LINCOLN CATHEDRAL. FULLER, the church historian, says of Lincoln Cathedral, in allusion to its commanding situation on the top of a hill, that "its floor is higher than the roofs of many churches." This venerable building, indeed, so majestic and beautiful in itself, has a great advantage, from its position. Amidst the various points of view in which it is seen from the adjacent country, it would be difficult to determine I which is the finest. The ground was chosen by Remigius, first Bishop of Lincoln, who, according to an ancient account, "purchased lands on the highest part of the city, and built a church, strong and fair, in a strong place, and in a fair spot." The strength of the place chiefly consisted in its being near to the castle which William the First erected, having for that purpose thought proper to destroy two hundred houses. At the period of the Conquest, Lincoln was one of the most important and considerable towns in England; and it was William's policy to secure it. Before the time of Remigius, who was a Norman, and who translated the episcopal seat to the city of Lincoln, the Bishop's Cathedral was situated in what has now become a village, Dorchester, in Oxfordshire and although, since that period, the diocese of Lincoln has been much lessened in extent, it is still the largest in the kingdom. Remigius died in 1092, a few days before the consecration of the Cathedral, which he dedicated to the Virgin. The successor of Remigius, Robert Bloet, continued the building; but it appears to have been burnt down soon after the death of the latter prelate, and to have been restored, and vaulted with stone, by Alexander, the next Bishop. bourne was treasurer of the Cathedral and master of the works. The total internal length is 470 feet; the nave 240 feet in length, 80 in breadth, and 80 in height; the choir to the altar-screen, 140 feet long, 40 broad, and 72 high. The west transept is 220 feet in length, 63 in breadth, and 74 in height. The east transept is 166 feet in length, and 72 in height. The western towers are 206 feet, the centre tower is 262 feet in height. The chapter-house, attached to the east end, is a lofty elegant building, forming a decagon, and is 60 feet in diameter. On the north side of, and connected with the Cathedral, are the cloisters, of which only three sides remain in the original state; they measure 118 feet on the north and south sides, and 91 feet on the eastern and western sides. Such are the principal measurements. In attempting to give a just description of this noble Minster, we are precluded by our limits from entering into the subject as fully as we could wish; we are, therefore, content with selecting from our materials such as appear most interesting. The late Earl of Burlington, who had an excellent taste in architecture, accounted this the finest Gothic structure in England, and superior even to York Minster. He chiefly admired the grand western front. Several distinguished persons, besides the bishops, have been interred in Lincoln Cathedral, particularly Catherine Swinford, Duchess of Lancaster, wife of the celebrated John of Gaunt; there is also a monument to the memory of her daughter, Joan, countess of Westmoreland. In addition to the rich and massive shrines, pearls and precious stones, which were anciently the property of this church, various sculptured It will be seen, on referring to our view of Lintombs of different periods existed, of which no traces coln Cathedral, that a great many styles prevail remain. Many of these were destroyed at the time of the Reformation; but the chief ravages were comin the workmanship, particularly of the western front, a portion of which is considered all that now mitted by the fury of the fanatics and republicans, remains of the original fabric erected by Remigius. during the Civil War, in the time of Charles the It may be interesting to trace some of the dates from First. In 1645, not only were the beautiful brass this period, in which we shall chiefly follow Caley gates of the choir pulled down, and other wanton inand Ellis's edition of Dugdale's great work, the Mo-juries practised, but the church was actually made hasticon Anglicanum. barracks for the parliamentary troops. About 1124 the church was burnt down, upon which Bishop Alexander rebuilt what had been thus destroyed. After the earthquake of 1185, Hugh de Grenoble, afterwards called St. Hugh, the Burgundian, took down at least half of the Norman church. The east side of the great transept is entirely his work. In 1239 a great part of the central tower fell in, doing considerable injury to the body of the building, the repairs occasioned by which were conducted by Bishop Grosthead. Bishop Lexington, in the time of Henry the Third, added five arches beyond the upper transept, which are, perhaps, the most beautiful part of the church, and exhibit the most perfect specimen of the style of building which prevailed at that time in England. Bishop Gynewell, in the reign of Edward the Third, added several ornaments to the west front, and eleven statues of the Kings, from the Conqueror to Edward the Third. The upper part of the present central tower is supposed to have been built in 1306, and the upper stories of the western towers some years afterwards. These are lofty, and are adorned with tracery, pillars, windows, &c. The three towers were formerly surmounted by spires of wood, covered with lead; that on the latter was blown down in 1547, and the others were removed for the sake of safety in 1808. Part of the great transept, the stalls of the choir, and the statues and windows, above the western entrances, are said to have been erected at the close of the fourteenth century, when John Wel The dean and chapter, sensible of the beauties of the Cathedral, have shown themselves attentive to its preservation. By a liberal allotment of part of the revenues of the church for that object, they have, from time to time, effected many judicious and extensive repairs. HYMN. As o'er the past my mem'ry strays The World, and worldly things beloved, Yet, Holy Father, wild despair Chase from my lab'ring breast; My life's brief remnant all be thine! Oh! speed my soul to Thee !-BP. MIDDLETON. ON FRIENDSHIP. HAST thou a Friend, as heart may wish at will? TUSSER. 1573. CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD. THE heart, which is the principal organ of circulation, is placed within the breast between the two lobes of the lungs. It is a fleshy substance, and has two cavities, which are separated from each other by a valve. From the left ventricle, a large blood-vessel, called the aorta, proceeds, and soon divides into several branches, which ascend and descend by innumerable ramifications, become smaller as they proceed, and penetrate every part of the body. When the right ventricle contracts, the blood is propelled into the arteries with so much force that it reaches the mi nutest extremities of their most remote ramifications. This motion is called the pulse, which is merely the effect of the pulsation of the heart, and is quicker or slower according to the frequency of its contractions. When the blood arrives at the extremities of the arteries distributed through the body, Nature employs it in the wisest manner. Certain vessels absorb the watery, oily, and saline parts. In some parts of the body, where the arteries are distributed, the secretion of milk, fat, and various fluids is performed: the remaining portion of blood flows into the extremities of the veins. These vessels gradually enlarge in size, till they form very large tubes, which return the blood back to the right ventricle of the heart. The blood is then propelled into the pulmonary artery, which disperses it through the lungs by innumerable small branches. It is there exposed to the action of the air, is afterwards received by the pulmonary veins, and by them is conveyed to the left auricle of the heart. This contracts, and sends it into the left ventricle, which, also contracting, pushes it into the aorta, whence it circulates through every part of the body. For this complicated function, four cavities, as we have seen, become necessary, and four are accordingly provided: two called Ventricles, which send out the blood; viz. one into the lungs, in the first instance, the other into the mass after it has returned from the lungs. Two others called Auricles, which receive the blood from the veins; viz. one as it comes immediately from the body, the other as the same blood comes a second time, after its circulation through the lungs, for without the lungs one of each would have been sufficient. Such is the admirable circulation of the blood in man and most animals. But there is still much obscurity in this interesting subject. We meet with wonders here, that prove how incapable the human mind is of explaining this work of Divine wisdom. "The wisdom of the Creator," saith Hamburgher, " is in nothing seen more gloriously than the heart;' and how well doth it execute its office! An anatomist, who understood the structure of the heart, might say beforehand that it would play; but he would expect, I think, from the complexity of its mechanism, and the delicacy of many of its parts, that it should always be liable to derangement, or that it would soon work itself out. Yet shall this wonderful machine go night and day, for eighty years together, at the rate of 100,000 strokes every twenty-four hours, having at every stroke a great resistance to overcome, and shall continue this action for this length of time without disorder and without weariness! From KEILL'S Anatomy, we learn that each ventricle will contain at least one ounce of blood. The heart contracts 4000 times in one hour, from which it follows that there pass through the heart every hour 4000 ounces, or 350 pounds, of blood. The whole mass of blood is said to be about 25 pounds, so that a quantity equal to the whole mass of blood passes through the heart 14 times in one hour, which is about once in every four minutes. Consider," says PALEY, " what an affair this is, when we come to very large animals. The aorta of a whale is larger in the bore than the main pipe of some water-works; and the water roaring in its passage through a pipe of that description is inferior in impetus and velocity to the blood gushing from the whale's heart." Dr. HUNTER, in his account of the dissection of a whale, says, "The aorta measured a foot diameter. Ten or fifteen gallons of blood are thrown out of the heart at a stroke, with an immense velocity, through a tube of a foot diameter. The whole idea fills the mind with wonder.” The account here given will not convey to a reader ignorant of anatomy any thing like an accurate notion of the form, action, or the use of the parts, or of the circulation of the blood (nor can any short and popular account do this); but it is abundantly sufficient to give him some idea of the wonderful mechanism bestowed on his frame, for the continuance of life, by the hand of a Being who is all-wise, allpowerful, and all-good, and whose bountiful care is equally extended to the preservation and happiness of the humblest creature in existence, which has been, equally with ourselves, called into life at his Divine behest, and for a wise and good purpose. D. SAINT ANTHONY AND THE COBBLER.-WE read a pretty story of St. Anthony, who, being in the wilderness, led there a very hard and strait life, insomuch that none at that time did the like; to whom came a voice from heaven, saying, "Anthony, thou art not so perfect as is a cobbler that dwelleth at Alexandria." Anthony hearing this, rose up forthwith, and took his staff, and went till he came to Alexandria, where he found the cobbler. The cobbler was astonished to see so reverend a father come to his house. 66 66 Then Anthony said unto him, “Come, and tell me thy whole conversation, and how thou spendest thy have I none, for my life is but simple and slender. I am time? Sir," said the cobbler, as for me, good works but a poor cobbler. In the morning, when I rise, I pray for the whole city wherein I dwell, especially for all such neighbours and poor friends as I have; after I set me at my labour, where I spend the whole day in getting my living; and I keep me from all falsehood, for I hate nothing so much as I do deceitfulness; wherefore, when I make to any man a promise, I keep it and perform it truly. And thus I spend my time poorly with my wife and children, whom I teach and instruct, as far as my wit will serve me, to fear and dread God. And this is the sum of my simple life." In this story you see how God loveth those that follow their vocation, and live uprightly, without any falsehood in their dealing. This Anthony was a great holy man; yet this cobbler was as much esteemed before God as he.BR. LATIMER. THERE are none in the world so wickedly inclined, but that a religious instruction and bringing up may fashion anew and reform them; nor any so well-disposed, whom (the reins being let loose) the continual fellowship and famiand deform. Vessels will ever retain a savour of their first liarity, and the examples of dissolute men, may not corrupt liquor; it being equally difficult either to cleanse the mind once corrupted, or to extinguish the sweet savour of virtue first received, when the mind was yet tender, open, and -SIR WALTER Ralegh. easily seasoned.— THE desire of knowledge is not more natural than is the desire of communicating our knowledge. Even power would be less valued, were there no opportunity of showing it to others; it derives half its value from that circumstance. And as to the desire of esteem, it can have no possible gratification but in society. These parts of our constitution, therefore, are evidently intended for social life; and it is not more evident that birds were made for flying, and fishes for swimming, than that man, endowed with a natural desire of power, of esteem, and of knowledge, is made, not for the savage and solitary state, but for living in society -REID'S Essays HERALDRY. No. I. THE SHIELD. HAVING, in a former number, given some account of the Supporters of the Arms of the Kings of England, we will in this present, and occasionally in future numbers, give some few notices on the subject of HERALDRY, sufficiently minute to make our readers fairly acquainted with the laws of that interesting science, and the origin of its principal bearings. The present paper will be confined to the subject of the SHIELD. Our readers are probably aware, that Heraldry is the scientific regulation and description of the various ornaments with which our ancestors distinguished themselves in war, or in tournaments and warlike exercises. These ornaments, though worn frequently on a Shirt, or Coat of Arms, thrown over the whole person, or in Banners or Pennons, were invariably depicted on the Shield. From this circumstance it arises that all seals, engravings, and paintings of coat-armour, are constantly drawn in a shield-like form. Ornaments on shields may be traced to the remotest antiquity. The classical reader will notice many instances of them, but it will be sufficient to mention here, as a proof of the custom, the elaborately-ornamented Shield of Achilles, described by Homer; so, also, when Solomon made his three hundred shields of gold, it is only probable to suppose that so precious a metal received also appropriate decorations. Indeed, as personal distinction is, in all cases, a natural desire, we may readily imagine that the leader in battle was not slow to adopt some distinguishing embellishment, which, while it might excite his own valour, would also have the advantage of rendering him conspicuous to his followers. In savage life, which is always, probably, a fair picture of the earlier stages of polished society, we accordingly find shields, at present, beautified with a rude, but very diligent labour. It is generally allowed, however, that these ornaments did not become hereditary till the age of the Crusades. The shape of the Shield has varied very considerably. As its only object, at first, was to shelter the warrior, it was so constructed as to cover as much of the body as possible; accordingly, we find that the foot soldiers were defended by a very The annexed engraving shows three archers nestling behind one shield, while another supports a shield of large dimensions on his back. This engraving is taken from a picture in JOHNES's Froissart's Chronicle of the Siege of Duras. The Knight, or horseman, who, from his position, could not conceal his legs behind a shield, contented himself with a shorter buckler, in which, however, he preserved the same shape as that of the foot soldier, more especially as its figure, tapering towards the bottom, allowed the ready and easy projection of his lance, with which weapon the charge was generally made. Our engraving of the seal of King Stephen will give the shape of the horseman's shield, while that of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester, in addition to the shape of the shield, presents us also with the shirt, or coat of arms, SHIELD OF HENRY seems entirely to have banished all the ancient modes of warfare. After the Restoration, we believe, no tilt took place, and the Shield now assumed in Heraldry all the many different and frequently elegant shapes, which either the taste of the painter, the necessity created by marshalling numerous quarterings, or the caprices of fashion, might dictate. It rather belongs to chivalry than to heraldry, to notice the sensitive feelings, and the nice points of honour, which the knight connected with his armorial bearings; feelings which may be traced to distant ages. When we next enter on this subject, we will shortly touch on the tinctures, or blazons, used in Heraldry. THE IGUANA. spread over the person of the Earl, with his armorial | the kingdom the use of more modern weapons, bearings appearing also on the housings of his horse. The custom of quartering arms, (which will be the subject of a future paper,) occasioned an enlargement of the shield in its lower parts, in order to give room for introducing the quartered coats. We give a copy of the Shield of King Henry the Fifth, containing the Arms of France and England quarterly, which will show this expansion. But as this spread of the shield below materially interfered with the projection of the lance, an alteration was shortly contrived in its upper part, where a piece seems frequently to have been scooped out, to give the spear an easier advance. We present our readers with another Shield from Froissart, being a specimen of this variation in figure. This Shield, bearing three Hearts, was used at a tournament where three French Knights, for the love of their ladies, challenged all comers. This shape, however, is frequently introduced among the many beautiful embellishments of that splendid building, King's College Chapel, Cambridge; and, if it is still preserved, may be seen on the foot of Henry the Seventh's tomb in Westminster Abbey. In the margin is another specimen, being a Shield from the monument of Henry the Fifth, where the outlet for the lance is introduced above, while the Shield is brought to a square below, in order to accommodate its quarterings. SHIELD OF THREE FRENCH KNIGHTS. Shields were actually used in tilts, and possibly in war, as late as the reign of King James the First. The Rebellion which followed, by introducing into THE reptile here represented belongs to the Lizard tribe, and grows to the length of three or four feet; it is considered, in the countries which it inhabits, as very delicate eating, and, on that account, is much sought after by the natives. It is curious to trace the prejudices and preferences of mankind for different sorts of food, and to observe, from the facts discovered, how much influence mental antipathies have over our bodily feelings. The refreshing, and almost universally approved beverage, tea, when offered by some European travellers to the Turkish ladies, was rejected as insipid and valueless. We find in some old English dramas, corvorants and soland geese reckoned among the dainties of the table. At the present time crabs, lobsters, and other shell-fish are, in this and other countries, considered as delicacies, while the inhabitants of the eastern parts of Europe turn from them with disgust, to make a meal off locusts scorched over a fire. Bread dipped in trainoil is greedily devoured by the Laplanders, and even by the more civilized Russians; and Captain Parry, when on his voyage of discovery to the North Pole, contrived to keep a restless Esquimaux in his chair, while his likeness was taken, by treating him at intervals with tallow-candles. If we look nearer home. we find the lower orders in Scotland, in many cases, refusing eels as food, while, on this side the border, they are considered a delicious dish. The Iguana is found within the tropics, in South America, the West Indies, and the islands of the Indian Ocean. The species figured in the print is a native of Amboyna, the chief of the Molucca Islands, in the Indian Ocean. The Iguana is extremely active, and climbs trees with great quickness and dexterity; its principal food is fruit and flowers, and small insects or worms. Its bite, although not dangerous, is extremely painful, on account of the strength of the creature's jaws. The thickness of its skull renders it very tenacious of life, and the mode of destruction employed by the hunters, who attack it with clubs, is far from expeditious in its operation. THE FOLLY OF A BELIEF IN FORTUNE TELLING, OR ASTROLOGY. RICHARD HOOKER, it is quite refreshing to look back occasionally upon AMID the bustle and turmoil of this restless age, it the olden time, and to contemplate some of the divines and scholars of former days, remarkable not attainments in learning, than for their calm, simple, more for their mighty intellect, and their wonderful and secluded habits of life. Of this description of men we cannot easily find a more perfect specimen than Richard Hooker, author of the Ecclesiastical Polity. This modest and unassuming, but really great man, was born about the year 1553, at Heavytree, near Exeter, and, his parents being in humble circumstances, he was intended to be brought up to some trade; but the disposition and talents which he evinced at school, soon showed that he was fitted for higher things, and induced his master to intercede with his uncle to assist a youth of such fair promise in prosecuting his studies for the sacred profession. By this uncle Hooker was recommended to Jewell, then Bishop of Salisbury, and through the influence of that distinguished prelate, he soon obtained the situa tion of a clerk at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. About three years after his admission at the Uni THE belief in Judicial Astrology, which appears to be adapted only to the darkest ages, continued, notwithstanding the vast progress made in literature and science, to be cherished pretty generally among the uneducated, and even, in too many instances, amongst the learned, until late in the seventeenth century, if indeed it did not even survive that date. To show the total folly of all pretensions to the art of predicting future events from the positions of the stars, and the equal folly of believing in such predictions, the follow-versity, Hooker having occasion to go into Devoning anecdote is offered to the attention of our readers. Towards the middle and latter end of the seventeenth century, there lived a celebrated mathematician and astronomer, named James Ozanam, whose learned works are well known in every part of Europe. As an astronomer is continually gazing on the stars, and an astrologer professes to draw his predictions from them, the two were frequently confounded with each other. It happened that a nobleman of great rank, desirous of discovering the events of his future life, applied to Ozanam to draw his horoscope, and at the same time employed a neighbouring Physician, who was also a professed and enthusiastic astrologer, to execute the same task. The physician complied; drew the horoscope, and of course pocketed his reward. As for Ozanam, he in vain represented to the nobleman, that he was no astrologer, that he did not believe in the existence of such an art; the nobleman persisted, and as he was a man whose positive commands were not to be refused, Ozanam, at length, threw together, at random, a parcel of predictions all promising riches, power, happiness, and every other worldly blessing that a man could desire. About twenty years afterwards, the same nobleman called again on Ozanam, loading him with compliments, and assuring him that every one of his predictions had been verified, while those of the Physician turned out totally false. The event confirmed both parties in their previous opinions. The nobleman, to whom Ozanam did not dare confess the trick, departed more firmly persuaded than ever, that astrology, in the hands of a really learned and able professor, was a science as true as the mathematics; while Ozanam, with much better reason, was confirmed in his opinion, that astrology had no existence whatever, except in the heated imaginations of a few enthusiasts, the cunning of knaves, and the gullibility of fools. Ir was an objection constantly urged by the ancient Epicureans, that man could not be the creature of a benevolent Being, as he was formed in a state so helpless and infirm. They never considered or perceived that this very infirmity and helplessness were the cause and cement of society; that if men had been perfect and self-sufficient, and had stood in no need of each other's assistance, there would have been no occasion for the invention of the arts, and no opportunity for the exercise of the affections.- WARTON. shire, visited his patron on his road; and the account of the visit in honest Isaac Walton is so characteristic, that we must give it in his own words :-" On foot they (Hooker and a companion,) went, and took Salisbury in their way, purposely to see the good Bishop, who made them dine with him at his own table, which Mr. Hooker boasted of with much joy and gratitude when he saw his mother and friends; and, at the Bishop's parting with him, the Bishop gave him good counsel and his benediction, but forgot to give him money, which when the Bishop had considered, he sent a servant in all haste to call Richard back to him; and at Richard's return, the Bishop said, 'Richard, I sent for you back to lend you a horse, which hath carried me many a mile, and, I thank God, with much ease;' and presently delivered into his hands a walking staff, with which he professed he had travelled through many parts of Germany; and he said, 'Richard, I do not give, but lend you my horse; be sure you be honest, and bring my horse back to me at your return this way to Oxford; and I do now give you ten groats, to bear your charges to Exeter; and here are ten groats more, which I charge you to deliver to your mother, and tell her I send her a Bishop's benediction with it, and beg the continuance of her prayers for me; and if you bring my horse back to me, I will give you ten groats more to carry you on foot to the College, and so God bless you, good Richard.'" Hooker was soon afterwards deprived of this excellent patron by death; but his own character for learning and piety not only procured for him a scholarship, and afterwards a fellowship, at his college, but induced Sandys, then Bishop of London, to place his son under his care. The Bishop's words were, "I will have a tutor for my son that shall teach him learning by instruction, and virtue by example, and my greatest care shall be of the last, and (God willing,) this Richard Hooker shall be the man into whose hands I will commit my Edwin." With young Sandys, Hooker also received another distinguished pupil, George Cranmer, the great nephew of Archbishop Cranmer. At Oxford Hooker was fast rising in reputation. Among other honours he had been appointed to read lectures in Hebrew; and in the calm retreat of the University, so well suited to his quiet habits and |