaps it is because their criticisms so often come from outside that one so seldom sees among them any mention of the importance of having always available in the office a number of up-to-date works of reference. It is easy to talk vaguely of the need for greater efficiency: but efficiency is to be promoted only by careful attention to details. Well-edu. cated, alert men are wanted, of course, but the office itself must be properly equipped; and no office is properly equipped that does not contain as part of its furniture a collection of such books as will place at the disposal of the office staff, at a moment's notice, information on points that are certain to arise in the particular calling that is there pursued.

The necessity of provision of the kind seems so obvious, that its absence one would think would be rare. But it is a fact that many mercantile offices are miserably deficient in this respect. Information that in the interest of employers themselves ought to be immediately accessible to members of the staff can only be obtained with difficulty. It has to be "picked up"

piecemeal as opportunity offers. Such knowledge as the clerk acquires of the business, its technicalities, its usages, the customary procedure between different persons engaged in the same calling, and the thousand and one points that the clerk needs to understand in order to perform his duties with efficiency and with satisfaction to himself and his employer, comes to him in a haphazard way bit by bit. He has to "muddle " through his work, gathering experience through mistakes that cause trouble, annoyance, and sometimes loss that could easily have been avoided. Even in the good old days, when transactions proceeded leisurely, and there was generally time to rectify an error, and the employer was not too busy to exercise a constant supervision over the details of the work of his assistants, the lack of books of reference caused occasional inconvenience. But the inconvenience then was as nothing to that which results from the same cause now. the telephone always at one's elbow, promptness is indispensable. The numerous questions that crop up daily, questions that for the right answer require information that few people can retain in their memory, cannot be dealt with satisfactorily or speedily unless books are at hand that may be consulted on the spot. The increasing complexity of modern businesses and of modern transactions makes such books more than ever necessary in the office.

With

In the past commercial books of reference were scanty and expensive. They were scanty because there was little demand for them, and the same fact accounted largely for their costliness. The sale being small the price had to be high. But in late years the enterprise of publishers has done much to alter the conditions. Useful works of reference have shown a marked tendency to multiply, and while works of a certain kind must necessarily be expensive to produce and, therefore, high in price, the total cost of a supply of books such as are needed in the office, is much smaller than it would have been a generation ago. At the same time the necessity for such a supply is far more urgent. Making bricks without straw is notoriously an unsatisfactory process, and carrying on a business through the medium of assistants who have not at their disposal information that is wanted for the purpose of that business, is pre-eminently wasteful and foolish. Yet customs that grew up in the past dictate much of the procedure of the present, and many a modern office is organized on the plan of a period that has gone. That a transformation is taking place in the arrangements of the British house of business is evident enough, even to the outsider. That transformation will not be complete until the supply of office furniture includes in every case a sufficiency of good books of reference.

Mr R. Wood (teacher's diploma) has removed to 4 Mary Vale road, Stirchley, Birmingham, where he has considerably increased accommodation for his shorthand pupils,

The I.P.S. Quarterly Journal for May is a number of more than usual interest and value to all associated with the Society. Included in the contents is a full report of the papers and speeches at the London Conference; there is a budget of information relative to the General, the Teachers' and the Typists' sections, and the thirty-first annual report and balance sheet of the London District are given.

A very attractive booklet has been issued containing the program of the proceedings at the Annual Joint Conference of the Incorporated Society of Shorthand Teachers and the National Federation of S.W.A's., which takes place at the Town Hall and Cutlers' Hall, Sheffield, on Saturday, 30th May, and Whit Monday, 1st June. There are morning and afternoon gatherings on both days; on Saturday at 10.30 at the Town Hall and 2.15 at the Cutlers' Hall, and on Monday at the Cutlers' Hall at 10.30 and 2.15. A cordial invitation is extended to all interested in commercial education and to all teachers and shorthand writers to attend the gatherings.

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From the new "Bulletin" of the Willis-Byrom Club we gather that owing to the difficulties and delays attendant upon the reproduction in facsimile of John Willis's anony. mous work of 1602, the Publication Committee have postponed the issue of it, and are preparing instead, as the 1902-3 Club publication, a volume to be entitled Baileyana,' consisting of a monograph of Phinehas Bailey, the Vermont shorthand author, and his works, to be illustrated with a complete photo-engraved facsimile of his 1831 "Pronouncing Stenography," which is stated to be the earliest issue of his true phonographic system. Only one original copy is known to exist. To add to the interest and value of the work, a genuine shorthand manuscript written by Bailey will be inserted in each book, and also a specimen of the shorthand type he used for his 1831 editions, invented and cast by himself. This memorial of the American Isaac Pitman not fail to have great interest for stenographic bibliophiles everywhere.

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TYPEWRITING NOTES.

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The Stower writing machine, manufactured by Mr Bernhard Stower, of Stettin-Grunhof, Germany, has lately been placed on the market.

Rapid preparations are being made in the United States for the manufacture of the Monarch typewriter, a visible writing machine for which great success is predicted.

It is not generally known that carbon paper is very inflammable, and should therefore be stored with care. Some shipping companies decline altogether to carry it as ordinary cargo.

The appearance of the Underwood typewriter on the British market has so often been predicted for the near future, that we naturally hesitate to credit the latest rumour, to the effect that the Underwood campaign will be opened in London next month. In any event, we may expect to see the machine here this year.

There will be an exhibition of writing machines at Bordeaux this year, in association with the stenographic society of the south-west of France. M. le Secrétaire General de la Société de Sténographie du Sud-Ouest de la France, à l'Athénée, 53 Rue des Trois-Conils, has charge of the arrangements.

Nearly all the standard typewriters in America are selling rapidly, and the manufacturers find it very difficult to keep pace with the demand for writing machines which has been occasioned by the activity in trade so noticeable in America. The typewriter exports from the States for the seven months ending 31st January, 1903, aggregated $2,119,561 as against $1,751,789 for the seven months ending 31st January, 1902.

There are a couple of suggestive references to typewriting in Mr Henry Sell's new "Dictionary of the World's Press.' The average journalist is obliged to write at such high speed that his caligraphy has a tendency to degenerate into an almost unreadable scrawl. In an article on the educational qualifications for the craft, a Member of the Institute of Journalists' Examination Committee is constrained to remark that "A journalist should learn how to write, or use a typewriter, though in the latter case it is desirable that he should be able to manipulate it with some degree of accuracy." It is unquestionable that there might be a much more general use of the writing machine by British journalists, with benefit to themselves and to all who handle their copy. This is obvious from an observation in an article of another contributor on "The Sub-Editor's Burden." In referring to the manuscript which finds its way to the sub-editor's desk he observes, regarding typewritten matter, that it is "an excellent innovation in these latter days."

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ments.

Owing to the very successful reception accorded to "Modern Typewriting," a second edition of this thoroughly practical guide to the manipulation of the writing machine has been called for, and has recently made its appearance. The work is substantially the same as the original edition, but advantage has naturally been taken of the opportunity which reprinting has afforded to introduce various improveIt should, however, be noted that the order of the pages and contents with an exception to be noted presently-is identical, so that the new edition can be used freely and without the slightest inconvenience by teachers who introduced the work into their schools on its first appearance. The improvements include half-a-dozen, or more, new illustrations, which add materially to the value of the Manual, although, of course, those which appeared in the first edition were unexceptionable in point of merit. A few revisions and improvements have been effected in the letterpress, the most important being the preparation of a new Chapter XXIX., dealing with adjustments. Much additional information and guidance has been incorporated in this chapter, but it occupies exactly the same number of pages as before. No better guide to the manipulation of the Smith Premier typewriter could be desired than the second edition of " Modern Typewriting," and it may be safely anticipated that all teachers who adopted the work on its first appearance will welcome the new issue.

Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press and Advertisers' Reference Book, 1903. By Henry Sell. Twenty-third year. 992 pp. London: 167 and 168 Fleet street, E.C. Price 7s. 6d.

The present issue of this admirable Press Guide is remarkable from the fact that it is the first sent out by Mr Sell since Edward VII. was crowned. Very appropriately it contains a remarkably comprehensive and complete illustrated account of the British Empire, with particulars of every town in His Majesty's vast dominions in which a newspaper is published. The details relative to the Fourth Estate at home and beyond the sea embrace, as usual, all the information which can possibly be desired, ready reference to which is greatly facilitated in the new edition by the introduction of a thumb index. The foreign Press is also completely recorded. Mr Sell keeps up his laudable custom of prefacing the directory proper with numerous articles by journalistic authorities on the history, developments, and methods of the Press. These comprise much sprightly writing by free lances of the London Press Club, and solid and useful information by other journalists. Mr A. Paterson contributes an able article on "The Local Weekly Press," while Mr E. Porritt furnishes a concise outline history of Parliament and the Press.

PHONOGRAPHIC PIONEERS IN

YORKSHIRE.

BY ALEXANDER PATERSON, F.J.I.

Sixty years, or thereabouts, have elapsed since Pitman's Phonography first gained a permanent footing in Yorkshire. In the issue of the Journal for 24th May, 1902, I gave a narrative of the circumstances connected with its introduction to the county; but it has been suggested that a brief sketch of its progress therein during the succeeding nine or ten years might not be altogether devoid of interest, and such sketch I shall now endeavour to supply.

The success of the early phonographic propaganda throughout the country was phenomenal. Mr Pitman's early missionaries, if such we may term them, were young men of great faith and boundless enthusiasm. They believed in both Phonography and Phonotypy, and, though the language in which they indulged may now seem to us a trifle extravagant, no one who knew them ever doubted their honesty and sincerity. Their zeal may have at times somewhat outrun their discretion, promises being made which were not destined to be realized, but then we have to bear in mind that if they erred, it was the love they bore to learning which was at fault, and that, after all, their errors always leant to virtue's side. They were not infallible, and hence the little mistakes into which they sometimes unwittingly fell.

In the paper above quoted, I gave the names of Edward Ridgway, of Sheffield, and Henry Burrill, of Hull, as those of the first Yorkshire phonographers to have their names enrolled as members of the Phonographic Corresponding Society. As the result of a more minute inspection of the lists in the Phonotypic Journal for 1843. I have found an earlier name, that of William Hipsley, of Hull, who joined a month earlier than did Mr Ridgway, viz., in June, 1843, when the Society was only some three months old; and, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, he is entitled to the first place among Yorkshire phonographers, that is, so far as membership of the Society is concerned. The list published at the end of 1844 told a different tale. The Hull contingent then numbered five, the other parts of the county bringing up the total to over sixty. All these, with the exception of the Hull five, belonged to the West Riding, the North Riding being entirely unrepresented. Of course, there would be phonographers in other Yorkshire towns, still the lists of members then constituted a tolerably reliable test of the strength or weakness of the cause in any given county or district. In all parts, a great deal would depend upon the lecturers and teachers, and the encouragement given by them to their pupils to become members of the Society.

The intelligence department of the Phonotypic Journal for 1843 does not contain the name of a single Yorkshire town, although the art had already gained a tolerably firm footing in the adjoining county of Lancaster, and also in the North of England towns, as Newcastle, etc. By the end of the following year, however, reports had been received from, among other places, Ackworth, Wakefield, Pontefract, Halifax, Huddersfield, Hull, Bradford, Keighley, Sheffield, Leeds, and Beverley. There is a report from Mr S. H. Wegg, giving some account of the work in Leeds; and also one from Mr Joseph Pitman, with whom was associated Mr Thomas Allen Reed. An account of the campaign of the two latter is given in Mr Reed's "Chapters in the Early History of Phonography." pp. 11 to 14. Among the other lecturers and teachers who laboured in the county during 1844 were Messrs Woodward, Walker, Withers, Quinton, Burrill, etc. Messrs Joseph Pitman and Reed's campaign at Sheffield during February and March, 1844, is also described in his "Chapters in the Early History of Phonography," pp. 14 to 23. A list of duly accredited lecturers and teachers then engaged in the exercise of their profession in various towns of Great Britain and Ireland appears in a supplement to the Phonotypic Journal for 1844, the names being as under: Joseph Pitman and T. A. Reed, Benn Pitman and Henry Pitman, F E. Wood

ward and T. Walker, W. C. Ward and Henry Burrill, J. W. Cannon and Joseph Merrin, Geo. Withers, J. H. Mogford, J. R. Quinton, William Jenkins, and W. C. Smith. It may be noted here that the sole survivors of this noble band after the lapse of nigh sixty years are Messrs Benn and Henry Pitman, the former born 24th July, 1822, and the latter 19th Sept., 1827. If I mistake not, those are the only two phonographers now known to be alive who learned to write in accordance with the 1837 edition of the system.

The year 1845 would seem to have been, comparatively speaking, an uneventful year, so far as Yorkshire was concerned. Not a great deal of fresh ground appears to have been broken, but much quiet work was done at Halifax, Huddersfield, Saddleworth, and elsewhere in classes conducted by local phonographers. The same remark applies to 1846. The reports are few and meagre, what work was done being for the most part accomplished by native talent.

During 1847 another phonographic lecturer and teacher, long favourably known in the North of England, made his appearance in the West Riding. I allude to Mr James Hornsby, of Newcastle, who had already done good work in the counties of Durham and Northumberland. Mr Hornsby, who had originally been trained for a mechanical occupation, took up Phonography at an early period in its history, and soon became, not merely a most successful lecturer and teacher, but an expert and painstaking_reporter. Towards the close of this year he turned up at Bramley, near Leeds, where he formed a class comprising no fewer than 300 pupils. Among the places which he subsequently visited were Bradford, Leeds, Dewsbury, and Brighouse, and at each of these places the results were in the highest degree satisfactory. By this time the art had gained a firm footing in the West Riding, but in the East and North Ridings, barring Hull district, its progress would seem to have been, comparatively speaking, slow. This may be attributed to the fact that they contained no very large centres of population, even Middlesbrough, now the industrial capital of the North Riding, being then only a small town.

The year 1848 was, in a sense, an epoch marking year in the annals of phonographic progress. The art had now entered upon the second decade of its history and, with the issue of the eighth edition of the system in 1847, it was believed that it had been brought to something approaching relative perfection. 1848, too, witnessed a change in connection with the working of the orthographic branch of the reform, this, together with the Phonotypic Journal, passing over at the beginning of 1848 to Mr A. J. Ellis. As is well known, the arrangement did not work as it had been hoped it would do; however, it is a fact in the history of the movement which has to be taken into account. One of the chief Yorkshire events of 1848 was the visit of Messrs Benn and Henry Pitman to the county. The first place which the brothers visited would seem to have been the city of York, where their campaign was wound up with a soirée and presentations on 8th November. Curiously enough there is no earlier mention in the Phonetic Journal, as it was now termed, of their labours in the ancient city of Eboracum, but I have been favoured with a few reminiscent notes by Mr Henry Pitman. Among their pupils were the then Lord Mayor, Mr W. Gray, F.G.S., who presided over the soirée, while one of the most promising of their juvenile pupils was the late well-known Mr William Storr, of the Times, then a boy of twelve, who ten years later was Mr Henry Pitman's fellow reporter on the Manchester Guardian. The speeches made at the farewell soirée were of a highly laudatory character, the principal speakers being the Lord Mayor (chairman) and the Rev. W. Hey, M A., principal of St Peter's School. The presentations from the pupils comprised a silver ink stand, a silver pencil case, and a gold pen; a pen and ink drawing of York Minster and other ancient city buildings, with portraits of Caxton, Gutenberg, etc.

Hull was the next Yorkshire town visited, and here the campaign extended into 1849. During the early months of 1849, while the Phonetic News was running its meteoric career, the Phonetic Journal was non-existent, but the first

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named publication contains a few notes bearing upon the work in the commercial capital of the East Riding. the 6th Jan., Messrs Pitman reported that most successful lectures had been given, one being presided over by the Rev. Newman Hall, then pastor of Albion Chapel, and subsequently successively of Surrey Chapel, Blackfriars road, and Christ Church, Westminster Bridge road, London. Mr Hall took a great interest in the art and invited the youthful lecturers to breakfast with him. From his Greek New Testament he read a passage which Mr Henry Pitman took down and read out aloud to his host's entire satisfaction. Among the pupils taught here were the boys attending the Grammar School and those connected with Hull College.

Mr Henry Pitman was at Bath during 1851. Subsequently, Mr Geo. Withers induced him to return to the North, when they visited among other towns Bradford, Leeds, Newcastle, and Sunderland, in which latter town he accepted a reporting appointment on the Sunderland News. It does not, however, fall with our present purpose to follow him outside Yorkshire. Suffice it here to say that during a period of over half-a-century he combined lecturing and teaching with journalistic work, and that in the two former of these departments he was in by gone years no stranger to many Yorkshire towns. He is now spending the evening of his days at Bosbury, near Ledbury, Herefordshire, but his right hand has not yet forgot its cunning, and he still now and again takes a turn at his favourite occupation of notetaking.

It is unnecessary to follow the progress of the art in Yorkshire further. Phonography had by the end of the forties become a great fact, the existence of which could neither be ignored nor explained away, and all over the United Kingdom it was steadily finding its way into newspaper offices. Still, there were not wanting those who ridiculed its claims and decried its merits, as for example, a writer in the Leader newspaper in 1851, who classed it with the female bloomer garb, and predicted the ignominious failure of both to win popular favour!

LEGAL TERMS, PHRASES, AND
ABBREVIATIONS

FOR TYPISTS, AND SHORTHAND AND OTHER
JUNIOR CLERKS.

BY THE AUTHOR OF "ELEMENTARY LAW FOR
SHORTHAND CLERKS AND TYPISTS."

II. TERMS USED IN PROBATE AND ALLIED
MATTERS (CONTINUED).

Death Duties. This term is used to describe collectively the various duties that become payable by reason of a death, in respect of property or income to which persons become entitled in consequence of that particular death. The several duties are variously known as estate duty, settlement estate duty, legacy duty, and succession duty. These are levied under the authority of numerous Acts of Parliament, and the law relating to them is somewhat complex. A brief explanation is all that can be attempted here-sufficient to illustrate the distinctions between the various duties, and the manner in which they are assessed.

(1) ESTATE DUTY. This term is of very recent origin. It was introduced by the Finance Act, 1894 (57 and 58 Vic. Chap 30), and includes all that was formerly covered by the expressions "probate duty," and "administration duty," and more. It used to be the practice to charge a higher rate of duty on the personal estate of a man who died intestate than on the personal estate of a man who left a will, and there was neither probate duty nor administration duty payable in respect of the real estate of the deceased. Furthermore, these duties were only chargeable on property that actually belonged to the deceased on the date of his

death. The Finance Act, 1894, changed all that. It introduced a new scale of duty, and made it payable whether there was a will or an intestacy, and-a change that was far more sweeping-made it payable not only on property belonging to the deceased, but " upon the principal value of all property, real or personal, settled or not settled, which passes on the death of a person who dies after the 1st August, 1894." This provision is extended by definitions in the Act so as actually to include as passing on the death certain property that clearly passed before the death. Thus it includes, among other things, property of which the deceased was "competent to dispose" at his death, whether he actually disposed of it by will or not; it includes also gifts made by the deceased within twelve months before his death; and it also includes gifts made by him at any time during his life, if he retained or enjoyed any interest, no matter how small, in the property given, or reserved to himself any right to have it or any part of it restored to him. This is by no means an exhaustive account of the interpretation which under the Act is put upon the apparently simple expression passing on the death." For further information on the point and for the interpretation of the subsidiary expression competent to dispose," and for the exceptions which qualify the meaning of both expressions, the reader must be referred to the Act itself and to the amending statutes which have been passed since, viz., the Finance Act, 1896 (59 and 60 Vic. Chap. 28), the Finance Act, 1898 (61 and 62 Vic. Chap. 10), and the Finance Act, 1900 (63 and 64 Vic. Chap 7).

The following list showing the graduated rates of Estate Duty now payable may be useful for reference:

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These rates are determined by the total net amount of the estate " passing on the death "-that is to say, the value of the estate after deducting all debts, including mortgage debts, owing by the deceased, or affecting the property that passes on his death, and after deducting also a reasonable amount for the funeral expenses of the deceased-the actual amount expended unless that is, as sometimes happens, clearly excessive.

When the gross amount of the estate does not exceed £100, no e tate duty is payable. When the gross amountthat is to say, without deducting debts or funeral expensesexceeds 100 but does not exceed £300, a fixed duty of 30s. will be accepted in discharge of the claim for estate duty, if the prescribed form of affidavit is used. Similarly, where the estate, being more than 300 but not exceeding £500, without any deduction, a reduced sum of 50s. may be paid in full discharge of the estate duty for which it is liable. But if it turns out subsequently that the estate exceeds £300 or £500, as the case may be, the 30s. or 50s. paid is forfeited, and full duty according to the scale has to be paid on the actual net amount of the estate.

(2) SETTLEMENT ESTATE DUTY.-Where property in respect of which estate duty is payable, is settled by the will of the deceased, or having been settled by some other instrument, passes under that instrument on the death of the deceased, to some person who is not competent to dispose of

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