again for the fourth time, the Speaker was sent for to convey her hearty thanks to the House for the care they had shown of her state and kingdom in agreeing to so large a subsidy at the very beginning of the session. He was to tell them from her how highly she valued this evidence of their affection; how their love was her dearest possession, and to repay it by defending them from all oppressions, her chief and constant care. In token of which he was to inform them further, that having lately understood, partly from her Council and partly by petitions delivered to her as she went abroad, that certain Patents which she had granted had been abused and made oppressive by the substitutes of the Patentees, she had given order to have them reformed: some should be presently revoked, and all suspended until tried and found good according to law; and the abusers should be punished.

Such was the substance of the message which the Speaker, "to his unspeakable comfort," had to deliver to the House the next morning; and in which, coming to us as it does at the second reflexion-a report of a report-some image may still be traced of that majesty of demeanour, that "art and impression of words," with which Elizabeth so well knew how to rule the affections of a people. The Speaker having concluded his report with a congratulation upon this happy solution of their difficulties, Cecil-now quite himself again, and in high spirits-explained at length what was to be done : the sum of which was shortly this: It had been found that some of the Patentees had been in the habit of extorting money from ignorant and helpless people by threatening them with proceedings which the patents themselves did not justify: therefore a proclamation was to go forth immediately, suspending the execution of all these patents without exception, and referring them to the decision of the common law.

This being all that anybody proposed either to ask for or to do without asking, the House was overcome with delight. One of the most vehement speakers on the popular side,' even he who had declared only five days before that "there was no act of the Queen's that had been or was more derogatory to her own Majesty, or more odious to the subject, or more dangerous to the commonwealth, than the granting of these monopolies," was the first to express his entire satisfaction; and immediately moved that the Speaker should be sent to the Queen, not only to thank her for what she had done, but to apologize for what they had said, and "humbly to crave pardon" for "divers speeches that had been made extravagantly in that House." And though the second clause of his motion was rejected, on the Francis Moore, Member for Reading. 2 Townshend, p. 233.

ground that "to accuse themselves by excusing a fault with which they were not charged, were a thing inconvenient and unfitting the wisdom of that House," the first was carried unanimously. A dozen members were immediately chosen to accompany the Speaker, and the Privy Councillors were requested to obtain leave for them to attend her.

But she knew how to keep her state. Cecil came back the next day with a short answer in these words: "You can give me no more thanks for that which I have promised you than I can and will give you thanks for that which you have already performed." "You shall not need," he added, "(your good will being already known) use any actual thanks: neither will she receive any, till by a more actual consummation she hath completed this work. At that time she will be well pleased to receive your loves with thanks, and to return you her best favours."2

This was on Thursday. On Saturday, the promised Proclamation being published "and in every man's hand," they were informed that she would receive them on Monday in the afternoon,—40, 50, or 100 of them. But when they were proceeding to select the hundred, there rose a cry at the lower end of the House of all, all, all which being reported to the Queen, she gave leave for all to come. She received them in state; and having heard the address of thanks, delivered by the Speaker in a style which reminds one of the Liturgy, replied in a style peculiar to herself. If she had known that it was her last meeting with her people, and studied to appear that day as she would wish to be remembered ever after, she could not have done it better. Gracious, grateful, affectionate, familiar; seated high above the reach of injury or offence, and filled with awful confidence in the authority deputed to her, yet descending to exchange courtesies, accept benefits, acknowledge and excuse errors"She bowed her eminent top to their low ranks, Making them proud of her humility;"

and I suppose never appeared so unquestionably and unapproachably sovereign as then when she spoke to them most freely, feelingly, and touchingly, in the tone of a woman and a friend.

So ended an exciting and rather critical ten days' work, to the full satisfaction of everybody: the monopoly question being effectually disposed of for the time, and the Queen seated more firmly than ever in the admiration and affection of her people.3

"Mr. Francis Bacon spake to the same effect also; and in the end concluded thus: Nescio quid peccati portet hæc purgatio."-Townshend, p. 252.

2 Townshend, p. 253.

3 "The Patents for Monopolies granted to several persons are suppressed and

VOL. III.

D

9.

The rest of the business of the Session has not much interest for us; but as Bacon's name appears in the journals from time to time, I am bound to give account of what he said and did.

There was one Act passed, which, if not originally his own, seems to have fallen into his hands in its progress through the Committee: "An Act Concerning Matters of Assurances amongst Merchants."

It seems that formerly, if any dispute arose upon a question of assurance, the practice was to settle it by arbitration; the arbitrators being appointed by the Lord Mayor. But of late it had been becoming usual to decline arbitration, and force the party assured to seek his remedy by suit in the Queen's courts. This course caused delay which was very inconvenient to the merchant, and a bill was brought in by somebody to remedy it. The particular provisions of this bill are not reported, but the Committee to which it was referred' seem to have thought them inadequate, and to have recommended a new bill instead, giving power to the Lord Chancellor to appoint a standing commission for the determination of such disputes "in a brief and summary course, without formality of pleadings or proceedings," their decrees being subject under certain conditions to an appeal in Chancery.2

The report of this Committee was brought up by Bacon on the 7th of December, with the following speech :

SPEECH ON BRINGING IN A BILL CONCERNING ASSURANCES

AMONG MERCHANTS.

I am, Mr. Speaker, to tender to this House the fruit of the Committees' labour, which tends to the comfort of the stomach of this realm; I mean the merchant; which if it quail or fall into a consumption, the State cannot choose but shortly be sick of that disease. It is inclining already.

A certainty of gain is that which this law provides for; and by Policy of Assurance the safety of goods is assured unto the merchant. This is the lodestone that draws him out to adventure, and to stretch even the very punctilio of his credit.

The Committees have drawn a new bill, far differing from the

suspended but this is done by Her Majesty's proclamation, and not by any statute, because her M. mercy and grace should be the more superabundant; and you should not believe what contentment the Commons receive at it." Levinus Monck to Mr. Wilson, 12 Dec. 1601. S.P.O.

1 13 Nov. D'Ewes, p. 626.

Domestic.

2 Statutes of the Realm, 43 Eliz. c. 12.

old. The first limited power to the Chancery, this to certain Commissioners by way of Oyer and Terminer. The first that it should only be there: this that only upon appeal from the Commissioners it should be there finally arbitrated. But lest it may be thought to be for vexation, the party appellant must lay in deposito, etc. And if upon hearing it goes against him, must pay double costs and damages.

We thought this course fittest for two reasons.

First, because a suit in Chancery is too long a course, and the merchant cannot endure delays.

Secondly, because our courts have not the knowledge of their terms, neither can they tell what to say upon their cases, which be secrets in their science, proceeding out of their experience.

I refer the Bills, both old and new, to your considerations, wishing good success therein, both for comfort of the Merchant and performance of our desires. The Bill is entitled An Act for Policy of Assurance used amongst Merchants.1

The new Bill, having been referred in its turn to a Committee, and brought up again by Bacon, with some amendments (14 Dec.), was passed in the end, without any observations that we hear of 2

Another debate in which he took part was upon a motion for repealing a favourite Act of his own. In the general Act "for the continuance of divers statutes and the repeal of others," it was proposed to include "The Statute of Tillage," on the ground that it laid a burden upon the husbandman which, when corn was cheap (as it was then), he could not bear. Bacon, whose own measure it was (see Vol. II. pp. 79-83), opposed the motion on the same grounds of general policy which he had formerly urged and always continued to hold sound; as may be gathered from the following short note of his speech.

SPEECH AGAINST THE REPEAL OF THE STATUTE OF Tillage.

"The old commendation of Italy by the poet is Potens viris atque ubere gleba; and it stands not with the policy of the State that the wealth of the kingdom should be engrossed into a few pasturers' hands. And if you will put in so many provisoes as be desired, you will make so great a window out of the law that we shall put the law out of the window, etc. 'Townshend, p. 289. Harl. MSS. 2283, fo. 91.

2 D'Ewes, pp. 680, 684, 685.

The husbandman a strong and hardy man ;-the good footman: which is a chief observation of good warriors," etc.

So he concluded the statute not to be repealed, etc.1

He was answered by Sir Walter Ralegh with arguments founded on good free trade principles: but in the end the statute was continued, only with a provision that it should not apply to Northumberland.

It was also moved to "annex" to the "statute of Rogues" a certain "exposition" of it, which had been made, it seems, by the justices.

The following note of Bacon's speech against this motion contains all that the journals tell us as to the effect and the fate of it.

SPEECH AGAINST A MOTION FOR MAKING A JUDICIAL EXPOSITION OF A STATUTE PART OF THE STATUTE.

There were never yet but two Articuli: the one Articuli super Chartas, when the sword stood in the Commons' hand: the other Articuli Cleri, when the Clergy of the land bare sway and that done upon deliberation and grave advice.

:

I beseech you remember, these are done by Judges, and privately, and perhaps in a chamber. And shall we presently without scanning or view enact them? It befits not the gravity of this house.

And so, after a long speech, dashed it.2

Breaches of privilege, in the form of liberties taken with members' servants, were unusually frequent during this Session, and made the proceedings unusually lively. But the only case in which Bacon is mentioned as taking a part in the debate was the following:

Mr. Fleetwood, a member of the House, had sent by his servant a sum of money in a bag to one Holland, a scrivener. Holland afterwards told Fleetwood that there wanted £10. 6s. of the proper sum. Fleetwood's man being called in and "justifying the payment," Holland gave him the lie: whereupon he gave Holland the lie: whereupon Holland with the help of his man beat him. Fleetwood brought the matter before the House, and the question was whether they should be sent to the Tower, or taken into custody by the sergeant. Bacon's opinion is thus reported:

1 Townshend, p. 299. Harl. MSS. 2283, fo. 98 b.

2 Ib. p. 290. Harl. MSS. 2283, fo. 92.