་ 9. Analyse durissimus, faxis, feci, nemo, vix. Explain the origin of the termination -osus in e. g. odiosus. 10. With what Latin words are the following connected :—chaffer, cole-wort, gold, green, hole, lief, quick (alive), rob, timber, withe? Explain in each case how the change was effected. 1. The mission of the Macedonian monarchy in the Hellenistic world. 2. Greek patriotism in the second century B. C. 3. The gaps in Greek history filled for us by Plutarch. 4. The contrasts in Greek lyric poetry. 5. The Roman policy of the year 146 B. C. 6. The extant remains of Ionic prose. 7. The extant Alexandrian poetry, and its effects on Roman Literature. 8. Plato in the Laws. Moderatorships in Logics and Ethics. DR. STUBBS. ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS. What I. Aristotle states and replies to an objection which might be brought against his theory that men become just by doing just actions? are the three conditions of a perfectly virtuous act? 2. State the argument by which he proves that Virtue is is. What is his formal definition of Virtue ? · 3. What are the extremes between which the following Virtues lie:(α) μεγαλοψυχία; (1) νέμεσις ; (c) ανδρεία ? 4. Of the persons who act through ignorance there are two kinds : what names does he give to each? Why are actions done from @vuds and 10vuía not involuntary? 5. Defne(α) προαίρεσις; (5) επιστήμη; (c) τέχνη. 6. By what argument does he prove that φρόνησις is neither ἐπιστήμη nor τέχνη ? Why is σοφία ἀκριβεστάτη τῶν ἐπιστημῶν ? 7. On what grounds did Socrates deny such an action as åkрaσía? How does Aristotle refute this? There are others who admit the Socratic view in some aspects, and deny it in others? 8. Ετι ὁ σοφιστικὸς λόγος ψευδόμενος ἀπορία, Book vii. ch. 2. Explain this. 9. Explain how it is that akpaoía ǹ тoû Ovμoû is less disgraceful than ἀκρασία η τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν. Who is called ἀκρατὴς ἀπλῶς ? 10. What classes of temperament does he designate by ỏpyíλoi; åkpóχολοι; πικροὶ; χαλεποὶ ? II. What is Aristotle's complete statement of what constitutes man's chief good? How does he compare his statement with the principal opinions held by ancient philosophers on the subject of Happiness? BUTLER. 1. How may it be shown that if Self-love wholly engrosses us, there can be no such thing as Happiness? When it is not subservient to private good, it may have a directly opposite effect? 2. By what three arguments does Butler prove that there is no greater competition and contrariety between Self-love and Benevolence, than between Self-love and any other particular affection? 3. How does he show the close connexion between Piety and Benevolence ? 4. The exercise of compassion and fellow-feeling for others is necessary both as a restraint and as the supply of a deficiency? 5. What three considerations does he enumerate as showing that Benevolence cannot be resolved into a love of power? 6. How does he apply the full conception of a system to the case of the inward frame of man? 7. How does he answer the objection, "If lower instances of injury may lessen our benevolence, why may not the higher destroy it ?" ?" 8. He specifies certain things which may prejudice and darken the understanding, so as to influence our judgment of others? 9. Difficulties in speculation come as much into the notion of a state of discipline as difficulties in practice? 10. The evidence of Religion, not being intuitive, may constitute a particular part of some persons' trial? This doubtful evidence will put men into a general state of probation in the moral and religious senses? 11. Of what three elements is resignation to the Divine Will made up? How does submission differ from religious resignation? Habits of resignation may be required in a future life? 12. That virtue in a society should prevail over vice, the same concurrences are necessary as are to the prevalence of reason? 13. How does he explain the statement that Necessity is the account of the existence of God? In what two senses may we understand that the opinion of Necessity is essentially destructive of all religion? 14. Give, in Butler's words, a summary of the Schemes of Natural and Revealed Religion. 15. In what respect is Religion a practical thing? and what unanswerable argument does he derive from this consideration ? 16. What is Butler's definition of Prudence? that this is virtue? How does he show 17. How does he modify Cicero's statement, "Virtutis laus omnis in actione consistit"? How does Marcus Antoninus express this? 18. What bearing have experimental observations upon the connexion between men's organized bodies and the living agents? 19. How may it be shown that moral obligations would remain although it were uncertain what would be the consequence of observing or violating them? 20. Specify the cases in which Butler's ethical views have been based upon those of Aristotle. THE PROFESSOR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY. 1. What is the function of the Will, according to Kant and Mill? State fully, and contrast the views of each. 2. How would a thorough-going Associationist account for the a. universality; b. necessity; c. immutability; d. independence; e. authority; and f. unity; of conscience. 3. How far is Anthropology a part of Ethics, according to Kant? Contrast his views with those of Mackintosh and Mill. 4. What is an Imperative? How many kinds of Imperatives are there, and why? 5. How do Mill and Mackintosh misunderstand Kant's Imperative of Duty? Apply it to Kant's four cases. 6. What does Kant mean by an objective principle of Will? Does this modify the statement of the Categorical Imperative? To what does Kant apply it? 7. In his discussion of Freedom, Kant notices a real and valid line of argument, and an apparent and vicious line of argument; what are they respectively? 8. Criticize the following from Professor Huxley's Hume :"Since Kant is never weary of telling us that we know nothing whatever, and can know nothing, about the noumenon, except as the hypothetical subject of any number of negative predicates; the information that it is free, in the sense of being out of the reach of the law of causation, is about as valuable as the assertion that it is neither grey, nor blue, nor square. For practical purposes, it must be admitted that the inward possession of such a noumenal libertine does not amount to much for people whose actual existence is made up of nothing but definitely regulated phenomena. When the good and evil angels fought for the dead body of Moses, its presence must have been of about the same value to either of the contending parties, as that of Kant's noumenon, in the battle of impulses which rages in the breast of man.' 9. What is Kant's view of the rational origin of Evil? Give his reasoning. 10. Discuss Kant's view of the possibility of Reformation. What is his view of Self-love? 1. How does Mill regard the Golden Rule, and how does Kant? How would Kant regard it in its positive form? 2. What is the ambiguity of motive in the question between Mill and J. L. Davies? State the case, and make your opinion plain. 3. Why does Mackintosh compare the Devil and Marcus Aurelius ? Make the point clear. 4. "Every spectator is persuaded that the reflex acts of the virtuous agent upon his own temper will give him the highest pleasure." Whose system is this? Give your reasons. Would Kant consider it a moral system? may Whose system is this? What is due to Gay? How would Mackintosh im 5. Man" Explain it fully. prove it? end in self-annihilation." HAMILTON AND MILL. MR. ABBOTT. 1. Is the term "infinite" applicable to knowledge or to moral attributes ? 2. What are the several significations of the word "Absolute," distinguished by Mill? Which of these does Hamilton say is that in which alone he uses the word? What is the obscurity in Hamilton's definition? What is Professor Calderwood's definition? 3. "Let us try positively to comprehend, positively to conceive the possibility of either of these alternatives. Can we represent, or realize in thought, extension as absolutely limited? in other words, can we mentally hedge round the whole of space, conceive it absolutely bounded?" "The infinite is conceived only by the thinking away of every character by which the finite was conceived." Distinguish the different senses in which "conceive" is used in this passage. 4. Mill regards some of Hamilton's "inconceivable alternatives" as perfectly conceivable; which of them, and on what grounds? 5. Mill adopts the suggestion that if whenever two pairs of things were put together, a fifth was created, we should have believed that 2 + 2 = 5. From the very statement it may be plausibly argued that he was unable to divest himself of the belief that 2 + 2 = 4 has a certainty different from that which, in the supposed case, would belong to 2+2 = 5. How does this appear? 6. Speaking of our belief in other minds, Mill says:-"In the case of other human beings, I have the evidence of my senses for the first and last link of the series, but not for the intermediate link." What are the links here spoken of? How have I the evidence of my senses What important assumption is there in the whole state for them? ment? 7. The step here spoken of (the inference of the intermediate link) being supposed to come after our conception of the groups of Possibilities as the fundamental reality in nature, what is the circle in which Mill is involved? If we place the conception just mentioned later, is the circle avoided ? 8. This process of proving the existence of other minds is declared by Mill to be exactly parallel to Newton's great induction. "What experience shows to be a mark of the existence of something within the sphere of our consciousness may be concluded to be a mark of the same thing beyond that sphere." State accurately the nature of the step that Newton took when he proved that the force which makes a stone fall is the same force which retains the moon in her orbit; and show what is the essential difference in kind between Newton's inference of the " and Mill's of the " same thing." same force 9. Criticise Hamilton's theory of the Principle of Causality. Δῆλον ὅτι ἡ σάρξ οὐκ ἔστι τὸ ἔσχατον αἰσθητήριον· ἀνάγκη γὰρ ἦν ἁπτόμενον αὐτοῦ κρίνειν τὸ κρίνον. Οὔτε δὴ κεχωρισμένοις ἐνδέχεται κρίνειν ὅτι ἕτερον τὸ γλυκὺ τοῦ λευκοῦ, ἀλλὰ δεῖ ἑνί τινι ἄμφω δῆλα εἶναι, οὕτω μὲν γὰρ κἂν εἰ τοῦ μὲν ἐγὼ τοῦ δὲ σὺ αἴσθοιο, δῆλον ἂν εἴη ὅτι ἕτερα ἀλλήλων. Δεῖ δὲ τὸ ἓν λέγειν ὅτι ἕτερον, ἕτερον γὰρ τὸ γλυκὺ τοῦ λευκοῦ. Λέγει ἄρα τὸ αὐτό· ὥστε ὡς λέγει οὕτω καὶ νοεῖ καὶ αἰσθάνεται. 1. What is the capital error in Bacon's philosophy, according to Mill? Explain what Bacon meant by Form. |