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INCORPORATED PHONOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.

COUNCIL MEETING.

A Council meeting of the Incorporated Phonographic Society was held at St Bride's Institute, Ludgate Circus, London, E.C., on 14th Feb. The members present were Mr Catley (in the chair), Miss H. E. Bone, Miss D. Brown, Miss F. L. Washbourne, Messrs Abbey, Colebourn, Garwood, Gill, Green, Holmes, Morton, Sharpe, and Whitehead. The General Secretary was in attendance. Election of Fellows.-The Council elected the undermentioned as Fellows of the Society :

Jones Albert J., 127 Chester terrace, Brighton
Lloyd Harold C., Grammar School, Wigan
Parkes James T., Netherton, near Dudley

Reeves Miss Kate, 31 St Helens road, Hastings

Local Representative.-The Council appointed Mr Robert à Ababrelton, Lands Commission, Post Box 242, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa, as a Local Representative of the Society. Financial.-Several accounts were passed for payment. Proposed Library.-A proposition having been brought forward in reference to the formation of a library in connection with the Society, the Council appointed Messrs E. A. Cope, C. B. B.-Gill, A. E. Morton, and the General Secretary as a committee to consider the proposition and other relative matters.

Fellowship-The General Secretary reported the receipt of a two years' back subscription and a letter of apology from a shorthand teacher unlawfully using the Society's distinctive letters and describing himself as a Fellow of the Society.

LONDON.

At the Arcadian in Queen street, E.C., speed practice at the customary rates has been dictated on successive Thursday evenings. On 12th Feb., Mr T. E. Catley was the lecturer, his subject being "A Talk about Novels." Mr Catley's address was a chatty, anecdotal discourse on novels, novelists, and novel readers of various types, with occasional references to the strange people who think that they never read novels. The humorous aspects of the subject were not overlooked, and after a short discussion, in which the Chairman and Messrs Stevens and French took part, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr Catley for his "talk." The program for March is as follows: March 5-Speed practice, 7 to 8.15, followed by a lecture by Mr H. T. Bailey, on "From Mogador to Marrakesh: An Account of Travel in Morocco."

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12.-Speed practice 7 to 9 p.m.; special competition for excellence in Commercial Shorthand, in connection with which Messrs Mabie, Todd and Bard offer fountain pens.

14.-Joint Conference with the London District of the Teachers' Section, at the St Bride's Institute, Bride lane, E.C., at 3 p.m.

19.-Speed practice, 7 to 8.15 p.m., followed by a lecture by Mr
F. St John Parker, entitled "An Hour with some of our
Common Insects."

26.-Quarterly Examination for speed certificates and for the I.P.S.
Fellowship (140 words per minute), 7 p.m.
LONDON (T.S.)

The monthly meeting of the London District of the Teachers' Section of the I.P.S. took place on 14th Feb. at the St Bride's Institute, E.C., Mr E. A. Cope in the chair.

Mr. H. W. Harris (the General Secretary) announced the results of the January examination for the Teacher's Diploma and read out the names of the successful candidates.

Mr W. C. Potter read an able paper entitled "Pupils I have met," concluding with some practical remarks on shorthand teaching. Mr W. A. Holmes followed with an effective paper entitled "Word-worship; a few worshipful words and some effects.

The next meeting of the District will be on 14th March, when the program will be merged in that of the annual joint conference of the London Districts.

LIVERPOOL (T.S.).

The annual meeting of this district was held on 24th Jan. at the Royal Institution, Colquitt street, there being a full attendance. The report showed a largely increased membership of the district, while the popularity of the lectures, papers, and demonstrations given during the year was evidenced by a large increase in the average attendance. A satisfactory financial statement, showing a good balance in hand, was also submitted. The following officers were appointed :-Chairman, Mr J. H. Foxcroft; ViceChairman, Mr G. J. Brown (Warrington); Committee: Mrs L. Bean and Messrs Ŏ. A. B. Ewart, W. H. Huxley, C. E. Harper, N. W. Wood and J. B. Whittaker (Burnley); Auditor, Mr J. Stiles; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr P. Machin.

A demonstration, entitled "Some Similarities and Contrasts in he development of the half-length and double-length Principles," given by Mr C. E. Harper, was greatly appreciated, many of the members present joining in a brisk discussion which followed.

The next meeting of the Liverpool district will be held on Saturday, 28th Feb., when a paper, Shorthand Teachers and Shorthand Teaching," will be read by the Secretary, and a specimen lesson given by the Chairman. All shorthand teachers in the district are cordially invited to be present. An examination for Associates' entrance will be held early in March.

MIDLAND (T.S.).

The monthly meetings were held at the Pitman Hotel, Corporation street, Birmingham, on 7th Feb. At the afternoon meeting a paper by Mr T. E. Catley (London) was given, entitled "Public Speakers from a Reporter's Point of View." In the absence of Mr Catley, the paper was read by Mr W. F. Möhrstädt. After an interesting discussion, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded. At the evening meeting a paper was read by Mr W. G. Barker (Birmingham) entitled "Drudgery and Enthusiasm." This was listened to with much interest, and was followed by remarks from Messrs Tanner, Marks, W. E. and A. H. Brodhurst, and the reader of the paper was cordially thanked. Teachers of Phonography residing in the Midlands desiring particulars of the Society are requested to address the Hon. Secretary, Mr W. Findley, Chingford, Chester road, Erdington, Birmingham.

YORKSHIRE (T.S.).

The annual meeting was held at Henderson's Business Training Institute, 18 Park lane, Leeds, on 31st Jan. Mr H. K. Henderson presided at the Council meeting and Mr Henry Smith at the annual general meeting.

The result of the voting for the election of the Council was announced by the Secretary (Mr A. Fieldhouse) as follows:President, Mr H. Smith; Vice-Presidents, Messrs A. E. Hodgson, H. K. Henderson, E. Wilson; other Councillors, Misses A. Pearson and J. Swales, and Messrs C. Batty, G. H. Douglas, J. Ellis, J. Holliday, B. Taylor, J. A. Teale, A. W. Warden and D. Webster; Secretary, A. Fieldhouse; Treasurer, J. W. G. Coombs, 192 Bradford road North, Huddersfield, to whom the annual subscriptions should be remitted forthwith. Mr F. Iredale was elected Auditor for the ensuing year.

SHORTHAND TEACHING AND SHORTHAND TEACHERS. Mr Peter Machin (Liverpool) delivered a most instructive and interesting address on "Shorthand Teaching and Shorthand Teachers." He compared the teaching of Phonography with what it was forty or fifty years ago, and suggested that it should now be approaching somewhere near the finality of perfection, after so many years' testing and experience, and that it should be a labour of love to the exponents of the art in these latter days of definite phonographic progress to put the finishing touches to the admirable cosmogony by producing teachers who should so enter into the mind and spirit of the system as to make it one of the most scientifically taught subjects in the range of education. He discussed the lack of appreciation as to the value of Phonography as an educational factor, with some reasons which add to this position, and laid it down as the duty of the shorthand teacher to dispel this idea by elevating shorthand to its proper place as an art which is scientifically developed, which strengthens the mind by contact with its principles, and by showing that it should be followed as an effective mental exercise. The lecturer discussed the various types of teacher, pleaded for the necessity of training, and suggested a probationary course under experienced teachers for those who intended taking up the subject. He also discussed the type of teacher in the elementary day and evening continuation school, secondary classes, and the various technical and other institutions, and suggested the necessity for examiners in elementary classes being appointed to supervise the work in those schools, and that the supervision be not left to the ordinary inspector who knew nothing, as a general rule, of the subject. He also noted the necessity for educational authorities and others insisting upon the production of credentials other than speed certificates from candidates for teaching appointments. Dealing with practical teaching, Mr Machin suggested a reasonable gradation of classes, a reasonable number of pupils in each section, a fair duration of session, and a fair amount of time given to each lesson. With regard to the remuneration of the teacher, he deprecated the idea of a shorthand teacher receiving salary on a lower scale than that received by a modern language or science teacher, and although not favourable to anything in the nature of a trades-union, suggested a distribution of a scale of fees among teachers. The teacher required educating into the idea of professional unity, public bodies and officials required educating by an interested, united, and educated profession.

After appreciative remarks by the Chairman and Messrs Ellis, Holliday, Henderson, Warden, Byers and Fieldhouse, Mr Machin replied. Votes of thanks to Mr Machin and Mr Henderson closed the proceedings.

LEGAL TERMS, PHRASES, AND

ABBREVIATIONS

FOR TYPISTS, AND SHORTHAND AND OTHER
JUNIOR CLERKS,

BY THE AUTHOR OF "ELEMENTARY LAW FOR
SHORTHAND CLERKS AND TYPISTS."

I. TERMS USED IN CONVEYANCING (Continued). Enrolment.-Under various Acts of Parliament certain deeds and other instruments in writing are required to be enrolled. Among these are disentailing deeds, conveyances for charitable purposes (with some exceptions) deeds relating to the appropriation of settled land for squares and public gardens, etc., and property conveyed by persons under disability for public improvements under certain special Acts (for instance, in the Metropolis under " Michael Angelo Taylor's Act"-57_George III. Cap. xxix.-technically a "private" Act). There are also certain documents which are permitted to be enrolled although their enrolment is not compulsory. Where a deed has to be enrolled, the particular Act of Parliament prescribing enrolment should be consulted to see whether it contains any special provisions as to the number of witnesses who must attest each signature to it, and also to ascertain whether any special time is fixed within which enrolment is to take place. If there has been a failure to enrol within the proper time, an extension of time can be obtained on satisfactory evidence of the reason for the delay, but it must never be taken for granted that the time will be extended.

Enrolment is effected by leaving the document at the Enrolment Office-a department of the Central Office of the High Court of Justice. The Enrolment Office is situate at the Royal Palace of Justice, Strand, London. The officials copy the document, compare the copy with the original, endorse a memorandum of the fact of enrolment on the original, and return the latter to the solicitor concerned on payment of the proper fees, which depend on the length of the document and the cost of a copy of the plan upon it, if there is one. In some instances evidence of execution will be required before enrolment, but as regards ordinary deeds, if they appear to be properly executed and attested, no evidence is required.

After two years, during which the copy remains at the Enrolment Office, it is sent to the Record Office (in Fetter lane, London), and it is open to the inspection of the public on payment of a fee. Certified copies can be obtained there of any enrolled document.

Foreclosure. Many misconceptions exist as to the meaning of the word Foreclosure. The third-rate novelist invests it with a terrible significance. He is quite satisfied that if the principal money secured by a mortgage deed is not paid on the very day named for that purpose in the deed itself, the mortgagee may instantly "foreclose." What he understands by foreclosure is revealed by his harrowing descriptions of the flinty-hearted mortgagee coming to the home of the eminently virtuous, but signally unfortunate mortgagor, whose ancestors had lived there in happiness for several centuries, and turning that virtuous but unfortunate mortgagor and his beautiful wife and his interesting progeny out into the streets to starve. Thereupon the house and land included in the mortgage become the absolute property of the flinty-hearted mortgagee. This pathetic incident, heightened by many touching details, is calculated to arouse the indignation of the innocent reader, and, perhaps, to draw forth his tears. But in real life the process of foreclosure is very different A mortgagee, however flinty-hearted he may be, cannot bundle his mortgagor out of doors the day after the date named in the mortgage deed for payment of the principal, and if he did, that would not amount to foreclosure, nor would the property become his own absolutely.

Another misapplication of the term is more popularly in use, When a mortgagee has given formal notice requiring

payment of the principal money at the end of the prescribed period-three months nowadays unless a longer period is fixed by the deed itself-people are often heard to say that he has "foreclosed" the mortgage. As we shall see, he has done nothing of the kind. All that he has done is to fix the date after which, if default is made in payment, he will be entitled to pursue the remedies which the law gives him by reason of default having been made. As a rule, all that he does is to get possession of the property (which he can only do by process of law if the mortgagor is in occupation and declines to leave) or to go into receipt of the rents by getting the tenants to pay to him where the property is let, and afterwards to sell as mortgagee.

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Until sale or foreclosure, and whether the mortgagee has gone into possession or not, a mortgagor is entitled to redeem -that is, to have the mortgaged property reconveyed to him —on his paying the principal money secured by the mortgage, all interest owing upon it, and all other expenses, including solicitor's costs properly incurred by the mortgagee, in relation to the property or the mortgage. In certain circumstances he loses that right. He loses it if the mortgagee, after proper notice requiring payment followed by default, goes into possession of the property, or into receipt of the rents, and then sells it. That is not foreclosure. mortgagee is bound to account to the mortgagor for all his receipts for rent and purchase money, and if after deducting all payments properly made by him, there remains in his hand more than enough to satisfy the principal and interest owing to him, he has to hand over the balance to the mortgagor. When a foreclosure takes place, the mortgagor loses his right to redeem the property, and he loses also his right to an account from the mortgagee, and in the event of the mortgagee selling after foreclosure, the mortgagor has no right to any surplus of the amount realized. Foreclosure means the happening of an event by which the mortgagee becomes absolute owner of the property, and the mortgagor is completely shut out-that is foreclosed-or denuded of all his former interest in it.

There are two ways in which foreclosure can take place. It may take place automatically by lapse of time. If default is made under the mortgage, and the mortgagee enters into possession of the property or into receipt of the rents, and remains in possession or in receipt of the rents for twelve years afterwards, and does not during that period give to the mortgagor or to any person claiming under him anything in writing that amounts to an acknowledgment of the title of the mortgagor or of his right to redeem, then at the expiration of the twelve years the right to redeem absolutely ceases, and the property becomes the absolute property of the mortgagee. The acknowledgment need not be in any special form, but it must be signed by the mortgagee or some person claiming through him, and it may be given to the mortgagor's solicitor or agent. If any such acknowledgment is given, the twelve years runs from the date of the acknowledgment instead of from the date of the entry into possession or into receipt of the rents. At the expiration of the twelve years foreclosure takes place. This automatic extinction of the interest of the mortgagor occurs under the provisions of the Real Property Limitation Act, 1874 (37 and 38 Vic. Cap. 57), Section 7.

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The other method of foreclosure involves proceedings in the Chancery Division. Unless other remedies are sought for in the same action, these being remedies that cannot be obtained without a writ, proceedings for foreclosure are commenced by Originating Summons (explained in Elementary Law.") The summons usually asks for an order for sale or foreclosure. An order is made directing an account to be brought into chambers to show what amount is owing to the plaintiff on security of his mortgage, the account is vouched and verified in the usual way, and the further interest calculated up to a date on which the defendant, the mortgagor, is to be allowed to pay. The total amount being ascertained, a date is fixed on which the defendant is required to attend at a specified place—usually a room at the Royal Courts of Jutsice indicated by its number—between certain specified

hours to pay the amount in order to avoid foreclosure. At the time and place appointed the plaintiff and his solicitor attend during the hours named, and if the defendant fails to present himself with the money, an affidavit of the facts is sworn and filed, and, in due course, an absolute order for foreclosure is made. It is not considered that the plaintiff's title to the property as absolute owner is complete until the time has expired within which the defendant is at liberty to appeal against the order. A final order for foreclosure is liable to stamp duty as a conveyance.

(To be continued. Commenced in No. 1.)

FOREIGN COMMERCIAL EXERCISES.

GERMAN.
68.

SOUTHERN PACIFIC.*

Die Situation der Southern Pacific unterscheidet1 sich1 in keiner Weise von der anderer Kompagnien, welche eine Kapitalsvergrösserung nur deshalb3 vornehmen, um sich einen umfangreicheren Kredit zu sichern. Wahr ist allerdings, dass die Southern Pacific gegenwärtig keine Dividende zahlt, aber ihre Gewinne kommen doch der Verteilung einer Dividende von 6 pCt. auf ihre Aktien gleich. Vom Standpunkt des Aktionärs9 kann man aber sagen:,, Was nützt 10 mir1o der Mantel, wenn er nicht gerollt ist". Nachstehend12 verzeichnen wir die annähernden 13 Resultate für das vergangene Geschäftsjahr1⁄44.

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I, I differs; 2 that of; 3 for this reason; 4 namely in order; 5 more widely comprehensive; 6 taking all things in consideration, of course; 7 her, the company's, its; 8 distribution; 9, 9 of the shareholder; 10, 10 serves me, helps me, is the use to me of; 11 rolled up, ready at my disposal; 12 standing afterwards, standing below, below; 13 approximative, approximate; 14 financial year; 15 net earnings; 16 net receipts; 17 writing off, deduction; 18 surplus; 19, 19 amount necessary; 20 the reason why; 21 indeed, in fact; 22 striving, anxiety; 23, 23 in accordance with possibility, as far as possible; 24 perfect, improve; 25 aim at, attain, effect; 26 interest engagements, fixed charges; 27 keep steady, maintain at a regular figure, equalize.

ENGLISH VERSION OF LAST WEEK'S EXERCISES.

SPANISH. 66.

In Bordelais vegetation also was backward, because its scanty progress and the appearance of the clusters indicated a feeble constitution, and gave occasion to fear an invasion of cryptogamic diseases. So bad an outlook appears for the

The first portion of this article appeared on 14th February.

moment as if removed by magic by the favourable temperature which has supervened.

In Charente the vine has been suffering from the rains ever since the beginning of May, and its weak constitution may be the reason why the "coulures" (abortion of the flower) may be the cause of serious losses. In Anjou, where vegetation is still backward, cryptogamic diseases have not yet shown themselves, and throughout the Northern Central districts the end of so anomalous and prolonged a period of bad weather has had the happy result that, provided no new trouble should arise, the harvest may even yet be very satisfactory.

The intelligence is confirmed that in Basse Bourgogne the frosts have sensibly reduced these appearances, and in Beaujolais the delay of more than a fortnight which has been ob. served in the development of the vine is looked upon with uneasiness, especially as late harvests are always those most exposed to the attacks of every kind of disease. The "piral" has also made its appearance. In Auvergne the conjuncture of so many adverse circumstances for the wine growing districts is feared, but now hope has sprung up again. In Argella, apart from the cold, the wet weather which has prevailed has made the vineyards lose the advance which allowed hopes of a very early ingathering.-Diario del Comercio. FRENCH.

67.

In Germany, as in France, millers were kept for centuries in veritable slavery by feudalism. In these countries the occupation did not become a free industry before the beginning of this century, but it developed very rapidly, in spite of the imposts which seriously burdened it. It is principally in rye that the pressure was felt. The manufacture of white bread was unknown. In the same way about 1820 in France the mechanism of the mills and the process of grinding entered on the era of improvements. In 1822 a steam mill was erected at Berlin. In 1825 a second steam mill was constructed at Magdeburg, and was equipped in the English fashion. As in France, the number of picturesque mills is diminishing as time goes on; mills run on commercial principles are replacing them, and increasing both in number and importance. The great steam flour-producing establishments are installed in the great towns, in the important centres of population which enjoy numerous and easy means of communication for the supply of the raw material and the disposal of the manufactured products.

Á statistical table for 1884 announces, for the empire of Germany, 53,149 mills in working order, of which 18,565 were wind mills, 33,069 water mills, 1,797 steam mills, and 18 moved by gas or other motive power.

The German milling interest gladly welcomes the system of grinding by cylinders. The transformations are rapidly effected, not only for the grinding of wheat, but for that of rye. New and very important factories have been founded. Establishments specially devoted to the construction of machinery for mills have in a few years been considerably developed, have perfected their special machinery, and have acquired such reputation and influence that they have deservedly obtained numerous and important orders from abroad.-L'Echo du Commerce.

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS

ANNOUNCED.

IRISH LAND COMMISSION (age 18-22). Latest date to ap ply, 5th March.

FEMALE SORTERS (age 15-18), 30 vacancies. Latest date, 19th March.

LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL FOURTH CLASS CLERKSHIPS. Latest date, 2nd March.

For the first two apply at once for forms of application for admission to the examination to the Secretary, Civil Service Commission, Burlington Gardens, London, W.; for details regarding the third appointment see last week's Journal.

BOOK-KEEPING EXAMINATION PAPERS.

No. 49. ELEMENTARY.

On the 1st January, 1903, H. Withers commenced business as a coal and coke merchant, having a working capital of £750 in cash, and horses, vans, and plant for which he had paid £250. His purchases and sales during the month of January were recorded in a rough day book, of which the following is a copy. Make day and invoice books, and a cash book from list of cash transactions given below. Post to ledger a/cs and make trial balance.

Jan. 10.-Bought of Clay Cross Colliery Co. 30 trucks coal each 25 tons colliery weight @ 6s. 3d. per ton

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Railway carriage paid by sellers and charged 75. 3d. per ton, colliery weight Sales to sundry credit customers to date, 115 tons coal @ 22s. 6d. per ton Cash sales to date

35 tons coal @ 24s. per ton

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ORIGIN OF THE ALPHABET.--Dr Arthur Evans, in his trio of lectures upon the alphabet at the Royal Institution, has proved that the first alphabet, the father of the Greek alphabet, was a European and not an Oriental invention. It was evolved in the Island of Crete from imported Egyptian picture-writing, and the process, which probably began about 4000 B.C., was completed in about 2,000 years. So that the invention of letters was an accomplished fact four thousand years ago. Daily Chronicle.

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Personal drawings

One month rent of yard, etc.

Paid Brixton Gas Co. a/c due to date.

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Three centuries ago it was the fate of a sailor from this country to be caught and kept a prisoner in the land of the man-ape, and in a quaint diary he has left a striking account of what he noticed. He says that he saw animals which had the appearance of men, but had far greater strength; they could not speak, and they had none of the sense of human creatures. Our sailor tells us that it was not possible to take them alive, because they were so powerful that ten men could not hold one of them. They would make up a party and attack an elephant with clubs, so that that huge animal was glad to run roaring away. If the natives got within reach of the gorilla, it would attack and kill them. It lived in trees, and built a kind of roof to keep out the wet.

Stories of this animal became more common in the last century,

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and at length an American missionary had the good fortune to obtain a skull of the mysterious creature and some other bones; he also got from the natives a very full account of the animal. The bones were brought to Europe, and it was soon found that the species was one till then unknown to men of science. But what was now found out left a good deal to be learned. At last an American sportsman in 1855 went to Gorilla Land, having made up his mind to obtain one of the animals, dead or alive.

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