188 See Ch. xiii. 189 Elements of Commerce ("any means by which wealth is got."), London, 1755. 190 Ch. xvii. p. 238, 239. 191 cf. Hume's expression, XVII, p. 245. 192 Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy, London, 1913, iii. 588. 193 Burke on Scarcity, preserved in M'Culloch's Collection of rare tracts, p. 455. 194 Bishop Butler's theory, p. 195 G. K. Chesterton, What's Wrong With the World, 7th ed., London, 1910, p. 18. 196 M'Culloch's Miscellaneous Economical Tracts, London, 1859, p. 206. 197 John Stow, edited by Henry Morley, London, 1908, 18-19. 198 ch. viii.

199 51st of Henry III, Statutes at Large, Daniel Pickering, Esq. 1763; also Revised Statutes, London, 1870-72. 200 Little Red Book of Bristol, ed. by Francis B. Bickley, London, 1900, p. 22. 201 Professor E. Lipson, Economic History of England, London, 1915, 271. 202 Eboracum, or the History of the Antiquities of the City of York, laws of 1592; 306, 251, 308; T. Wilson, 1788. 203 Beverly Town Document. Selden Society, London, 1900, p. 11, 204 3 vols. edited by Andrew Clark, London, 1907. 205 Ipswich, 1654, published Ipswich, 1884. 206 Henry VIII to Elizabeth, 1509-1583, London, 1880.

207 General Chauncey B. Baker, New York Times, Nov. 11, 1917. 208 W. J. Ashley, Justum Pretium (Just Price). Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy, ii. 500. 209 William Cunningham, Politics and Economics, London, 1885, p. 258. 210 Aristotle (born 384 B. C.) The Politics, B. Jowett translation. Thales seems to have lived to the age of ninety. (circum 640-550 B. C.)

211 Note: The cost of tracklaying on the A. T. & S. Fe R. R., Gillette tells us (Halbert P. Gillette, Handbook of Cost Data for contractors and engineers, Chicago, 2d ed. revised and enlarged, 1914, p. 1246) was $292 per mile. This did not include ballasting. p. 1247. On the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Ry., 1,300 miles of track were laid with a Harris machine in 1886 and 1887. Swamps and rugged country make the machine a more highly standardized method of laying track. 113 men accompanied the machine. Average cost for 2 miles of track a day was $249. 85-lb rails weigh 134 tons per mile. pp. 1249, 1252.

A gang of 25 men laid 52 lengths of 60-inch gas pipe and 29 lengths of 4inch pipe, the ditch being opened, pipe laid and caulked in 10 hours. In backfilling the trenches the earth was hand tamped in from 6 to 8-inch layers. p. 1902-3. It goes without saying, that the saving to the income of the citizens, man for man, through citizenship-control of the gas-plants, for the negligible amount of time consumed in constructing the plants would amount to an annual saving of wealth to the citizenship greater than that of any other single mechanical or chemical product of modern civilization.

212 Professor E. S. Meade, Modern Business Series, Economics, New York, 1911, p. 98. 213 A similar genius for reductions-cost is seen in the success of the McCormick shops. In 1845 this company was turning out bolts for their reapers at the cost of four and one-half cents per bolt, or $2.25 for fifty bolts; today the company is able to manufacture 50 bolts for 1 cent. Lee Galloway, Modern Business Series, II. p. 34. 214 John P. Frey, Scientific Management of Labour, Jour. Polit. Econ., May 1913. 215 Report of Tariff Hearings, 1913; several volumes, but the pages are numbered consecutively through the printed work. 216 Protective Tariff Cyclopedia, New York, 1914, p. 128. 217 Play of interest-charges here.

218 Franklin H. Giddings, LL. D., professor of sociology, Columbia Univesrity, An Old Fashioned Theory of Prices, Independent, Mar. 3, 1910. 219 Frederick C. Howe, Privilege and Democracy, New York, 1910, 29-30. 220 Gillette's Social Redemption, Boston, 1907. 221 Principle's of Economic Philosophy, New York, 188 pp. 269-70. 222 G. A. Walsh, Harper's Weekly, vol. 45, D. 567. 223 U. S. Bulletin, No. 54.

225 William C. Brown, New York Independent, 1910, p. 1428.. 226 Abstract Census, 1910, pp. 360, 406, and following. 227 David Ricardo. M. P., On Protection to Agriculture, London 4th ed., 1822. 228 H. J. Davenport, professor of political economy, University of Chicago Outlines of Economic Theory, New York, 1896, p. 89. 229 The tract on Agriculture is to be found in McCulloch's edition of the Works of Ricardo, London, 1852.

230 F. W. Taussig, professor of economics, Harvard University, Principles of Economics, New York, 1911, i. 5. 231 The Politics, II. 7. 43. 232 The Rev. T. R. Malthus, Essay on the Principles of Population, London, 1798. 233 Ch. xi. 234 Edmund Burke. 235 Elements of Commerce. 236 Rousseau, Social Contract, Bk. I. iv. 237 Political Discourses. 238 Distribution of Wealth, London, 1850, pp. 450-51. 238 Robert Owen, whose name Ricardo has mentioned. Owen, an English capitalist, was the founder of the English cooperative movement.

239 Isaiah 28. 14-17. 240 The Nineteenth Century, 1883, March and April, 1883, pp. 493-508, 653-666. The article is reprinted in Topics of the Time, New York, 1883, p. 129. 241 The Independent, New York, 1910, p. 796, symposium on the high cost of living. 243 Scientific Monthly, Biology and the Nation's Food, March, 1917, p. 220. 243 Roland G. Usher, professor of history, Washington University, St. Louis, Challenge of the Future, 1916, p. 107. 243b Essay on Population. 243c Arthur Young, F. R. S., Travels in France, Dublin, 1793.

244 David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, London, 245 Ch. x. 132 (Nos. 41, 42), 133 (46). 246 David Hume, Political Discourses. Only, says Adam Smith, to see that real wages are not too high.. The price of grain often rises, he observes, while wages remain stationary, or even fall, and this for many years together. Thorold Rogers reached the same facts in his Six Centuries of Work and Wages.

247 Sir William Petty, Political Anatomy of Ireland, London, 1691. 248 Hume, Political Discourses. 250 Simon N. Patten, prof. polit. econ., Independent, New York, vol. 68, p. 745 251 J. Laurence Laughlin and H. P. Willis, Reciprocity, New York, 1903, p. 457. 252 Byron W. Holt, The Tariff and Cost of Living, Independent, Mar. 3, 1910, 394. 253 Report Committee on Exports Control submitted to the National Foreign Trades Council, opening its fifth annual convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 18, 1918, New York Times, April 19, 1918, Nations Preparing for Economic War.

254 Editorial, November 28, 1919, The Coal Wage Increase. 255 Jackson News, editorial, Nov. 29, 1919. 256 Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages. 257 William Pare, editor, Thompson's Distribution of Wealth, London, 1850. Pare became one of the leading spirit in Robert Owen's Cooperative Movement.

258 In Political Discourses, XII. 259 John Kells Ingram, Hist. of Polit. Econ., New York, 1893, p. 83. 260 H. E. Egerton, prof. colonial hist. Oxford, Palgrave's Dict. Pol. Econ. ii. 340. 261 James Bonar, LL. D., Philosophy and Pol. Econ., New York, 1893, 105-26. 262 William Knight, prof. moral Phil. St. Andrews, Hume, Edinburgh and London, 1886, pp. 9, 12, 85, 87, 223. Thomas Huxley, Hume, London, 1879, 3, 5,

263

264 Henry, Lord Brougham, F. R. S., Lives of Men of Letters and Science, Hume, London, 1845, 124-7. 265 Life and Correspondence of David Hume, Edinburgh, 1846, vol. ii. 519-21. 266 Hist. of Polit Econ., p. 85. 267 ibid. p. 83. 268 Twelfth and last of Hume's Political Discourses. 269 Writings of James Madison, New York, 1900, vol. iv. 24. 270 Ch. iii. 271 cf. Tucker's expression, Ch. xii.

272 Riches and Poverity, London, 10th edition. 273 Political Economy, IV. vii 86. 274 Isaiah 60. 5; prophecy concerning the theocratic hope. 275 Pol. Econ., IV. vii. 6. 276 Alfred Marshall, prof. polit. econ., University of Cambridge, and honorary Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford; Principles of Economics, London, 5th edition, 1907, Intro. §1. 277 H. J. Davenport, Outlines of Econ. Theory, New York, 1896, p. 315. 278 Beatrice Potter (Mrs. Sidney Webb), Co-operative Movement in Great Britain, London, 8th edition, 1914, pp. 11-12, 80.

279 Dr. Chalmers so contending, Ch. xx. 280 Political Economy, famous IV. xli. §6 of xx. 279. 281 page 191. 282 J. S. Mill, Political Economy, IV. vii. §§. 2-3. 283 Melvin L. Severy, author, Boston, 1907.

284 Quoting J. L. McCreery, Our System of Distributing the Lands, Philadelphia. Gillette's Redemption, pp. 279-80. 285 Gillette's Social Redemption, D. 9. 286 U. S. Census, 1910, vol. 1, p. 1295. 287 In Memoriam, cv. 288 Lev.

25. 17. 23. Walter Rauschenbusch, D. D.. Christianity and the Social Crisis, New York, 1910, 19-20.

290 Thomas Chalmers, D. D., The Political Economy of the Bible, North British Review, Nov. 1844. 291 H. J. Davenport, Value and Distribution, pp. 152-3. 292 Citizen Patriot, Jackson, Michigan, Oct. 9, 1919, p. 14. 293 Van Buren Denslow. LL. D., Principles of Economic Philosophy, New York, 1888. D. 76.

295

294 Professor Alfred Marshall's words will be remembered. Ch. xviii. S. Seebohm Rountree, Poverty, a Study of Town Life, London, 1901. 296 But compare John the Baptist's faith, John 1. 29. 292 Christianizing the Social Order, New York, 1912, p. 115. 293 Irving C. Fisher, professor of political economy, Yale University, The Nature of Capital and Income, New York, 1912, p. 17. 294 Jethro Brown, Underlying Principles of Modern Legislation, D. 12.

295 "Mulhall, a leading English statistician says of us: 'Every day that the sun shines upon the American people, it sees an addition of two and a half million dollars to the accumulated wealth of the Republic, which is equal to one-third of the daily accumulation of mankind.'"-Van Buren Denslow, LL. D., Principles of Political Economy, New York, 1888, p. 36.

296 A. M. Anderson, Classified Selling Arguments. 297 Life Insurance values this sermon, and one of the companies has printed it for distribution. 298 July 27, 1919, section 4, p. 1.

INDEX