THE PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT. THERE are few subjects which have occupied so much of antiquarian research as the Pyramids of Egypt, and few which have better deserved the zealous inquiry they have awakened. Whether the gigantic character of their outward form be considered, the singularity of their internal design, or the length of their duration, the mind derives a pleasing awe from the great associations with which they are connected. In surveying them, the genius of the past seems to be present, to commune with us, and to mingle us with the earliest offspring of mankind. Their unchanging and apparently indestructible forms have outlived successive generations, and endured amidst the ruins of Babylon and Rome, the ravages of Cambyses, and the conquests of Alexander. These mysterious buildings are called the PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH, from a village of that name on the banks of the river Nile, from which they are distant about eleven miles, forming almost a line to the westward of the city of Cairo. The platform or high rocky ground on which they stand, rises out of a strip of sandy plain about thirty miles long, extending by the side of the Nile, and sloping upwards to about eighty feet above the level of the river. The two largest Pyramids are named after two kings, Cheops and Cephrenes, whose tombs they are supposed to be. The largest of the two-that of Cheops-may well have been considered as one of the Wonders of the World, the north side being 693 feet in length, and the whole building covering something more than eleven English acres a size sufficiently monstrous to stagger belief, if the fact were not established beyond dispute. Pliny and Diodorus Siculus, two ancient historians, who wrote of these buildings since the Christian Æra, agree in stating that not less than 360,000 men were employed in erecting the Great Pyramid; and it is added that twenty years were expended in the work. It may be proper to remark, with regard to the size of the Pyramids, that engravings of them have rather tended to mislead; for as it is impossible to represent their real bulk on paper, drawings made to give an idea of their form, naturally tend to diminish the idea of their size, in the imagination of the observer. The four sides of all pyramids, large and small, exactly face the cardinal points. These Pyramids, with several smaller ones in a greater or less state of preservation, occupy the Plain of Gizeh. More to the south, within a limit of twenty or thirty miles, on the same western bank of the Nile, and at about the same distance from the bed of the river, there are other groupes, as at Saccara, Dashour, and Ramlie. Of these the first place is connected with Gizeh by a chain of sepulchres and ruined buildings ; but there are numerous others, not so connected, in different places, even so far southward as Nubia. The Third Pyramid of Gizeh is that of Mycerinus; it has three smaller pyramids ranged along its south face. The Great Pyramid has six, and three of a larger size, but much decayed on its eastern face. Besides these, an extensive region of tombs, arranged in streets crossing each other, and occupying the same shape and extent of ground as the base of the Pyramid of Cheops, are found along its western side. similar structure; but the second temple, that of Cephrenes, is distinguished by having the SPHYNX ranged in front of the centre of its eastern face, bearing all the marks of having been connected with it by communications cut through the rock under ground. Between the paws of the Sphynx a perfect temple was discovered, a few years ago, by the intrepid traveller Belzoni, on clearing away the sand by which it had been choked up for ages. The magnificent prospect from the top of this pyramid, has been described by the French traveller SAVARY, who visited Egypt in 1770, in glowing terms. After occupying seven hours in ascending to its summit, "the morning light," says he, "discovered to us every moment new beauties: the tops of gilded minarets, and of date tree and citron groves, planted round the villages and hills; anon the herds left the hamlets; the boats spread their light sails, and our eyes followed them along the vast windings of the Nile. On the north appeared sterile hills and barren sands; on the south the river and waving fields, vast as the ocean: to the west the plain of Fayum, famous for its roses to the east the picturesque town of Gizeh, and the towers of Fostat, the minarets of Cairo, and the castle of Saladdin, terminated the prospect. Seated on the most wonderful of the works of man, as upon a throne, our eyes beheld by turns a dreadful desert; rich plains in which the Elysian fields had been imagined; villages; a majestic river; and edifices which seemed the work of giants. The universe contains no landscape more variegated, more magnificent, or more awful." The ancients knew little of the interior structure of these giant piles. Herodotus, who lived 445 years before Christ, merely speaks of an entrance leading to the interior, by hearsay from the priests, who informed him that there were secret vaults beneath, hewn out of the natural rock. Strabo, who lived after the Christian æra, only describes a single slanting passage which led to a chamber in which was a stone tomb. Diodorus Siculus, who lived forty-four years before Christ, agrees with this; and Pliny, who lived A.D. 66, adds that there was a well in the Great Pyramid, eighty cubits deep. This is all the ancients have said about the interior. The Egyptian priests, indeed, assured Aristides, a Greek traveller about two centuries before Christ, that "the excavations beneath were as great as the height above." And Ebn Abd Alhokim, an Arabic writer of the ninth century says, that the builders "constructed numerous excavated chambers, with gates to them, forty cubits under ground." Other Arabian writers say that these chambers contain chests of black stone, in which were deposited the sacred archives of King Saurid, who built the pyramid. Many discoveries (perhaps a burial place under ground) obviously remain to be made. The same Arab historian, Alkokim, gives an account of the opening of this building under the Caliphate, from which time it has remained in the condition seen and described by all modern travellers, to the time of the Italian traveller, Caviglia, who made a discovery of a new chamber and passages, about ten years ago. rr "After that Almamon the Caliph (A. D. 820,) entered Egypt, and saw the Pyramids, he desired to know what was within, and therefore would have them opened. He was told it could not possibly be done. He replied, I will have The Second Pyramid has a line of chambers cuit certainly done. And that hole was opened for in the rock, and on its eastern side are the ruins of a temple. The third has a similar temple and avenue; and, indeed, the eastern face of the Great Pyramid bears traces, though more indistinct, of a him, which stands open to this day, with fire and vinegar. Two smiths prepared and sharpened the iron and engines, which they forced in: and there was a great expence in the opening it; and the thick ness of the wall was found to be twenty cubits. Within they found a square well, and in the square of it, there were doors: every door of it opened into a house (or vault), in which there were dead bodies wrapped up in linen. Towards the upper part of the Pyramid, they found a chamber, in which was a hollow stone; in it was a statue of stone, like a man, and within it a man, upon whom was a breast-plate of gold, set with jewels, and on him were written characters with a pen, which no man can explain." Greaves, an Englishman, who visited the Great Pyramid in 1648, described the passages thus opened, and then open, very accurately, and suspected that at the bottom of a well in the Pyramid, was the passage to those secret vaults mentioned by Herodotus; but he made no new discovery. Davison, who visited it in the middle of the eighteenth century, discovered some secret chambers and passages connecting the largest gallery with the central room, and an apartment four feet high over it. He descended the well 155 feet, but found further progress blocked up. Caviglia was the first to discover the above suspected passage. After much trouble in clearing the narrow opening at the end of the first or entrance gallery of the pyramid, he found that it did not terminate at that point, as hitherto supposed, but proceeded downwards to the distance of 200 feet. It ended in a door-way on the right, which was found to communicate with the bottom of the well. But the new passage did not terminate here: it went beyond the door-way twenty-three feet, and then took a horizontal direction for twenty-eight more, where it opened into a spacious chamber immediately under the central room. This new chamber is twenty-seven feet broad, and sixty-six feet long. The floor is irregular; nearly one half of the length from the eastern, or entrance end, being level, and about fifteen feet from the ceiling; while, in the middle, it descends five feet lower, in which part there is a hollow space bearing all the appearance of the commencement of a well, or shaft. From thence it rises to the western end, so that there is scarcely room between the floor and the ceiling to stand upright." On the south of this chamber is a passage hollowed out, just high and wide enough for a man to creep along upon his hands and knees, which continues in the rock for fifty-five feet, and then suddenly ends. Another at the east end commences with a kind of arch, and runs about forty feet into the solid body of the Pyramid. Mr. Salt, the late intelligent British Consul to Egypt, was so struck by this discovery, as to express his belief that the under-ground rooms were used for "the performance of solemn and secret mysteries." As to the Second Pyramid of Gizeh, the ancients knew less about it than they did of the first. Herodotus says it has no under-ground chambers, and the other ancient authorities are silent. But the enterprising Belzoni found its entrance, in the north front, in 1818, and discovered at the same time, that it had been previously forced open by the Arabian Caliph, Ali Mehemet, A. D. 782, more than a thou sand years before. After forcing an entrance, and advancing along a narrow passage, one hundred feet long, he found a central chamber, forty-six feet long by sixteen wide, and twenty-three high, cut out of the solid rock. It contained a granite sarcophagus, (a tomb) half sunk in the floor, with some bones in it, which, on inspection by Sir Everard Home, proved to be those of a cow. An Arabic inscription on the walls implies, that it had been opened in the presence of the Sultan Ali Mehemet, The There have been many opinions expressed by learned men as to the object of these structures. One is, that they were the granaries of Joseph. This may be confuted by the smallness of the rooms, and the time required in building. Another, that they were observatories, which is accusing the builders of great absurdity, since the neighbouring rocks were better calculated for the purpose. Arabians generally think that they were built by King Saurid, before the deluge, as a refuge for himself, and the public records, from the Flood; but this opinion requires no answer. Josephus, the Jewish historian, who wrote A. D. 71, ascribes them to his countrymen, during the captivity in Egypt. As sun-dials, they would have failed. Shaw and Bryant, who wrote in the middle of the last century, believed them to be temples, and the stone chest, a tank for holding water used for purification. Pauw, who lived at the same time with Shaw and Bryant, considers the Great Pyramid as the tomb of Osiris; and that Osiris having fourteen tombs for various parts of his dismembered body, fourteen pyramids must have been devoted to them, and the annual funeral mysteries connected with his death and resurrection. But the greater number of writers, ancient and modern, believe it to be the tomb of Cheops, the alleged builder. Improving on this notion, Maillet (1760) supposed that the chambers were built for the purpose of shutting up the friends of the deceased king with the dead body; and that the holes on each side of the central chamber of the Great Pyramid, were the means by which they were to be supplied with food, &c.; an opinion which would have appeared sufficiently ludicrous, if it had not been exceeded by that expressed by an old Moulah to Buonaparte, when in Egypt (1799), that the object was to keep the buried body undecayed, by closely sealing up all access to the outward air. Another ingenious theory ascribes them to the shepherd kings, a foreign pas-toral nation which oppressed Egypt in the early times of the Pharaohs. However, this is, after all, but conjecture. The utmost uncertainty exists in all that concerns these gigantic, unwieldy, and mysterious buildings. Their builders, origin, date, and purposes, are entirely lost in the night of ages. the sides of all the pyramids face the cardinal points, and of course give the true meridian of the places where they are situated, it would seem that their builders had made some progress in scientific knowledge; and the buildings themselves, under all circumstances, notwithstanding their plain exterior, clearly show the advanced state of art in those very early times. THE BIBLE. As A single book has saved me; but that book is not of human origin. Long had I despised it; long had I deemed it a class book for the credulous and ignorant; until, having investigated the Gospel of Christ, with an ardent desire to ascertain its truth or falsity, its pages proffered to my inquiries the sublimest knowledge of man and nature, and the simplest, and at the same time, the most exalted system of moral ethics. Faith, hope, and charity were enkindled in my bosom; and every advancing step strengthened me in the conviction, that the morals of this book are as superior to human morals, as its oracles are superior to human opinions.-M. L. BAUTAIN, Professor of Philosophy, Strasburgh. 18-2 ST. MARY-LE-BOW, LONDON. This steeple has undergone many repairs, rendered necessary by the expansion and rusting of the iron too freely used in its construction, and by the great weight of the bells. THE ancient church of St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside, is so called from its having been originally dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and from being built on arches, In 1818, it was decided to take down so much of or bows, as they were formerly termed; for the same reason the bridge at Stratford was called Bow-it as was seriously injured, and to rebuild it precisely About this period, the apBridge, being one of the first bridges of stone erected on its original plan. near London. The High Court of Arches took its name from holding its sittings in this church. St Mary-le-bow Church. St. Mary-le-Bow suffered, in common with other buildings, in the great fire of London (1666), and was rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, under the act of Charles II. for building fifty-two churches. The expense of the whole was provided for by a duty of two shillings per chaldron on all coal borne to London, sea-wise, for seventeen years and five months. The present church stands over and upon the arches of the old Bow Church, erected in 1512, on the ruins of one built by William the Conqueror on the site of a Roman temple. Its form was taken from the Temple of Peace at Rome: it was finished in 1673, and cost 80717. 18s. 1d. pearance of sinking, in one of the vaults, led to an examination of the foundation; and after removing a great number of coffins, (among which two perfectly dried bodies, or mummies, were found, and which are still preserved,) an arch was observed, closed with brick-work; on cutting through which, a portion of the old church was discovered, choked up with bricks and rubbish, apparently the ruins of the part destroyed by the fire of London, and not removed at the rebuilding. This was taken out, and the earth cleared to its original base, thirteen feet and a half below the present level of the street. In digging where the Roman altar was supposed to have stood, two rams' horns were taken up. After this repair, the dragon, which had been splendidly regilt, and some coins of the period put into his mouth, was restored to his station with great ceremony. One of the masons was hauled up with it, bearing a flag, presenting, as it were, the appearance of the dragon flying through the air, with his rider on his back. The figure is of copper, nearly nine feet long; it works upon an Egyptian pebble; the spindle is of polished steel, and the whole is in good taste, and of superior workmanship. There are but few monuments in the church particu·. larly worthy of notice; but among them is that of Bishop Newton, the author of the work on the Prophecies, who was nearly thirty years rector of the parish. In this church are preached the eight lectures instituted by Mr. Boyle in defence of the Christian religion; they are delivered on the first Monday in each month, from January to May, and from September to November. N. G. PLANTING. THE shopkeeper turns his capital once in a week, or a month. The farmer turns his money once in a year; but the forest planter must discard the commercial maxim, “a small profit and a quick return,” for he can scarcely turn his capital once in his lifetime. Still, however, nothing can pay better than the planting of waste lands with forest trees. Oaks, more profit than ferns, heaths, and rushes; and a practical man, with four labourers under him, could superintend five hundred acres. A man cannot amass a large property for his children by a small outlay, so surely as by planting. The steeple was an original building of Sir Chris-pines, ash, sycamore, elms, and poplars, will give topher Wren's, for the site of which two houses between the church and Cheapside were purchased. On digging considerably below the old church, a Roman pavement was discovered, which Sir Christopher Wren took for his foundation. The celebrated figure of a dragon, a supporter of the arms of the city of London, which surmounts the steeple, was placed there in 1679. The whole expense of erecting and beautifying the steeple was 73881. 8s. 74d.; towards which, one Dame Dyonis Wilkinson gave 20007. Plantations are experimentally found, by the annual casting of their leaves, to lend material aid to the encouragement of the fine and more nourishing grasses; while, at the same time, they cause the destruction of the heath and other coarser productions of vegetation. By the influence of this annual There are ten fine-toned bells in the steeple. By top-dressing, hundreds, nay thousands of acres, have an order of Common Council in 1469, the bells been rendered worth from five to ten shillings an were to be rung regularly at nine in the evening, and acre, instead of from sixpence to, at the utmost, two by another order of the same body, lights were to shillings. Whoever knows any thing of the compabe exhibited at night, in the centre one of five lan-rative value of heath and greensward pasture, will thorns, which stood on the tower in those days, to direct travellers towards the metropolis. A worthy citizen, John Donne, left two tenements in Hosier Lane, now Bow Lane, for the maintenance of the large bell. allow that the advantages of converting the one into the other are very moderately stated at the above rates; and this wonderful transformation is made without the slightest assistance from human art, save that of putting suitable plants. The annual pruning of trees by the knife, makes them grow with great vigour. By experiment it appeared that plants which were pruned, advanced at the rate of four years in six before those which were not pruned. This treatment should be attended to every year, either winter or summer, or after they have been planted out. Lawn trees, groupes, or outlines of plantations, should seldom be touched, or, at least, without a knowledge of picturesque effect. Were the proprietors of plantations sensible of the injury they do their posterity, they would not longer ignorantly, and, it may be said of many, obstinately, neglect this necessary improvement. In the common course of gardening, it is found that pruning invigorates the tree, and that training-off judiciously the large side branches, makes the upright ones shoot the stronger. This doctrine will apply to all trees, particularly to the whole tribe of firs; it will undoubtedly substitute clear wood for knots; and, of all this management, from their particular uses, the latter, of all other trees, stand in most need, and will be most improved by it. This operation will advance the quality nearer to that of foreign timber; for it may be traced, that where trees are tall and clear of boughs or knots, (by cutting the branches close to the stem) the whole substance of the wood is better, and of finer grain; and it appears likely that such will always be the case. The practice should decidedly be condemned of cutting off large limbs to improve the timber; we may daily see the deplorable effects of it. By judicious pruning and thinning every year, it will be found that poor land is converted by these means to a good purpose, and at a trifling expence. Mold. IATROS. "Thou FREDERICK THE GREAT one day rang his bell several times, thee." PRACTICAL CHRISTIANITY.-During the siege of Barcelona by the Spaniards and English, in the war of the succession, in 1705, an affecting incident occurred, which is thus related by Captain Carleton, in his memoirs. "I remember I saw an old officer, having his only son with him, (a fine man about twenty years of age) going into the tent to dine. Whilst they were at dinner, a shot from the Bastion of St. Antonio took off the head of the son. The father immediately rose up, first looking down upon his headless child, and then lifting up his eyes to heaven, whilst the tears ran down his cheeks, only said, Thy will be done. It was a sad spectacle, and truly it affects me even now whilst I am writing." PAIN itself is not without its alleviations. It may be violent and frequent, but it is seldom both violent and long continued; and its pauses and intermissions become positive pleasures. It has the power of shedding a satisfaction over intervals of ease, which. I believe, few enjoyments exceed.-PALEY. THE REIN-DEER. THE ancients were only acquainted with this animal through the accounts which they received from Scythians and Germans. They asserted that its colour changed with the objects it fixed eyes on; that it equalled the ox in size, and had only one horn branched in many directions: but though these tales there is no doubt that the name Tarandus was of Gerwere partial misrepresentations or altogether fabulous, man or Scythian origin. A full-grown male of this species in a wild state is the size of a stag, or even superior, but the female is less than the hind, and the tame races, particularly of Lapland, are not much higher at the shoulder than Fallowfour feet long, in the females they are constantly deer. In large males the horns are sometimes above There is, smaller, and the branching parts narrower. however, no species of deer whose horns vary to such an extent; it is difficult to meet two alike. Compared with others, the Rein-Deer is heavy and low, resembling a calf; the neck is short; the head carried straight forward in a line with the back; the legs short and stout, and the hoofs very broad, in large individuals not less than those of an Alderney cow, and the tail short; the hair is of two kinds, one close, the other woolly; under the throat it is long, and in winter, long hairs, more or less whitish, spread over the body. The horns are just visible at its birth, and in fifteen days they are an inch high. In the Russian Rein-deer these horns grow more rapidly, and become larger than in the Swedish. The males drop theirs in November, but the females, generally keep them till May; the new ones are eight months growing, not being complete till August. Two fawns are usually produced at a birth, and their life extends to about sixteen years. Rein-deer swim with great facility, and are so buoyant as to keep half their backs above water; their broad feet, struck with great force, impel them so fast in the strongest currents and across the broadest rivers, that a boat well manned can scarcely keep pace with them. When defending themselves, they strike downwards with the horns, but do not gore; they kick with violence, and repel the wolf with success; but their most dangerous enemy is the glutton, who is reported to drop down upon them from the branch of some tree while they are off their guard. The feet of the Reindeer produce a cracking noise; they are furnished with a membrance which is very moveable, and used chiefly in storms of sleet and snow: this habit, together with their scent, guides them with wonderful precision through the most dangerous passes, and in the darkest Stormy nights of an arctic winter, LIBERIA. NO. I. THERE is now on the western coast of Africa a settlement of free blacks, which promises, under the blessing of God, to do more for the final extinction of slavery, and for the civilization of Africa, than any other scheme which has yet been thought of. It is too well known that the slave-trade was carried on for many years, not only in the West Indian islands, which belong to England, but in the United States of America; and there are now in the latter country many thousand negroes who are in a state of slavery. Great exertions have however been made in America to liberate the slaves; and at length, in the year 1817, a society was formed, which took the name of the American Colonization Society. To this sagacity the Laplander trusts his life with | Orignal or Moose, but it does not appear that this confidence, and accidents are of very rare occurrence. practice has been noticed in Lapland. None of the To him the Rein-deer afford a satisfactory compensa- Indian tribes of America have as yet learnt to domestition for all riches, all the worldly comforts, which his cate them.-CUVIER's Animal Kingdom, by GRIFFITHS. terrible climate forbids; while the food of the animal, consisting of mosses, and the buds of the evergreens and other arctic plants, is obtained with little trouble. The domestic Reins draw his sledge with such speed, that a pair of them, in the language of Lapland, "will change his horizon three times in the twenty-four hours; "that is they can pass three times the furthest length they can see at starting, which in their latitudes is computed at above one hundred miles. The skin of the animal is wrought up for clothing, boots, &c.; the horns to make utensils; the sinews for thread; the flesh for food; the milk is drunk fresh, or converted into cheese; the bladder and the entrails are also converted to use, and the tongues are usually exported. | Thus the possession of Rein-deer forms the sole riches of the Laplander, and the care of them his sole occupation. According to the season he migrates to the sea-shore, the low lands, or the mountains. The rich among them often possess two thousand head, and the poorest seldom less than one hundred. In their language and dialects, seventy-six different names of the animal or of its different states, may be reckoned. In both the wild and domestic states, the deer implicitly follow an old male through every circumstance of danger or difficulty. The herdsman directs him by a whistle, and a look or a stamp of the foot will make the rest obey with a docility and quickness of apprehension, which proves the superior degree of intelligence with which they are endowed. The Rein-deer suffer much in the summer months from insects, and particularly from one called the Estris Tarandi; the hum of one of these on the wing is sufficient to alarm a whole herd, and put it to flight. This is the chief cause of the migrations to the woods and mountains, where they are more free from their annoyance. The old deer, whose hide is harder than that of the young, suffer least; and it is the yearling which of all is most exposed to the painful boring operation of the insect, performed for the purpose of depositing its eggs under the skin of the animal. There are few wild rein-deer remaining in Lapland, but herds of them may still be seen in Dalecarlia. They exist in Spitzbergen and over the whole of Northern Russia, where the Tungusians rear a large breed, which they ride more generally than harness to the sledge. Baron Cuvier, after a laborious investigation, has proved that they never extended further south than the Baltic and the northern parts of Poland, The North American Rein-deer, or Caribou, are still very imperfectly known. There appear to be three varieties, one or more of which may actually form different species. The first is known among the Canadian voyagers as the Wood-rein; it is large, and darkcoloured in summer. The second resides in the dreary regions of the rocky mountains of central North America, and has been supposed to be the Mule-deer of Lewis and Clark. The third and smallest, living in the islands of the Polar Sea, Greenland, and Labrador, is the most common. Pennant and Edwards have described it. All are said to be whitish in winter, but the latter species most particularly so. A probable distinction, by which some, if not all, the above species or varieties of caribou, may be distinguished from those of the old continent, is that their horns are always shorter, less concave, more robust, the palms narrower, and with fewer branchings, than those of the former; with them, they are also said to remove the snow, as we have already stated to be done by the The object of this association is to purchase, or to obtain by any means, the liberty of a certain number of slaves, and to send them back to Africa, from which country the ancestors of this unhappy race were forcibly and inhumanly carried off. For this purpose a portion of land was bought from the native African princes, and was allotted for the settlement of these free blacks. So few years have passed since the colony was first established, that the maps of Africa have hardly yet begun to give a place to Liberia, which is the name very properly fixed upon for the new settlement, as shewing the liberty which these black men are now enjoying; but in most maps of Africa a person will find on the western coast, in latitude 6. 21. N. and in longitude 10.30. W. a headland called Cape Mesurado. The name was for merly Monte Senado; and it is now sometimes called Montserado. The river St. Paul flows into the sea at a short distance from this cape; and about a quarter of a mile above the mouth of the river is the town of Monrovia, so called from Monroe, who was President of the United States. Monrovia is the chief town belonging to the colony. A mixture of pleasurable and painful sensations is raised by Cape Mesurado having been fixed upon for this settlement of free blacks. It was from this coast that the slave-trade in former years received its most abundant supplies. One of the most popular slave-markets was at Cape Mesurado. About ten thousand human beings were sold every year like beasts in the market, and packed in crowded vessels, either to die on their passage across the Atlantic, or to drag on a wretched existence as slaves. How different now is the aspect of this interesting coast! It has pleased God to make this same spot the centre of civilization,—to bring back to it, as to the home of his fathers, the converted negro,-converted, not merely from a bondman to a freeman, but from the darkness of ignorance to the light of Christianity; and let us humbly hope and pray that the grain of mustard seed which has been sown in Liberia, may spread its branches from one end of Africa to the other, and bring forth fruit an hundred fold. When the first settlers took possession of their new country, they had many difficulties to contend with. For two years after their arrival, they lived in small thatched houses; and wild beasts were so common in the neighbourhood, that tigers have been shot from the doors. Nor were these the only enemies they had to encounter. The native Africans did not understand what they were about, and for some time gave |