They construct their houses at a convenient distance from the dam, of the same materials; and the principal objects appear to be, having a dry bed to lie on, and security. The walls, and particularly the roof, are often more than five feet thick; and they never give them the last coat of mud-plaster until the frost sets in, which freezes it so hard, that the wolvereen, the greatest enemy of their tribe, cannot easily break through. Some of the large houses have several apartments; but it appears that each is occupied by a whole family. There is no passage into them from the land side; and they have vaults on the banks of the river to retreat to, when they apprehend danger. They drag pieces of wood with their teeth; the mud and small stones they carry between their fore-paws and their throat. They execute their work wholly in the night. When the increase of their numbers makes it necessary to build other apartments, or when they shift to another situation, they begin to cut down the wood early in summer, and begin building in August; but do not complete their work till cold weather sets in. They feed on the bark of trees, preferring that of the poplar and willow, and float down the wood which they cut in summer, to their habitations, for winter provision; but their principal article of food is a thick root, that grows on the bottoms of rivers and lakes. summer, they feed on herbs, berries, &c.

In

THE CHEROKEE INDIANS.

I HAVE been very much interested by some anecdotes of the North American tribes, detailed to me by a friend, who, during an excursion in America, was anxious to collect all the information that could be gained of the original inhabitants. I had been accustomed to consider them (as perhaps some others as ignorant of their progress as myself yet may,) still in a state of barbarism. This, however, is far from being the case. The march of intellect, in its giant strides, has reached even the distant regions they occupy. The oppressed Indian, driven from the home of his fathers, has now a consolation for this unjust treatment in the benefit he derives from the present possessors of the land of his ancestors; for from the European settlers have proceeded the first rays of the light of knowledge, which have penetrated, and are rapidly dispersing, the gloom of ignorance with which he was formerly enveloped.

It must be delightful to every benevolent heart to hear that the minds of a large portion of these people are expanded; that they have raised themselves to the rank of civilized beings; and, above all, that the gloomy terrors of superstition no longer enslave them, but that they are blessed with a knowledge of truth in the pure doctrines of Christianity.

The Cherokees, in particular, have made great advances. They have a code of laws enacted by a council of their chiefs and warriors. They like to be styled the Cherokee nation, are anxious to maintain the dignity of their tribe, and each year send two ambassadors to the congress at Washington, to guard against any encroachments on their territory, and watch over their general interests. May their possessions never be invaded! Sad, indeed, would it be for them to be

The flesh of the beaver is considered very delicious both by the fur-traders and the Indians. The value of the fur is well known; it forms an important and principal article of commercial profit to the Hudson'sBay Company.

The colour of the beaver is a very dark glossy brown; accidental, but very rare, differences occur. Some travellers mention that the white beaver is a distinct species; but Mr. Hearne believes that there is but one kind of beaver, and, during twenty years' residence at Hudson's-Bay, he never saw but one white beaver skin; and the beautiful glossy black beavers' skins are also merely accidental variations.

Those who hunt beavers in winter, must be well acquainted with their manner of life. Their vaults, or holes, are discovered by striking the ice along the banks with an ice-chisel fastened to a pole. While the men are thus employed, the women, and those less experienced, break open the houses; and the beavers, not being able to remain long under water, are secured and taken by the Indians.- -M'GREGOR's British America.

The beaver, although now known chiefly as an American animal, was formerly abundant over all the northern parts of Europe, and not uncommon in Britain. At present, it is sometimes met with, in small communities, in retired spots on the banks of the Rhone, the Danube, and the Weser. As a proof of its having been found in this island, we may notice

not led, like many of the Indian tribes, a wandering life, but from time immemorial have possessed the territory they now occupy.

One of their old superstitions must still, no doubt, contribute to increase their attachment to their country, though it may have ceased to influence their belief. The idea was, that their forefathers sprang from the ground, or descended upon their hills from the clouds. This made them consider the lands of their ancestors inestimable; and it was looked upon as highly dishonourable to relinquish the venerated spots where the bones of their forefathers were laid.

It

The circulation of newspapers in a country is a sure proof of its having attained to a certain degree of civilization. The Cherokees have one, which is published weekly at New Echota; it is printed partly in English and partly in Cherokee characters. I have a number of this publication now before me. commences with a copy of some of the laws, to which the signatures of many of the assembled chiefs are annexed. These, it is true, sound strangely to our ears. Each chief, in addition to his own name, takes some English one of his own choosing; and the taste displayed in this selection seems rather extraordinary. Turtle at Home, Black Fox, and Path Killer, do not to us convey ideas of very dignified persons, yet these are the names of three of their most distinguished chiefs. The other contents of the paper are remarks on the affairs of the Indians, and expressions of their feelings; extracts from several English and American authors (Sir Walter Scott, Washington Irving, &c.); and translations of some portions of Scripture into the Cherokee language.

RELIGION.

RELIGION Should enter into every thing that we think, or feel, or speak, or do. Each morning, we should reflect that we are about to enter on a day, which is the gift of God, and which is wholly due to God, and of which we must hereafter render account at the judgment-seat of God: and, having thus reflected, we should frequently, in the course of each day, recall these thoughts, and apply to God for his all-powerful grace, that we may continually feel ourselves in his most holy presence, and conduct ourselves as exposed to his all-seeing eye.

Each night, we should examine ourselves wherein we have offended, wherein we have omitted any duty, or committed any fault; we should humble ourselves for every such neglect or offence before the throne of grace; and we should entreat for strength and power from on high to amend our lives, and to proceed in all virtue, and godliness of conversation.

And conscious that, though placed in God's empire, we are surrounded by hosts of darkness, we should never lie down to rest without fortifying our souls by devout and fervent prayer. The devil will flee from him who is shielded by this divine armour. If such a man be sleepless, he will have recourse to the best and only sure fountain of consolation and enjoyment. Like David, like Silas, like Saint Paul, and like our blessed Lord himself, his prayers and praises will ascend at midnight unto God; and amidst his quiet and refreshing slumbers, that God will shield him from all evil, and make his very dreams devout! -BISHOP JEBB.

EPITAPH ON AN INFIDEL.
[FROM THE LATIN.]

BENEATH this stone the mould'ring relics lie
Of one to whom RELIGION Spoke in vain;
He lived as though he never were to die,
And died as though he ne'er should live again.-M.

NEW RIVER.-SIR HUGH MYDDELTON. We gave, in a former number, an account of the ancient mode of supplying London with water by means of CONDUITS. These were found insufficient for the increasing demands, and, accordingly, in Queen Elizabeth's time, the citizens of London obtained an Act empowering them to cut and convey a river from any part of Middlesex or Hertfordshire to the city of London, within ten years, which, however, was not carried into effect.

In the early part of James the First's reign, another Act was obtained, " for bringing in a fresh stream of running water to the north part of the city of London;" and this was followed by one still more explicit; but the difficulties appeared so great, that the city declined to undertake it.

Mr. HUGH MYDDELTON, however, a native of Denbigh, citizen and goldsmith of London, who had amassed a large fortune by a silver mine in Cardiganshire, and who had urged the city to apply for the Acts above mentioned, was disposed to carry the object into effect. He made an offer to the Court of Common Council in March, 1609, to begin this work, on their transferring to him the powers which they possessed under these acts; and, this being regularly done, he commenced the work, on the 1st of April following, entirely at his own risk and charge. Various difficulties, however, soon occurred;-the art of civil engineering was then little understood in England; and he experienced many obstacles from the owners and occupiers of the lands through which his destined river was to be brought.

The distance of the springs of Chadwell and

Amwell, where he began, is about twenty-two miles from London; but it was found necessary, in order to avoid the rising grounds and valleys, to make the stream travel over more than thirty-eight miles. The spirited and industrious projector soon began to feel the weight of his task, and petitioned the City for an extension of the time appointed for its completion. With a fresh term of four years, he again set to work; and, having adjusted the claims of interested landholders in a friendly manner, he was so reduced in finances when he had brought the water near Enfield, that he was compelled to entreat the co-operation of the City in the great and useful design. The city of London refused to grant him any aid, and he then petitioned King James himself, who, upon a moiety of the concern being made over to him, agreed to pay half the expense, past and to come. The work now proceeded rapidly, and was finished according to Mr. Myddelton's original agreement; and, on the 29th of September, 1613, the water was let into the basin, now called the NEW RIVER HEAD, which had been prepared for its reception. It happened that, on the same day, Sir Thomas Middleton, brother of the projector, was elected Lord Mayor of London, and that he proceeded, with the Recorder and many of the Aldermen, to see the opening of the river, of which Srow gives the following account.

"A troop of labourers, to the number of sixty or more, well apparrelled, and wearing green Monmouth caps, all alike, carrying spades, shovels, pickaxes, and such like instruments of laborious employment, marching after drums twice or thrice about the cistern, presented themselves before the mount, when the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and a worthy company beside, stood to behold them: and one man in behalf of all the rest delivered a speech.

"At the end of which," says Stow, "the floodgates flew open, the stream ran gallantly into the cistern, drums and trumpets sounding in triumphal manner; and a brave peal of chambers (guns) gave full issue to the intended entertainment."

It only now remained to convey the water to the various parts of the metropolis, the expense attending which was considerable, and it was some time before the water came into general use; but this having been effected, its benefits were soon apparent. So little, however, were the advantages of this river at that time understood, that the shares continued to be of very small value; and for the first nineteen years after the finishing of the work, the annual profit upon each scarcely amounted to twelve shillings.

This noble undertaking is generally allowed to have cost the original proprietors 500,000l., an immense sum in those days, yet not astonishing, considering the heavy expenses for the purchase of land, &c. in the line of the stream. At the completion of his enterprise, the once wealthy and public-spirited Myddelton found himself a ruined man. He was obliged to part with the whole of his property in the scheme, being the thirty-six shares vested in him out of the seventy-two into which it was divided.

Sir Hugh Myddelton died in 1631, having been When we reflect upon created a baronet in 1622. the public spirit and persevering industry of this great man, we cannot but regret that he and his family not only reaped no benefit from this great national undertaking, but were absolutely impoverished in its accomplishment. Lady Myddelton, the mother of the last Sir Hugh Myddelton, actually received a pension of 201. per annum, from the Goldsmiths' Company, which was afterwards continued to her son, Sir Hugh, in whom the title expired*. Some of the * Gent. Mag., vol. 54, p. 805.

Sir Hugh Myddelton. family have since been under the necessity of asking relief from the New River Company.

On a small isle formed by the stream that supplies the river at Amwell, a tribute of respect was paid by the late Mr. ROBERT MYLNE*, surveyor and engineer to the Company, to the memory of Sir Hugh Myddelton. It consists of a votive urn erected on a monumental stone pedestal, which is surrounded by a close thicket of mournful trees and evergreens. An inscription appears on each side of the pedestal. That on the south is as follows:

SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF

SIR HUGH MYDDELTON, BARONET, WHOSE SUCCESSFUL CARE,

ASSISTED BY THE PATRONAGE OF HIS KING, CONVEYED THIS STREAM TO LONDON.

AN IMMORTAL WORK !

SINCE MAN CANNOT MORE NEARLY
IMITATE THE DEITY

THAN IN BESTOWING HEALTH.

The inscription on the north side is a Latin version of the above : that on the west, describes the distance of Chadwell, the other source of the river, &c. : the east, records the dedication of this "humble tribute to the genius, talents, and elevation of mind, which conceived and executed this important aqueduct, by ROBERT MYLNE, architect," in the year 1800.

The increase of the value of the New River shares, is not so great as may be generally imagined; for if we divide the original sum by 72, we shall find that each share would amount to 6944l. and a fraction.

The following statement of the dividends that have been paid at different intervals, will give an idea of the progressive improvement of the concern to the shareholders.

MOUNT HOREB.

ON Horeb's rock the Prophet stood,
The Lord before him pass'd;
A hurricane, in angry mood,

Swept by him strong and fast:
The forests fell before its force,-
The rocks were shiver'd by its course.
God rode not in the blast ;-
'Twas but the whirlwind of his breath,
Announcing danger, wreck, and death.
It ceased-the air was mute-a cloud
Came, hiding up the sun;

When through the mountains, deep and loud,
An earthquake thunder'd on.
The frighted eagle sprang in air,
The wolf ran howling from his lair.
God was not in the storm;-
'Twas but the rolling of his car,-
The trampling of his steeds from far.
"Twas still again, and Nature stood,
And calm'd her ruffled frame;
When swift from heav'n a fiery flood
To earth devouring came :
Down to the depths the ocean fled,-
The sick'ning sun look'd wan and dead;
Yet God fill'd not the flame ;-
Twas but the fierceness of his eye,
That lighted through the troubled sky.
At last, a voice, all still and small,
Rose sweetly on the ear,
Yet rose so clear and shrill, that all
In heaven and earth might hear
It spoke of peace, it spoke of love,
It spoke as angels speak above;
And God himself was near!
For, oh! it was a Father's voice,
That bade his trembling world rejoice.
Speak, gracious Lord! speak ever thus ;
And let thy terrors prove
But harbingers of peace to us,

But heralds of thy love!

Come through the earthquake, fire, and storm,
Come in thy mildest, sweetest form,

And all our fears remove!
One word from thee is all we claim :
Be that one word, a Saviour's name!

EVERY man ought to aim at eminence, not by pulling others down, but by raising himself; and enjoy the pleasure of his own superiority, whether imaginary or real, without in terrupting others in the same felicity.-JOHNSON.

NOTHING doth so fool a man as extreme passion. This doth both make them fools, which otherwise are not; and show them to be fools that are so.- -BISHOP HALL.

THERE are cases in which a man would be ashamed not to have been imposed on. There is a confidence necessary to human intercourse, and without which men are often more injured by their suspicions, than they could be by the per fidy of others.BURKE.

LONDON:

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lay & Co.; Empson.

THIS mysterious monument of antiquity, or as it has been called the 66 Glory of Wiltshire," and the "Wonder of the West," is situated on Salisbury Plain, about two miles directly west of Amesbury, and seven north of Salisbury.

It is the general opinion of historians, that it was an ancient temple of the Druids, the pagan priests of Britain, or at any rate, that it was employed by them for the celebration of some of their mysteries.

Sir Richard Colt Hoare, who holds this opinion, in describing it, says, "This temple consists of two circles and two ovals: the two latter constituting the cell or sanctum. The outward circle, about 300 feet in circumference, is composed of huge upright stones, bearing others over them, which form a kind of architrave. Though they evidently show the mark of tools, they are still irregular in their forms and sizes. The height of the stones on each side of the entrance is a little more than 13 feet, and the breadth of one 7 feet, and of the other 6 feet 4 inches; the impost over them is about 2 feet 8 inches deep. The space between the stones in this outer circle varies; that between the entrance-stones is 5 feet, and rather wider than in the rest this circle consisted originally of thirty stones, of which seventeen still remain standing. At the distance of 8 feet 3 inches from the inside of this outer circle, we find another, composed of smaller stones, rude and irregular in their shapes.

:

"We come now to the grandest part of our temple, the cell, or sanctum: in forming which, the general plan has been varied; for this inner temple represents two-thirds of a large oval, within which is the same portion of a smaller oval. The large oval is formed by five pair of trilithons, or two large upright stones, VOL. I.

On examining the stones that have fallen down, we perceive in those that formed the imposts, or crosspieces, deep cavities, or mortises; and on the top of the upright blocks are corresponding projections, acting as tenons, and giving great solidity to the work. The largest stones in the outer oval measure 22 feet in length.

The whole mass of stone-work was surrounded by a deep ditch, on the outside of which was an embankment. From that part of the ruins where it is supposed the entrance was originally placed, a raised pathway is still to be seen, which, after running towards the north-east, the distance of 594 yards, branches off to the south and north.

The plain in the neighbourhood of these ruins possesses a very singular character, being covered with numerous barrows, that is, mounds of earth, which, on being opened, appear to have been places of burial, from their containing bones of human beings, and such relics as were usually buried in old times with the deceased.

Within a short distance, also, are two long level pieces of ground, surrounded by a ditch and a bank, with a long mound of earth crossing one end, bearing a great resemblance to the ancient Roman courses for horse-racing.

It may be worth while mentioning here, the opinion 24

of two authors who suppose it to have been built for a very different purpose; one assuming it to have been a temple dedicated to Apollo, and the other a heathen burial place.

Mr. Davies, who falls in with the first of these ideas, supports his notion, by quoting a passage in the Greek historian, Diodorus Siculus, describing a round temple dedicated to Apollo, which Mr. Davies concludes to have been most likely our monument of Stonehenge. The substance of the Grecian author is, " among the writers of antiquity, Hecatæus, and some others, relate, that there is an island in the ocean, opposite to Celtic Gaul, and not inferior in size to Sicily; lying towards the north, and inhabited by Hyperborei, who are so called because they live more remote from the north wind. The soil is excellent and fertile; and the harvest is made twice in the same year. Tradition says, that Latona was born here, and therefore, Apollo is worshipped before any other deity; to him is also dedicated a remarkable temple, of a round form," &c.

The Reverend James Ingram, in his "Inaugural Lecture on the utility of Saxon Literature," considers it to have been destined as a heathen burial-place, and the oblong spaces adjoining, as the course on which the goods of the deceased were run for at the time of the burial; and this opinion, he thinks, is strengthened, from the circumstance of the vast number of barrows which abound in this part of the plain.

In the year 1797, three of the stones which formed part of the oval in the centre, fell to the earth; and this appears to have been the only instance on record of any alteration having taken place in these remains of antiquity.

For whatever purpose it was erected, or whoever may have been the architects, the immense labour necessarily employed in bringing together the materials, and the amazing mechanical power that must have been used to raise the stones, some of which weigh upwards of 70 tons, to their proper situations, show, that it could have been only constructed for some great national purpose, connected either with religion or the government of the state.

The author whose description we have quoted concludes his remarks in this manner :

Such, indeed, is the general fascination imposed on all those who view Stonehenge, that no one can quit its precincts without feeling strong sensations of surprise and admiration. The ignorant rustic will, with a vacant stare, attribute it to some imaginary race of giants; and the antiquary, equally uninformed as to its origin, will regret that its history is veiled in perpetual obscurity; the artist, on viewing these enormous masses, will wonder that art could thus rival nature in magnificence and picturesque effect. Even the most indifferent passenger over the plain must be attracted by the solitary and magnificent appearance of these ruins; and all with one accord will exclaim, "How grand! How wonderful! How incomprehensible!"

ADDISON died at Kensington, in the house at present inhabited by Lord Holland. Lord Warwick, a connexion of Addison's by marriage, was a young man of very irregular life, and perhaps of loose opinions. Addison, for whom he did not want respect, had very diligently endeavoured to reclaim him; but his arguments and expostulations had no effect. One experiment, however, remained to be tried; when he found his life near its end, he directed the young lord to be called; and when he desired, with great tenderness, to hear his last injunctions, told him, "I have sent for you that you may see how a Christian can die."-Lives of the Poets.

OF VALUE

PART I.

GOLD and Silver are the most convenient metals to use as money, because they take up but little room in proportion to their value. Hence they are called the precious metals.

But why should Gold and Silver be of so much more value than Iron? For they are not nearly so useful. We should be very ill off without knives, and scissors, and spades, and hatchets; and these could not be made so well from any thing as from iron and silver or gold would make very bad tools indeed.

:

To understand this, you must remember that it is not the most useful things that are of the most value. Nothing is more useful than air and water, without which we could not live. Yet these are, in most places, of no value, in the proper sense of that word; that is, no one will give any thing in exchange for them, because he can have them without.

In some places, indeed, water is scarce; and then people are glad to buy it. You may read in Scripture of many quarrels that arose about wells of water; because, in some of the Eastern countries, water is so scarce that a well is a very important possession. But water is not more useful in those places where people are glad to buy it, than it is here, where, by the bounty of Providence, it is plentiful. It is the scarcity that gives it value and where iron is scarce, it is of great value.

:

Some islands which our ships have visited produce no iron; and the people there are glad to get a few nails in exchange for a hog. But, in most countries, iron, which is the most useful of all metals, is also, through the goodness of Providence, the most plentiful. But still it is of some value; because it must be dug from the mines, and smelted in furnaces, and wrought into tools, before we can make use of it. If knives and nails were produced by nature readymade, and could be picked up every where like pebbles, they would be of no value, because every one might get them for nothing. But they would be just as useful as they are now.

Scarcity alone, however, would not make a thing valuable, if there were no reason why any one should desire to possess it. There are some kinds of stones which are scarce, but of no value, because they have neither use nor beauty. You would not give any thing in exchange for such a stone, not because you can easily get it, but because you have no wish for it.

But a stone which is scarce and very beautiful, may be of great value, though it is of no use but to make an ornament for the person. Such are diamonds, and rubies, and many others. Many people will work hard to earn money enough to buy, not only food and necessary clothing, but also lace, and jewels, and other articles of finery.

And they desire these things the more, because, besides being beautiful to the eye, they are reckoned a sign of wealth in the person who wears them. A bunch of wild flowers will often be a prettier ornalikes better to wear these last, to show that she can ment than a fine riband, or a jewel; but a woman afford the cost of them; whereas the wild flowers may be had for picking.

There is no harm in people's desiring to be well dressed according to their station in life; but it is a pity that so many should be fond of expensive finery above their station, which often brings them tɩ poverty. And often they spend money on ornaments, which would be better laid out in buying good usefu clothes and furniture, and in keeping them clean. A