Page 20. 220. What is meant by a "spectral illusion"? 224. Explain "shallow subtlety." 217-226. Why does the author insert such descriptions and explanations as this paragraph into the narrative: 234. beckoned. 235. potency. 236. inevitably. 237. mystic. What is a "loadstone"? What things are compared? Show that the comparison is apt. 243. credible. 244. probability. 241-245. What is the value of this paragraph?

Page 21. 253. Explain the expression "flung the energy of her purpose," etc. 259. vesture, similitude. Give the meaning of the line. 260. incongruous. What is the effect of all these adjectives? 264. vivification. 265. lukewarm. 266. abortive, heterogeneous. 269. What is meant by "the world of fiction"? 264-270. Give reasons why, in your opinion, this comment is (or is not) in good taste. Give the substance of this sentence in simpler language, and illustrate, if you can, from your knowledge of fiction. 272. diabolic. 273. pusillanimous. How had Mother Rigby treated the scarecrow up to this point? In what sense was her nature diabolic? 272. Show the fitness of the comparison. Make a list of the direct comparisons in the story. 285. lustily.

Page 22. 287. vaporous. 291. akimbo. Why were Mother Rigby's arms brown? 292. loomed. 293. port. 294. wont, ponderous. What is a "nightmare"? What did witches have to do with nightmares? 299. " tenuity" - refer to line 259. 302. novelty. 305. lusterless. 282-305. Note the skillful mingling of narration and description in this paragraph. 308. "principle"-distinguish from "principal." How is this principle still used in controlling young children? In the government of savage or half-civilized people? In training animals? What are some other principles by which the lives of people are determined? 310. attain. 311. torpid, inspiration. 312. crisis. 313. "effect," distinguish from "affect." 314. ruthless; "simulacher"-note that this word is remarkably accurate just here. Make a list of expressions used by the author to mean, or refer to, "the scarecrow."

Page 23. 320. emitted, incorporated. 324. conjurations. 325. “A familiar spirit" was an invisible demon that came at the call of a necromancer and performed his will. 327. stifled. 328. fain. 332. "quotha," originally "quoth he," became an interjection meaning "forsooth!" "indeed!" 338. "purpose - compare "purpose" in line 314. 339. What does "the wherewithal" mean here?

How is the expression still used? 341. trow. 346. What does "boot" mean as used here? 348. "troth"-compare with "betrothed." 350-351. What sort of progression is there in this enumeration?

Page 24. 364. affirmed. 367. unreckonable. 368. "Eldorado" (Spanish for "the gilded one") is a name applied to any country, real or fabulous, where gold is said to be found in great quantities. The name was first applied, about the time of the discovery and exploration of America, to the supposed chief of a city of great wealth, somewhere in the northern part of South America. At certain times the body of this chief was smeared with oil and then covered with gold dust till the whole body had a gilded appearance; then he bathed in a sacred lake into which he had previously thrown gold and precious gems. During the sixteenth century many Spanish explorers and adventurers sought to find this wonderful city, and the pursuit of this phantom led to much of the exploration of Central and South America. 369. What is meant by "a broken bubble"? Illustrate. 371. chateau. 372. "accruing"; does this word refer only to the chateau or to all of these gifts? 374. Locate "Cadiz." 375. What are "necromantic" arts? founder. 380. How much is a "farthing"? Locate " Birmingham." 382. Why did he need "a great deal of brass"?

66

Page 25. 387. adventurer. 389. token. 391. What was the "council"? What does "elder" mean as the name of a church officer? In what church is the term still used? 392. capacities. Is this intended to be humorous, or sarcastic? 393. metropolis. 394. Why was a single word" better than something that could be seen and handled? 397. gouty. 403. irrepressibly, fidgeting. 404. Why did this particular idea have such an effect on the witch? 405. communicate. 407. comely. Notice the old style of the language used by the witch. What effect was this intended to produce? 412. Is it still true that "a young girl's heart" is easily won by such a man? 414. Sighing was a part of love-making in those days.

Page 26. 419. "vapory fragrance," why not say simply "smoke"? 421. essential. 425. What is meant by "at suitable junctures"? 429. What humorous expression in this line? 430. inquiry, acquiescence, dissent. 431. auditor. 434. "counsel," compare "council," line 391. counterfeit. 437. Give examples of "visible realities." sagacious. 439. intelligibly, audible. 441. "illusory," refer to line 301. Does this complete the transformation of Feathertop himself?

443. Why is the pipe called “a smoke-blackened earthen stump”? 444. "Meerschaum" (derived from two German words which mean "the foam of the sea") is a kind of clay from which the finest pipe bowls are made. They are usually fitted with amber stems. "Amber" is a sort of resin of extinct pine trees; it is found in greatest abundance on the southeast shore of the Baltic Sea, where it is thrown up by the sea. It can be electrified by friction, and it is from the Greek word for amber, "electron," that we derive our words "electricity,” etc. 446. apprehended. 447. identical. 448. terminate, simultaneously.

Page 27. 456. replenish. 462. convulsive. 464. equable. 468. naught. 473. Why was this caution necessary? 477. gallant. 483. courageous. Page 28. 484. thrive. 490. wager. 491. pith. Has this word a double significance here? 515. benediction. What would be the result of " a witch benediction"?

Page 29. 517. betimes. 518. acme. 526. peruke, adjusted. 527. sacrilege. 533. equipment. 534. ethereal, avouching, aristocratic. Note the details of this description, the variety of descriptive adjectives, and how artfully the whole is put together. The picture presented to the imagination is as clear and beautiful as if the eye were beholding a portrait. 537. Why is "accouterment" used here in the same sense as "equipment" in line 533. 538. personage. 539. exquisitely. 545. What is meant by "the street "?

Page 30. 555. needs. 557. conveyance. 562. What is meant by "arrived overland"? 564. equipage. 567. Compare Shakespeare's

lines:

"For 'tis the mind that makes the body rich;

And as the sun breaks through the darkest clouds,
So honor peereth in the meanest habit."

In the last line "peereth" means "appears through," and "meanest habit," "poorest clothes." 569. the old Norman blood. In 1066 A.D., William, Duke of Normandy (a district of northern France), conquered the English at the battle of Hastings. For centuries the Normans were the lords of the land, and "Norman blood' was a synonym for nobility. Compare Tennyson's lines:

"Howe'er it be, it seems to me,

'Tis only noble to be good;
Kind hearts are more than coronets,

And simple faith than Norman blood."

575. bred. 578. gait. What is the meaning of "vulgar" here? 580 majesty. 582. "the Grand Monarque" means Louis XIV; refer to line 103.

Page 31.

584. ambassador.

585. "cession"-distinguish from "session." 587. What does hence" mean here? Is this a good use of the word? 588. "port," compare "port," line 293; "the Spanish main" was the northeast coast of South America. 589. piracies. 590. connive at. What was done in regard to these piracies during Jefferson's administration? 603. ecstasy. 606. impertinent. What sort of dog is a cur? 609. vociferating, execrable. How do the observation and instincts of little children and domestic animals differ from those of grown-up people?

Page 32. 616. requital. What is meant by "profound reverences"? 618. What does " consequence mean in this use? 619. equanimity, comported. 625. interim. 628. What was it that Feathertop said that excited so much curiosity? 646. Who are meant by "the meaner sort"? 641. Express "vanished into the house" in other words. Which expression do you think is best? Why?

Page 33. 649. grimace. 651. insight. 653. continuity. 654. What was the nature of this "preliminary explanation"? 655. What is the subject of "goes in quest of"? 662. kerchief, damask. 666. ceremonious. 669. Who, or what, is meant by "an unsubstantial little maid"? Why was Polly not offended? 674. artifice. 675. What is meant by "tampered with her own simplicity"? 680. bolt upright. Is "innocently" used humorously?

Page 34. 691. Chevalier. 704. courtesy. When any one is "shocked" by the passage through the body of a current of electricity from a chemical (voltaic, or galvanic) battery, the muscles of the face are usually very much contorted, as when one suffers from pain. The expression "galvanic grin" is wonderfully apt and expressive, as well as humorous, in this use; and it shows that the author was quick to make use of the then new discoveries in science for the purpose of illustrations in literature. Should we do likewise to-day? 707. incivility. 708. retribution. 711. What had aroused the rich merchant's fears? 712. acute (sometimes contracted to "cute").

Page 35. 715-724. How can the reader account for all of this? 726. "duly provided,” etc.; how does the word "duly" indicate the author's sly humor? 722. scintillated. 723. flickering. 725. sinister,

prognostics, manifesting. 728. What is meant by "a very questionable acquaintance"? 729. "in his secret soul"; why not write "to himself," or some similar phrase? insinuating. 732. "enriched the atmosphere," etc. Show that this clause contains more thought than if the author had written "filled the room with tobacco smoke." Which expression of the fact affords the greater mental pleasure? Which is the more artistic? What do we mean by "artistic" writing? 738. What is meant by "the evil principle"? 739. redeem, sacrifice. Discuss the thought that people who do wrong will suffer for it at some later period of life. 743. awry. 744. ensue. 746. refrain. Page 36. 749. What sly humor in this line? 750. supernatural, environing. 753. self-possessed. 754. confide. 756. conversant with. 758. What word is supplied, in thought, after "perceive"? 760. What special meaning has "native" here? Explain “welldigested." Show that this is a common way of illustrating mental growth. conventionalism. 762. Why speak of Feathertop as "a work of art"? 763. invested. What "peculiarity" is meant? 764. species, ghastliness, awe. 765. consummately. 765-768. Can this be applied to real, living persons as well as to Feathertop? What is your idea of a person who is wholly artificial and conventional? 769. extravagant. 774. What does "no less dainty" express? 776. affected.

Page 37. 782. subdued. Is this a special use of this word? 783. fervent. 785. It seems true that both men and women often have a certain ideal which they think they find in some other person, and love their own ideal rather than the real person, who must, of course, have some imperfections. Does this cause happiness or unhappiness, or both? 786. reverberation. 785-787. Can this statement apply to people at the present time? 790. "a liquid softness." 791. coruscating. 792. careered. 794. imps. 796. What was the unusual “misfortune"? To whom? To whom was it a rare "triumph"? 799. imposing. 802. Look up the etymology of "splendor"; "picturesque." 803. hues, attire. 805. witchery. 812. Why does the author take pains to say that the mirror was so true? Why is it called a "plate"?

Page 38. 816. dismay. 825. vindicating. 826. Why was Feathertop's expression of despair the most human fact of his whole career? 827. deceptive. 828. Apply this statement to human affairs and society. 842. assimilated, mortal. Who are meant by "our mortal brotherhood"? 844. deluded.