should fortunately favour the process of planting, the bundles are conveyed to the piece, and the younger negroes place two or three cuttings in each square, while the more experienced open little trenches in the holes about six inches deep, and place the plants flat, so that the buds may appear on either side; the earth is then drawn over them. In eleven or twelve months, the cane has attained sufficient maturity, and is ready to be cut. To assist the judgment in determining when a cane-piece is sufficiently ripe, a portion of juice is expressed from a cane which appears a fair specimen of the whole field, and exposed to the sun for the watery parts to evaporate; if it crystallizes and feels firm, the crop may be considered fit for harvest. The negroes, provided with cutting-bills, are ranged in a row as in hoeing, and proceed in the following manner. The upper part of the cane, that is, the top, and the portion which is reserved for planting, is first cut off; the reserved piece is then separated and laid by, and the rest of the cane is cut into junks of about three feet in length, and bound together by means of the green top, in bundles of twenty and thirty each. The cutters strip the trash from the cane as they proceed, and pass it from one to another, till it is collected in heaps, about twenty feet apart; this is done, that the junks of cane may be unincumbered in the intervals, while they are being bound by the young hands. The trash is afterwards collected as fuel, and the green tops as fodder for cattle. The bundles of cane are carted and deposited as near as possible to the mill, to lessen the labour of the negro-girls, who convey them on their heads to the mill-door, where the tops with which they are bound are removed. The lower part of the mill consists essentially of three cylinders placed close to each other, which are turned round by means of cog-wheels, and crush the cane between their surfaces: by the side of these cylinders, the negro appointed to feed the mill is stationed, but in a strong wind the operation is so rapid, that two men are necessary to supply the mill with cane. The expressed juice is received into a leaden channel beneath the cylinders, which conveys it to a reservoir on one side of the mill, where passing through two wooden strainers, it is cleansed from particles of cane, and runs along a metal tube to the boiling-house. The cane itself, after it has passed between the cylinders, slides down an inclined plane through a hole in the mill-wall, from whence it | is removed on wooden frames by the women and the old negroes, who spread and turn it in the sun to be used, when dry, as fuel. The juice of the cane being conveyed by pipes to the boiling-house, is received into the simmeringcoppers, some of which will contain six hundred gallons. In these huge receptacles it is brought nearly to a boiling heat, and a certain quantity of lime being mixed with it, most of the impurities rise to the surface. The juice is then drawn from beneath the scum into the next copper, which is called a clarifier,' where it is skimmed until it becomes transparent,' but it is not yet allowed to boil. It is next conveyed along a gutter or channel, into the largest of the evaporating-boilers,-these are generally four in number,-commonly called, the Grand-boiler; here the liquor is suffered to boil, and as the scum rises, it is continually taken off by large skimmers, until it grows finer and somewhat thicker. This labour is followed until, from skimming and evaporation, it is sufficiently reduced in quantity to be contained in the next or second copper, into which it is then laded. The liquor is now nearly of the colour of Madeira wine. In the second copper the boiling and skimming are continued, and if it is not so clean as expected, lime-water is thrown into it. When, from such skimming and evaporation, it is again sufficiently reduced to be contained in the third copper, it is laded into it, and so on to the last copper. The coolers, of which there are commonly six, are shallow wooden vessels, about eleven inches deep, seven feet in length and from five to six feet wide; a cooler of this size holds a hogshead of sugar. Here the sugar grains; that is, as it cools it runs into a coarse irregular mass of imperfect half-formed crystals, and separates itself from the treacle. The sugar of each day's boiling is carried, the following morning, in pails, from the coolers of the boiling-house, and deposited in hogsheads in the curing-house, where it remains for five or six weeks, the treacle draining into cisterns placed beneath. When this ceases to flow, the hogsheads are headed up by the coopers, and the sugar is in a fit state for exportation. It is necessary that the operation of boiling the juice should take place immediately after it has been extracted from the cane, as in the course of half an hour, owing chiefly to the heat of the climate, it would be in a state of fermentation. For the foregoing particulars we are chiefly in debted to Mr. JOHN CLARK's work on the Cultiva- | sufficiently cold, the loaves are raised up to some of tion of the Sugar Cane, &c., in the Island of Antigua; from some of whose plates our wood-cuts to this article are copied, by his permission. The following account of the MODE OF REFINING SUGAR IN EUROPE, or making the white loaf sugar from the moist sugar imported from the West Indies, is abridged from PROFESSOR BRANDE's Manual of Chemistry. Raw sugar is chosen by the refiner by the sharpness and brightness of the grain, and those kinds are preferred which have a peculiar gray hue: softgrained yellow sugars, although they may be originally whiter, are not so fit for the purposes of the manufactory. It is for this reason that sugars from particular countries are never used: such as those from the East Indies, Barbadoes, &c.; they do not possess the property of crystallizing so perfectly, and approach in this respect to the nature of grape-sugar. The proper sugar being selected, the pans, which resemble those used in the West Indies, are charged with lime-water, with which bullocks'-blood is well mixed. They are then filled with sugar, which is suffered to stand a night to dissolve. The use of the lime-water is, that, by combining with the treacle, it may cause it to be more easily dissolved, and thus render easy its separation from the pure solid sugar. Fires are lighted under the pans early in the morning, and when the liquid begins to boil, the albumen of the blood coagulates and rises to the top, bringing all the impurities of the sugar with it. These are taken off with a skimmer. The liquid is kept gently simmering and continually skimmed, till a small quantity taken in a metallic spoon, appears perfectly transparent: this generally takes from four to five hours. The whiteness of the sugar is not at all improved by this process, it is sometimes made darker by the action of the fire; it only serves to remove all foreign impurities; when the solution is judged to be sufficiently clear, it is suffered to run off into a large cistern. The pans are then reduced to half their size by taking off their fronts, and a small quantity is returned into each. The fires are now increased, and the sugar made to boil as rapidly as possible, till a small quantity taken on the thumb is capable of being drawn out into threads by the forefinger. Nothing but practice can ascertain the exact point at which the boiling should be stopped: if it is carried too far, the treacle is again bound up with the sugar; and if not carried far enough, much of the sugar runs off with the treacle in the afterprocess. When this point is ascertained, the fire is instantly damped, and the boiling sugar carried off in basins to the coolers. A fresh quantity is then pumped into the pans, which is evaporated in like manner. When the sugar is in the coolers, it is violently agitated with wooden oars till it appears thick and granulated, and a portion taken on the finger is no longer capable of being drawn into threads. It is upon this agitation in the coolers, that the whiteness and fineness of grain in the refined Sugar depend. When the sugar has arrived at that granular state in the coolers above described, it is poured into pointed earthen moulds, having a small hole at their pointed ends, which have previously been soaked a night in water; in these it is again agitated with sticks, for the purpose of extricating the air-bubbles, which would otherwise adhere to the sugar and mould, and leave the coat of the loaf rough and uneven. When The blood of all animals contains a large portion of a liquid, precisely like the white of an egg, which is called albumen, which, when exposed to heat, as we know in the case of the egg, becomes a solid and opaque substance, and rises to the top of the liquid in which it is boiled. The the upper floors of the manufactory, and the paper stops, which had been placed in the small holes of the mould, being removed, they are set with their broad ends upward, upon earthen pots. first portions of the liquid treacle soon run down, and leave the sugar much whitened by the separation. This self-clearance is much assisted by a high temperature; and when it is perfected, pipe-clay carefully mixed up with water, to the consistence of thick cream, is put upon the loaves to the thickness of about an inch: the water from this slowly runs through the loaves, and washing the solid sugar from all remains and tinge of the treacle, runs into the pots. The clay is of no other use than to retain the water, and prevent its running too rapidly through the mass, by which too much of the sugar would be dissolved; a sponge, dipped into water, acts in the same manner. The process of claying is repeated four or five times, according to the nature of the sugar, and the degree to which it has been boiled. When the loaves are perfectly cleansed from all remains of the coloured fluid, they are suffered to remain some time for the water to drain off: when this is completed, they are set with their faces down, when all remains of it return from their points, and it is equally diffused throughout: they are then set in a stove and thoroughly dried. THE NIGHTINGALE. I WANDERED out to take a draught of the fresh breeze, perfumed as it was by the thousand aromatic plants that grow wild on the mountains of Andalusia. There I found an inducement to linger much longer than I had anticipated. I had been delighted already during the day's ride, especially after sun-set and the commencement of twilight, by the singing of Nightingales, which abound in Spain. On this occasion, there were two, perched upon opposite trees, in which were doubtless the nests of the females. They sang alternately; and evidently waited for each other; the one only commencing sometimes after the other had finished. Thus they exercised a degree of deference and politeness towards each other, not always observed by more reasonable creatures. Their prevailing note was as usual, that sweet and swelling strain, which well-articulated modulations, and grows fuller and fuller for beginning in a low whistle, passes from rapid quavers, to a few seconds, until it reaches the pitch of force and melody, thence declining to a close, by an equally happy and harmonious gradation. This pleasing contest, reminded me of Pliny's animated, and perhaps rather imaginative description of this little musician; how that the young ones are taught by the old,-listen attentively to their lesson, and strive to repeat it,-how the more experienced songsters dispute among themselves for the palm of supremacy, and grow obstinate in the contest,―the conquered at length losing his life, and rather renouncing his respiration than his song. I had passed nearly two years in Europe, and from living mostly in cities, had missed hearing this bird until now. A friend had told me, in reference to the received opinion of its mournful melancholy note, " You will find it a lively, sprightly bird, and its song, the joyful out-pouring of a healthy, hearty, happy individual." And so indeed it proved. I at once became enamoured of the little songster. Some months afterwards, having in vain sought to steal unseen upon him in the bushes, which resounded with his melody; I at length caught sight of the rusty little warbler in a cage, which furnished his coyness with no concealment. I wondered with the ancient naturalist, (Pliny,) that so small and mean a body, should supply so loud a voice— such a fund of spirit and earnestness. In the present instance, the music of the Nightingale fell on my ear with the charm of novelty; it beguiled me of the repose required for the renewal of our journey; and when I at length found myself in the filthy and over-tenanted sleeping-room, and upon the comfortless bed that had been assigned me, I thought it was but a poor exchange for the calm star-light without, the sweet breath of the mountain, and the song of the Nightingale.A Year in Spain, by a Young American. LETTER FROM JEREMY TAYLOR TO JOHN EVELYN, ON THE DEATH OF HIS SON, RICHARD EVELYN. Deare Sir, Sir, by the assistance of Almighty God, I purpose to wait on you some time next weeke, that I may be a witnesse of your Christian courage and bravery; and that I may see that God never displeases you, as long as the maine stake is preserved, I meane your hopes and confidences of Heaven. Sir, I shall pray for all that you can want; that is, some degrees of comfort and a present mind; and shal alwayes doe you honour, and faine also would doe you service, if it were in the power, as it is in the affections and desires of, Deare Sir, Your most affectionate and obliged freind and Servant, JER. TAYLOR. On the 25th of February following is this notice in Evelyn's Diary :— "25. Came Dr. Jeremy Taylor and my brothers, with other friends, to visite and condole with us." VACCINATION AMONG THE AMERICAN WHEN Vaccination was first introduced among the IF dividing and sharing griefes were like the cutting of rivers, I dare say to you you would find your streame much abated; for I account myselfe to have a great cause of sorrow not onely in the diminution of the numbers of your joyes and hopes, but in the losse of that pretty person, your strangely hopeful boy. I cannot tell all my owne sorrowes without adding to yours; and the causes of my real sadnesse in your losse are so just and so reasonable, that I can no otherwise comfort you but by telling you, that you have very great cause to mourne: so certain it is that griefe does propagate as fire does. You have enkindled my funeral torch, and by joining mine to yours, I doe but encrease the flame. Hoc me male urit is the best signification of my apprehension of your sad story. But, Sir, I cannot choose but I must hold another and a brighter flame to you. It is already burning in your breast; and if I can but remove the darke side of the lanthorne, you have enough within you, to warme yourselfe, and to shine to others. Remember, Sir, your two boyes * are two bright starres, and their innocence is secur'd, and "Brother,-Our Father has delivered to us the you shall never heare evil of them agayne. Their book you sent, to instruct us how to use the discovery state is safe, and Heaven is given to them upon very which the Great Spirit made to you; whereby the easy termes; nothing but to be borne and die. It Small Pox, that fatal enemy of our tribes, may be will cost you more trouble to get where they are; driven from the earth. We have deposited your book and amongst other things, one of the hardnesses will in the hands of the man of skill, whom our Great be that you must overcome this just and reasonable Father employs to attend us, when sick or wounded. griefe; and indeed, though the griefe hath but too We shall not fail to teach our children to speak the reasonable a cause, yet it is much more reasonable name of JENNER, and to thank the Great Spirit for that you master it. For besides that they are no bestowing upon him so much wisdom, and so much loosers, but you are the person that complains, doe benevolence. We send with this a belt and string of but consider what you would have suffer'd for their wampum, in token of our acceptance of your precious interest: you have suffer'd them to goe from you, to gift, and we beseech the Great Spirit to take care of be great Princes in a strange country; and if you you in this world, and in the land of spirits." can be content to suffer your own inconvenience for their interest, you command your worthiest love, and the question of mourning is at an end. But you have said and done well when you looke upon it as a rod of God; and He that so smites here will spare hereafter: and if you by patience and submission imprint the discipline upon your owne flesh, you kill the cause, and make the effect very tolerable; because it is in some sense chosen, and therefore in no sense unsufferable. Sir, if you doe not looke to it, time will snatch your honour from you, and reproach you for not effecting that by Christian philosophy which time will doe alone. And if you consider that of the bravest men in the world, we find the seldomest stories of their children, and the Apostles had none, and thousands of the worthiest persons that sound most in story, died childlesse ; you will find it is a rare act of Providence so to impose upon worthy men a necessity of perpetuating their names by worthy actions and discourses, governments, and reasonings. If the breach be never repair'd it is because God does not see it fit to be; and if you will be of his mind, it will be much the better. But, Sir, if you will pardon my zeale and passion for your comfort, I will readily confesse that you have no need of any discourse from me to comfort you. Sir, now you have an opportunity of serving God by passive graces; strive to be an example and a comfort to your Lady, and by your wise counsel and comfort stand in the breaches of your own family, and make it appeare that you are more to her than ten sons. Richard, a prodigy of talent, was five years old; he died January 27, 1657-8.-Evelyn lost his youngest son, George, aged seven weeks, on the 15th of the following February. This address forcibly shows, not only the high value set by these rude Indians, on the important discovery of Vaccination, but also their religious piety, in attributing every good gift, and every perfect gift, to the supreme Deity, whom they worship, though in ignorance and superstition, under the title of the Great Spirit. PASSION, when we contemplate it through the medium of ENGLAND'S MERRY BELLS. With sacred hymns of prayer and praise! I love to hear that joyful tone, Which makes our neighbour's bliss our own; HINTS INTENDED TO PREVENT FATAL ACCIDENTS The Person who is in danger of drowning, should endeavour to be as quiet as possible. The human body is lighter than water, therefore, if kept quiet, some part of it will float; that part must be the face; therefore lean back the head and keep down the arms and hands, or they will sink the head;-all agitating and kicking motions are dangerous. Dr. Franklin recommends a motion similar to going up stairs upon hands and knees. Any person may lie on his back in the water, gently using the arms, as in swimming-this should be taught to young persons. The Spectators should cheer and encourage the person in danger this is of very great importance. The alarm must be instantly and loudly given for every possible assistance. The swimmer will (taking off his hat, coat, waistcoat, and shoes) jump in to preserve his fellow-creature; if the body be under water, let the swimmer dive, remembering he can open his eyes and see under water, if necessary; a body is easily moved under water;-send for drags, boats, ropes, ladders, long pieces of wood, bladders, &c. Take a rope and throw one end, made heavy by a stone, to the sufferer, on the principle of Captain Manby's invention ;- tie handkerchiefs, &c., together in safeknots, (learn the art,) and use them extended as the rope. Take a handkerchief, lay a hat on it with the crown upwards; cover the hat and tie the handkerchief by its corners at the crown, and float it, (with a little ballast,) crown downwards, to the sufferer-a string with a weight (as before) thrown to him will enable him to bring the hat to himself-any one may trust to this floating hat; an extended (not leaky) umbrella, or perhaps a parasol, will float any one seizing hold of the ferule at the lower end. A large bladder, tied round the neck, will force the head out of water, the arms being down;-join hands, and endeavour to make a line from the shore to the sufferer. The services of the Newfoundland dog in saving children are well known. Use the drags carefully and speedily. Watch for air-bubbles, they may show where the body is. When the body is got to land—avoid all rough usage, avoid the use of salt, tobacco, and spirits-don't roll the body on casks-Lose not a moment-carry the body to the nearest house, and send for medical assistance; dry the body, put it between warm blankets, rub it without intermission, and use the other means recommended by the Royal Humane Society. Temple, London. W. GOOD manners are the blossom of good sense, and it may be added, of good feeling too; for, if the law of kindness be written in the heart, it will lead to that disinterestedness in little as well as great things-that desire to oblige, and attention to the gratification of others, which is the foundation of good manners.- -Locke. Mr. MORIER, in his interesting account of the visit of the Persian Ambassador to England, in 1809, remarks, that "There was considerable pleasure in observing his emotion, when he was taken to St. Paul's Cathedral, on the anniversary of the charity children, where he acquired more real esteem for the institutions and the national character of England, than he did from any other sight; for he frequently after referred to his feelings on that occasion." THAT species of education in infancy which is derived from maternal care is ever the most valuable. How many are the cases where guilt itself is checked in its career by the force of affectionate recollections, arising in the bosom of a youth, when far distant from his home, and removed from friendly counsel; the image of his mother floats before him, the vicious passion is repelled, and the waverer may for ever be fixed in a life of virtue, from the first triumph of maternal precepts.-MACDONNEll. BISHOP HEBER not only discountenanced every tendency to ill-natured remarks, but had always a kind and charitable construction to put on actions which might, perhaps, more readily admit of a different meaning; and when the misconduct of others allowed of no defence, he would leave judgment to that Being who alone "knoweth what is in the heart of man." He had so much pleasure in conferring kindness, that he often declared it was an exceeding indulgence of God, to promise a reward for what carried with it its own recompense. ANNIVERSARIES IN JUNE. 1667 The Dutch Fleet, commanded by De Ruyter and Van Gaunt, TUESDAY, 11th. ST. BARNABAS.-The Apostle to whom this day is dedicated was a Jew, of the tribe of Levi, and his Jewish name Joses. When the Christian couverts formed a public fund for the support of their indigent members, this Joses was one of the first to sell his estate, and appropriate the whole of its produce to that benevolent purpose, on which occasion it was that he received the name of BARNABAS, or the Son of Consolation. After the miraculous conversion of St. Paul, Barnabas first introduced him into the society of the Apostles; and, having been extremely instrumental in aiding and confirming the primitive Christians of Antioch, he was afterwards, by the express call of the Holy Ghost, separated for the work of the ministry with St. Paul, and from that period considered one of the apostles. He suffered martyrdom by being stoned to death at Salamis, A. D. 73. On this day, in the year B. C. 1184, the city of Troy was taken 1294 Roger Bacon, a learned monk of Oxford, died. and destroyed by the Greeks, after a ten years' siege. 1488 James III., King of Scotland, was murdered in the twentyninth year of his reign, and the thirty-sixth of his age. 1685 The Duke of Monmouth, natural son of King Charles II., landed in Dorsetshire, and published a manifesto against his uncle, King James II. 1727 King George 1. died in his carriage, a short distance from Os1720 A great earthquake at Pekin, in China. naburgh, in Germany, in the sixty-eighth year of his age, and the thirteenth of his reign. THURSDAY, 13th. 1625 King Charles I. married the Princess Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV. of France, at Canterbury. 1817 Died Richard Lovel Edgeworth, Esq., the father of Miss Edgeworth, the novelist. 1823 Died Robert Bowman, a labourer, aged 118. He was born in Cumberland, had never been sick but twice in his life, viz. of the Measles when a child, and of the Hooping Cough when he had passed his 100th year. In his 108th year he walked sixteen miles in one day, and assisted in farming labour. He was very abstemious, drinking only water or milk and water. SATURDAY, 15th. On the On this day the rising of the Nile generally commences. precise height and quantity of this inundation depends the fruitfulness or deficiency of the ensuing season; the Egyptians, therefore, watch its progress with the most intense interest, and celebrate the moment when it arrives at the requisite point, with the most pompous religious fetes and universal hilarity. 1825 The first Stone of New London Bridge laid. 1826 The Corps of Janizaries abolished. SUNDAY, 16th. SECOND SUNDAY AFTER TRINITY. 1693 Admiral Rooke defeated by a superior French force, when twelve English and Dutch men-of-war, and eighty merchantmen of the Turkey fleet were taken or destroyed. Died John Duke of Marlborough, of whom, as of Alexander the Great, it was said, that he never fought a battle he did not win, nor besieged a town he did not take. 1722 1819 A dreadful Earthquake in India; swallowed up a large district in Cutch, and more than 2000 souls perished. LONDON: PUBLISHED IN WEEKLY NUMBERS, PRICE ONE PENNY, AND IN MONTHLY PARTS JOHN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND. |