FROM THE COAL MINE TO THE PRESS.

When the life stories of many of those who have long been accepted as special examples of self-reliance and perseverance are told, such recent additions to the gallery of self-made men as the subject of this sketch deserve recognition. The following narrative of the career of Mr J. A. Martin, the editor of the Loughborough Examiner, furnishes a good example of what perseverance under exceptional difficulties can achieve. He attributes the success he has attained to his knowledge of Pitman's Shorthand. He started in life unknown and unbefriended, and young phonographers in similar circumstances, after reading his history will, we have no doubt, receive a stimulus to emulate his example. He was born at Easington Lane, in the county of Durham, in 1868. His father, who died before his birth, followed the trade of a carpenter and joiner in that colliery village. It was his mother's practice to teach her children-there were two-to read and write. Being unable to support her family she married a coal miner from Lancashire, a man who ever bestowed a fatherly care on the two children. When about six James went to school, but his opportunities for learning were very few. In regard to occupation, there was nothing but coal-mining available, and before he reached the age of twelve he went to the colliery offices-unknown to his parents-and obtained half-time employment on the pit bank at a payment of rod. per day. The family had increased to half a dozen by this time, and young Martin felt keen gratification in taking his first week's earnings of half-a-crown home to his mother. After he commenced work at the coal mine his mind was roused to activity by the reading of "From Log Cabin to White House,' which he had been recommended to peruse by his Sunday School teacher. At the age of thirteen, or thereabouts, he expressed the wish to go down the mine, and his step-father consenting, the matter was arranged with the under manager of the colliery.

The youth's desire for learning became so noticeable that his parents determined to allow him his own way in what he chose to take up. He expressed the wish to attend a night school at Hetton-le-Hole, about a mile and a half away, and was allowed to go there every night after he came out of the coal-mine, where he had been employed eleven hours each day. Upon leaving school one night he walked into the small market place and commenced a search among the oddments on a second-hand bookstall. He was struck with the strokes and curves in an old "Phonographic Teacher," and being anxious to possess the book he inquired the price. The amount asked was a penny beyond his means, but when he made the fact known to the stall-holder his twopence, all the money he possessed, was accepted. He treasured that book for years, until it absolutely tumbled to pieces. The following morning he took the "Teacher" into the pit with him, and to this branch of learning he applied himself with most determined resolution. His duties in the pit at that time were those of a " trapper." For the whole long day— from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m.-he had to open and close a wooden door to miners, ponies, and wagons going in and out of the workings. His post was in a recess in the coal wall, but with the "Phonographic Teacher" he was never lonely. He covered the door with shorthand scores of times a day. He wrote with chalk which he used to beg from the officials as they passed by his way, and he cleaned his "blackboard" with his cap. In less than three months he mastered the "Teacher," and had also taught several of the men and boys working in that particular part of the mine how to write their names in shorthand. All the boys loved to stop and have a chat with him about his "straight strokes and gimmysticks," as they termed them.

Immediately upon completing the "Teacher" he took up the "Manual," but he was taken from the trap door and put to different work-greasing the rollers on the main roadand had not nearly so much leisure time to devote to his studies, for he was for ever on the move cleaning out with a tiny coal-rake, and greasing the rollers for miles each day.

But he carried the "Manual" in his pocket and he pondered over it at every opportunity, utilizing as a blackboard flat pieces of stone, the timbers which supported the roof, and every conceivable thing. Before he got through the book, a youth who had been studying Phonography, and who, three years last September joined the literary staff of the Ilkeston Advertiser, commenced to work in the same mine. They were naturally soon friends. In nine months from commencing young Martin mastered the "Reporter," taking his certificate for proficiency in his step-father's name (Waites) by which he is best known in North-east Durham. At the request of several of his pit colleagues he commenced to teach shorthand at his home, giving two lessons each week for threepence. It is amusing to hear Mr Martin relate how he accommodated all his pupils by borrowing tables and forms from neighbours. He turned out a few excellent phonographers, one or two of whom put their knowledge to good advantage. His brightest pupil, he says, was a William Smith Todd, a pit lad, who joined the reporting staff of the Sunderland Echo at the age of 18 or 19. Every Sunday young Martin attended chapel and took down what he could of the sermon. He always transcribed his notes, and whenever he could not read them it was his custom to seek the aid of the preacher, if he were a local man. Even after he had thoroughly learned the art, he had no hope of ever turning it to use. His mother died when he was quite a youth, but his step-father encouraged him in everything he undertook for his mental improvement. Over and over again, however, he used to say to him, "James, that stuff (meaning shorthand) is for the upper classes, and not for pit lads, I'm afraid you will have to do as I have had to do, work hard all the days of your life."

This did not daunt the young phonographer. One day a boiler explosion occurred at a neighbouring colliery, and anxious to see the wreckage young Martin proceeded to the While sauntering about the pit bank he came across

scene.

a person who was jotting down shorthand in a pocket book. He introduced himself to the scribe, who was a newspaper correspondent in the village of Murton, near Seaham Harbour, and from that day to this they have been true friends. Both were pit lads at the time, and both are now journalists, his friend being Mr T. Armstrong, chief sub-editor of the Yorkshire Herald. Mr Armstrong taught him how to write newspaper paragraphs. A few months after the boiler explosion, the correspondent to the Durham Chronicle left Easington Lane, and Martin was appointed his successor at a salary of 30s, a quarter. Almost every night after doing a hard day's work in the pit he might have been seen on his way to either South Hetton or Moseley-his duties covered three villages- to gather news for his paper. A year or two later he added to his income by contributing local news to the Northern Echo and North Star, but his energies in the interests of his papers brought his work in Easington Lane to a close. On going to the pit between three and four one morning, he was not allowed to descend the mine, and was told that before he could recommence he must see the under manager. Later in the day he called upon the head official, and was soon acquainted with the reason. Whenever a fatality occurred in the pit, it was his custom to communicate the facts to his papers, and he was now politely told that with such startling reports in the newspapers, miners in want of work declined to come to the colliery. He was asked to choose which master he would serve, and told that he must quit the colliery (Elemore) unless he gave up corresponding to the newspapers. He loved newspaper work, and thinking that he might eke out a living in this direction-he had by this time married-he resolved to keep on with newspaper correspondence.

In his efforts to obtain a living by this means Mr Martin utterly failed, and he acquainted the editors of the three papers with his position. Mr J. Marshall, editor of the Northern Echo, invited him to Darlington, and the outcome of his visit was employment at Adelaides Colliery, near Old Shildon, which was owned by Messrs Pease and Partners. Sir Joseph Pease, it may be mentioned, was a shareholder in

44

"

the Echo. At this colliery he worked for about twelve months as a coal hewer, residing at Bishop Auckland. During that period he contributed occasionally to the Newcastle papers. About the beginning of October, 1891, he heard that a new evening paper was being started at Birmingham, and he at once wrote to Mr C. Towler, manager of the Northern Telegraph, Blackburn, who was making the appointments. A few days later he received a letter asking him to be at Durham station at a certain hour on a given date. His identification was to be made known by his holding a blue envelope in his hand near the ticket collector. To present a gentlemanly appearance to Mr Towler, he scoured his hands when he came out of the pit that morning, in order to disguise the fact that he was a miner, (and at that time only a free lance" in journalism). He also borrowed more presentable clothes than he possessed, and set off in fear and trembling for the interview, which, he avers, he will never forget. This was a critical time in Mr Martin's career, as it meant either devoting himself to newspaper work pure and simple, or continuing his colliery work. Mr Towler easily identified him by his envelope, and an adjournment was made to one of the waiting rooms. Producing a long list of towns where men were required, Mr Towler asked, 'Where would you like to go to?" Anywhere, sir," was the reply. He was soon selected for Kettering, Northamptonshire. When all seemed well, and the train in which Mr Towler was travelling to Newcastleon-Tyne was about to start off, came a trying moment. "By the way, what are you, Mr Martin?" queried Mr Towler. After a little hesitation in which there were conflicting emotions, Mr Martin, remembering the old adage that honesty is the best policy, declared that he was a miner. Clapping him on the shoulder from the carriage door, Mr Towler remarked, "You are just the man I want. You stick to us; we've got plenty of that which makes the wheel go round." Intensely gratified in at last gaining a definite position on a newspaper, Mr Martin took the first available train back to Bishop Auckland, after despatching a wire to tell his friends of his success. He was naturally very eager to take up his new employment, but he had to comply with the regulations of the mine and give fourteen days' notice. The fortnight seemed an age to him. His mind was full of his new employment, and not without anxiety as to whether he should succeed in his new calling. A group of his brother miners met him on his last ascent from the pit, anxious to know what he was going to do with his kit and his clothes, which would certainly not be of any use to him in his new profession. His step-father suggested that he should not part with what he possessed, as he might soon want to turn his coal mining abilities to account again, and he would then find his kit useful. Mr Martin, however, was determined, and declared that if he failed at newspaper work rather than return to the mine he would take to breaking stones on the roads, and with that determination he bade good-bye to the Black Country.

He went to Kettering and represented the Argus, which had its headquarters at Birmingham, as branch manager for fourteen months. He went ahead while at Kettering and was transferred to Coventry, to take charge of a branch office and also a large district. Here he gained additional experience, but after a few weeks he was called to Birmingham, where he worked for six months. From here he was sent to Reading to open up a new district, but at the expiration of three months, during which time he got the district in proper working order, he received an appointment on the literary staff of the Northern Echo (Darlington, one of the first papers he contributed to while a miner. Inducements were held out to him to remain at Reading, but he felt a desire to return to his own country, where he took up purely literary work. He was stationed at West Hartlepool, and, in addition to reporting for the Echo, a halfpenny morning paper, he had charge of the South Durham and Cleveland Mercury, a weekly published by the proprietors of the Echo. During the time he was in the Hartlepools he had the good fortune to secure several "exclusives," which soon brought him into prominence as a news gatherer. From here he

went to Nottingham, joining the reportorial staff of the Daily Express on 1st June, 1895. After assisting through the General Election of that year, he was sent to Kettering to open a branch office and to organize the sales of the Nottingham Evening News. So successful were his efforts that the proprietors decided upon localizing the paper and calling it the Kettering Evening News. It was a hard fight to compete against three other evening papers which had circulated in the town for years, and the distance which the papers had to travel from the printing to the publishing offices made the task still more difficult, but Mr Martin stuck to his work with determination. Under his management the venture proved a success. In January, 1897, he was invited to enter the employment of Messrs Hulton and Co., of Manchester, and proceeded to Leicester, where he opened a branch office of the Sporting Chronicle, the Sunday Chronicle, and the Athletic News. Six months later he rejoined the Nottingham Daily Express, and has been associated with that journal down to the present time. For ten months or thereabouts he had charge of the Peterborough Evening News, which was published by the proprietors of the Express, and improved the paper considerably. When the journal was sold to a local newspaper proprietor, he returned to Nottingham, where he remained until June, 1901, when, at the request of the proprietors, he took charge of the Loughborough Examiner, which is owned by the Nottingham Daily Express Co., Ltd.

Not only has Mr Martin proved himself to be a good all round journalist, but he possesses the artistic ability needful to sketch portraits, buildings, etc., which adds considerably to the value of his work to a newspaper. He is entirely selftaught, but the merit which characterizes this part of his work has been freely recognised. The usefulness to a staff of a man who is able to produce illustrations will be obvious to anyone acquainted with the production of the modern newspaper. In addition to bringing out his weekly, Mr Martin also superintends the publication of four editions of the Nottingham Evening News.

THE SPEED OF SPEECH.

It will be remembered that the analysis of four passages of 5,000 words each, of which I gave a short summary in this Journal recently, related only to French, English, Spanish, and Italian. The March number of El Mundo Taquigráfico contains an additional analysis of a similar passage in German. The passage is taken from Heinrich Heine's "Die Stadt Lucca," and it is shown to contain as many as 9,194 syllables, or nearly two syllables per word. The precise percentage is 1838 syllables per word. The analysis is interesting because it brings out strikingly the comparative greater length of the average German word when compared with the average English word. Out of the total of 5,000 words, only 2,373 are monosyllables-47 46 per cent. There are 1,616 words of two syllables, 621 of three, 278 of four, 73 of five, 26 of six, II of seven, and 2 of eight syllables. On the average over 100 words contains 184 syllables. E. A. COPE.

CORRESPONDENCE.

EVERCIRCULATORS.

Sir, Those readers of the Journal who have any knowledge of evercirculators will, I think, agree with me that the correction of errors and criticisms of articles and contributions has a most beneficial effect upon the members. I believe that in most evercirculators every member takes part in the criticisms and corrections of other members' contributions. I think a more effective method would be for one member only to specially devote his attention to criticisms and corrections, and that this member should be exempt from any other contributions. I myself would be willing to join an evercirculator in such a capacity, whereas articles are "not in my line." I shall be glad to hear from any readers on the subject.

18 Addison street,

Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.

W. PLANT.

INCORPORATED PHONOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.

THE LONDON CONFERENCE.

This annual event-the Joint Conference of the London Districts of the I.P.S.-took place on Saturday, 14th March, at the St Bride's Foundation Institute, Bride lane, E.C., the attendance including members of the Teachers', the General, and the new Typists Sections. There were two sittings, one in the afternoon, the other in the evening, the interval being given up to tea and social intercourse. Mr G. Leslie Bannerman, barrister-at-law, formerly a member of the Times Parliamentary staff, presided at both sittings.

OPENING ADdress.

The Chairman opened the proceedings with an address that ranged over a variety of topics relating to Phonography and its use, and the purposes and work of the I.P.S.

When he commenced the study of Phonography many years ago, the opportunities for acquiring the art were infinitely fewer than they are now, and its practical application to the every-day concerns of life had not been recognised to anything like the extent that it was to-day. Consequently, fewer people took it up as a branch of study, and many who did so put it aside in favour of something more immediately required. Nowadays large numbers of persons attain the highest standard of excellence both in speed and accuracy. But however valuable a knowledge of shorthand might be, one must not run away with the idea that it was to take the place of all other knowledge. It was merely a means to an end, and without a very large amount of study of other subjects it would not prove of that benefit to learners that it ought properly to be. Öne advantage of acquiring shorthand was that one must read or have read to one a considerable amount of literature in order to become familiar with the most convenient forms for particular words. Here was the opportunity for combining the study of other subjects that would be invaluable in after life. In his own case, Addison's Essays and other similar works had been read to him, and he had no doubt that the polished style of those works had had some influence upon the journalistic work he had done subsequently. Imperceptibly the influence crept into one's mind and was reproduced in one's work. There was no reason why a business communication should not be a pleasing one to read, and when we received such a letter we experienced a gratification that the polished letterwriter had not been altogether bustled out of existence.

After dwelling on the importance of special knowledge to the reporter and the equal importance of cultivating the habit of taking a perfect note, which he described as the "great secret of rapid and accurate transcription," he referred with approval to the suggestion in the February number of the I.P.S. Quarterly, that the Society should rent a room in a central position and place it at the disposal of the members two or three evenings a week. Years ago he had made the same suggestion at the Phonetic S.W.A.

The first paper on the program was then read, this being entitled

MENTAL AND MECHANICAL ELEMENTS IN SHORTHAND

WRITING"

by Mr E. A. Cope. The paper dealt at length with the proposition that shorthand is a mechanical art, and maintained that the object of all training was to make us do things mechanically, that processes become mechanical because they are, in the first instance, mental processes, that the cultivation of habits was the cultivation of mechanical processes, and that rapid work in shorthand and other spheres of work would be impossible if the process could not become mechanical. After examining a variety of illustrations he concluded by suggesting that all mechanical processes are the outcome and the expression of mind, and have for their immediate object two things: economy of effort and an increase of the quantity of the product. As they became more and more numerous they relieved the mind of labour that would otherwise be thrown upon it, and left it free to bestow its full vigour and attention upon other things. The fact that shorthand was capable of becoming a mechanical art was the crowning proof of its perfection as an effective mental discipline.

Discussion followed, in which the Chairman, and Messrs T. E. Catley, Mills and French took part, and the sitting closed with a hearty vote of thanks to Mr Cope.

THE MIMEOGRAPH.

Two facts both witness to the essentially "modern" nature of the subject. One was that all the pioneers of discovery in stencilduplicating as applied to written characters were yet among us, and were still actively engaged in promoting the sale of their inventions. The other was that even the vocabulary of words which were in every-day use with all of them, was only incorporated into the very latest dictionaries.

Mr Kirton proceeded to give an interesting historical account of the invention and the special characteristic features of the various forms of duplicating apparatus now in use, illustrating his paper with practical demonstrations and an abundance of useful hints.

A vote of thanks having been awarded to Mr Kirton for his paper, Mr J. E. McLachlan gave an address entitled,

"PHONOGRAPHY AND PHYSICAL FORM," enlarging on the necessity of good health to the phonographer and on the maintenance of a sound physical condition. At the conclusion of the address, Mr Thomas Incle, a phonographer, gave an interesting series of illustrations proving the capacity gained by moderate and regular athletic exercises taken on systematic lines.

Votes of thanks to Mr McLachlan and to the Chairman concluded a very successful conference.

LONDON.

On 19th March, at the weekly meeting of the London Phonetic S.W.A. at the Arcadian, 8 Queen street, E.C., Mr F. St John Parker gave a lantern lecture entitled "An Hour with some of our Common Insects." For nearly an hour and a half Mr Parker kept the attention of a large audience as he explained and illustrated with a series of beautiful "views" thrown on the screen the marvellous beauties of form and the wonderful structure of many of the more familiar insects; and at the close of his address a hearty vote of thanks was awarded to him and to Mr Sidley, the lanternist.

Prior to the lecture an interesting presentation was made from the chair to Mr O. D. Davis of a handsome gold fountain pen with suitable inscriptions in gold bands round the holder, in recognition of his long services for many years past in connection with the lantern lectures given under the auspices of the Association, and for placing at the disposal of the members his valuable lantern.

There will be no meeting on 9th April. On the 16th Mr J. Fielding will give a lecture entitled "Some of our Invisible Enemies." April 23rd will be devoted exclusively to speed practice, and on 30th April the annual general business meeting of the district will be held.

LONDON (T.S.).

The usual monthly meeting of the Teachers' Section was held at the St Bride's Institute on 14th March, Mr G. Leslie Bannerman in the chair. The election of the following to membership in the district was announced :-(Fellows) H. Powell-Shallard, Miss Kate Reeves, and Mr Albert James Jones; (Member) Miss M. H. Harris; (Associate) Mr F. G. Akhurst. The remainder of the proceedings were merged in those of the annual conference of the London districts.

MIDLAND (T.S.).

The following is the program for the next meetings of the Midland District which will be held at the Pitman Hotel, Corporation street, Birmingham, on Saturday, 4th April. Afternoon meeting, chair taken at 4 o'clock, paper by Mr A. Griffin, F.I.P.S., entitled "An Upward and Downward sh." 5.30 tea, which will be served to those requiring it in the dining room of the hotel, at a charge of Is. each. 7.30 concert, arranged by members of the Society and friends. Teachers of Phonography residing in the Midlands should write for particulars of the Society to the Hon. Secretary, Mr Walter Findley, "Chingford," Chester road, near Birmingham.

PITMAN CYCLING CLUB.-The formation of a Cycling Club in connection with Pitman's Metropolitan School, Southampton row, among present and past students and their friends, has just been decided on. At present the aims of the Club will be confined to organizing Saturday runs, tours, and social functions, and it is not intended that racing shall occupy any part of the season's program. Any of the School's alumni who would like to join are requested to communicate with the Hon. Sec., Mr J. J. Young, at the School.

AMERICAN NOTES AND NEWS.

FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.

Phonetic Journal office,

31 Union square, New York. Speaking of the remarkable rise of Mr Cortelyou from private secretary to Cabinet Minister, a special despatch to the New York Commercial Advertiser, says: Secretary Cortelyou's rise from a position as stenographer in the Post-office Department to a place in the Cabinet, all within a period of seven years, is the most extraordinary thing that has happened in Washington in a generation. It is the most striking example of advancement through Civil Service channels of which there is any record. That a young man without influence, without political experience, without any particular outside training, should come forward so rapidly solely on merit is almost inconceivable.... Cortelyou is the third private secretary to a President to take his seat at the Cabinet table... One of the best things about Cortelyou is that he never tried to magnify his office. Unlike some of his predecessors, he was not carried away with the idea that his position as private secretary was equivalent to a place in the Cabinet and ought to be recognised accordingly. He always tried to be helpful and obliging, to make things easy both for the President and for those who sought the President's ear. He had a genius for finding out how to do things and for seeing that things were done. When John Addison Porter came to Washington as McKinley's secretary, Cortelyou was executive clerk and stenographer at the White House.... So far as the new President was concerned he was like any other member of the clerical force. Yet, before a month had elapsed, Cortelyou was to all intents and purposes the President's secretary. It all came from his being a capable stenographer and something else. Porter was not a stenographer. He probably would have regarded it beneath his dignity to take dictation even from the President of the United States. So it came about that he came in contact with the President only on special occasions. Those occasions became fewer and fewer and the two drifted apart. But there was Cortel you ready at the President's elbow on call, familiar with every letter that the President wrote, and with every document in which he was interested. He was discreet, gentlemanly, responsive, and quick with helpful suggestions when they were needed. When Porter fell sick and resigned his position, Cortelyou was promoted naturally to the place, the position of assistant secretary having already been created for him."

To accommodate the growing demand for the Isaac Pitman shorthand publications on the Pacific Coast, Isaac Pitman and Sons, of New York, have appointed as their general agents Messrs Cunningham, Curtis and Welch, booksellers and publishers of San Francisco, who will in future keep a full line of their publications on hand. This convenience will no doubt be thoroughly appreciated by the numerous schools and colleges teaching the Isaac Pitman system in the West. A similar arrangement has been made with Messrs A. C. McClurg and Co., 215-221 Wabash ave., Chicago, Ill. Mr S. I. Wood, President of Wood's College, Newark, N.J., writes: "After a life long experience with shorthand systems, and shorthand writers, we have come to the conclusion that the Isaac Pitman system, as found in your Twentieth Century Edition of the 'Instructor,' meets the demands of the learner and the expert stenographer much better than any other system. We take this opportunity of congratulating you upon your success."

La Belgique nes produit guères que les deux cinquièmes des céréales nécessaires à l'alimentation de ses laborieux habitants. Elle importe donc du blé, qui entre en9 franchise, et de la farine qui doit depuis peu d'années acquitter1o un droit d'entrée de 2 fr. par quintal. Ses principaux fournisseurs sont l'Amérique, la Russie, la Roumanie. Elle a importé en 1896 pour 291 millions de francs de céréales (grains et farines) et en a réexporté pour 65 millions 500,000 francs. La France ne figure pas dans le premier chiffre pour 1 million. Avant l'application du droit de 7 francs sur le blé entrant en France, nous exportions en Belgique pour 12 millions de grains et farines. Nos exportations de farine en Belgique ont encore sensiblement diminué depuis12 qu'elle les frappe d'un droit de douane. En revanche, nous avons revu les farines belges à Paris même.-L'Echo du Commerce. I harvests, gathers in; 2 mean, average; 3 of it, of the same commodity; 4, 4 of wheat, wheaten, wheat (adj.); 5 ranks, positions; 6 since, from; 7 then, afterwards, besides; 8..8 produces little more; 9, 9 free of duty; 10 pay; 11 for, to the value; 12, 12 since she, since that country; 13 revised, reconsidered with a view to increasing.

SPANISH. 73.

La "Gaceta" publica hoy Real orden declarando firme la creación de los Colegios de Médicos y una circular de la Dirección general de Sanidad, fijando la importancia que estos Colegios tienen y señalando los nuevos horizontes que se1 abren1 á la clase médica y que mejorarán sus condiciones profesionales y los intereses públicos.

-El mismo periódico oficial publica una disposición anunciando á oposición la plaza de ayudante de la sección de pintura de la Escuela de Industries y Artes de Barcelona.

-Publica otra Real orden aprobando las oposiciones á la cátedra de Química general de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Barcelona, y nombrando para ella á don Antonio Gregorio Roca Solano.-Diario Mercantil.

I board of direction; 2 fixing, describing; 3 signalizing, pointing out; 4, 4 open themselves, are opening; 5 will improve; 6 decision; 7 competition; 8 place, position; 9 chemistry.

THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY AND THE BACONSHAKSPERE CONTROVERSY.-Dr Murray has something of interest relating to the Bacon-Shakspere controversy to say in the new section of the Oxford English Dictionary. Remarking that verbs compounded with "out" as a class were apparently eschewed by Bacon, he continues: "It is noteworthy that while Shakspere uses fifty-four of these verbs, for thirty eight of which he is our first, and for nine of them our only, authority, we cite Bacon only for two, one of which, indeed, outshoot,' had, in those days of archery, been in common use for more than seventy years. The contrast between the language of Bacon and that of Shakspere in this respect is the more striking, seeing that other contemporary authors-e.g., Ben Jonson-used these 'out-' verbs almost as freely as Shakspere himself, without, however, yielding anything like the same number of instances."

The first and second portions of this article appeared on 21st February and 7th March.

V

、

C (;

с

Luckily the gorilla was seen making away on all-fours, with great speed for a clump of trees. Master and men gave chase. Joe showed no signs of trying to make his escape, but turned on the enemy and attacked the man who was closest to him. The negro tumbled down in a fright, and in going for him Joe brought himself within reach of the net, and once more four men carried him back a captive to the village. This time it was decided not to try to keep him in a cage, but to detain him with a light chain, and an hour was occupied in making him safe, for the young gorilla struggled with all his might. For some time Joe seemed in good health and ate food well, but was quite as fierce and more vicious than ever, and there seemed to be no chance of taming him. He died quite suddenly from some unknown cause. There have been many animals of this species captured since this time and brought to Europe, but no one has succeeded in keeping this wild and fierce animal in captivity for any length of time.

With our account of this kind of ape we bring to a close our stories of a few of the many beasts by which the world is populated. (To be concluded.)

A

x