in a country where office and title are almoft the fole dif tinctions between one man and another; and where he whq has the least rank, looks upon his fellow-men of inferior stations to be likewife beneath him in the order of existence.

The author indeed makes one exception against our conftitution, which it will be difficult to get over. Our unpolished Britons, not fo well trained to gallantry as the foft Italians, may compel a lady to how her face, who is going to the serious, important, and honourable bufinefs of a maiquerade. This is a monftrous ftate-grievance; the nation which allows it muft renounce all pretenfions to policy; the confufion of anarchy muft reign there, not the civi! harmony produced by falutary laws.

Yet a bold Englishman who connects the ideas of monar chy and freedom, will not view this, and the other affronts offered by our populace to the great, with that abhorrence which they excite in Mr. Baretti's mind. He will not regret that even a lord is sometimes tumbled into the mud, becaufe fuch little events are the neceffary confequences of the best go'vernment in the world, and because that lord is probably a very dirty fellow before he is thrown into the mire. Though an enemy to fcurrility and outrages, thefe fcenes of popular ar dour will afford him a pleafing recollection: he will confider that while fuch bold attacks are ventured, we must continue free; that they are often made upon the worthless, upon those who elude the punishment of the laws; that they often affert, and contribute to redrefs the violated rights of the people. Thus, while fhallow politicians attributed the commotions in old Rome to the defective form of its government; or to the uncontroulable temper of the Romans, the fage Montesquieu affigned them other caufes. He faw that they were the neceffary effervescences of a free and military people, jealous of their liberty, and confcious of their valour, and greatness; and that the ambition of the tribunes, and the ardour of the populace, only tended to enlarge and complete the auguft republican fabrick.

But it would be no wonder if this language of the lover of liberty, fhould feem abfurdity and delirium to a man who has been long accustomed to revere the edits of the cabinet of Turin. Let us haften to the conclufion of this argument.

Which of the two evils, fays Mr. Baretti is the lighter; the infolence of the great to the fmall, or of the small to the great?'-If we fhould ask whether the bite of a fly, or the ftroke of a broad-sword inflicts a more cruel wound, could any one be at a lofs to reply?

But

But the cause of freedom fhall not be trufted to light, and precarious fimiles. A fair induction of facts will carry along with it an answer to Mr. Baretti's queftion.

In England then we allow that a nobleman may be infulted by a mob, that they may break his windows, and compel his fair lady to uncover the charms of her face when she is going to a masquerade; though fuch offenders may be pu nifhed by law, if their offences can be proved against them. People of all ranks with us have the refource of law when they are injured: but happily for the fubjects of Britain, its conftitution authorizes not punishment without the previous evidence of guilt. Juftice is the impartial guardian of the inhabitants of this ifland; the perfon and property of our meanest commoner and our nobleft peer are equally her care.

But this is not quite the cafe at Madrid and Turin. In the dominions of the kings of Spain and Sardinia, an innocent fubject may be ruined by the wantonness of power. He may be imprisoned, or deprived of life by a jealous, or a revengeful minifter. In thofe realms of flavery, a ftripling, ignorant of every thing but the exorbitant privileges which his cockade and fword give him, may, beat an honest peasant, from the caprice of youth and paffion; and if that peafant applies for redress to civil or military jurifdiction, he may be condemned to the gallies for having fhown disrespect to a gentleman who is an enfign, and whose father is a count.

From this view of the effects of the British and Spanish governments it will appear how ftrongly prejudiced the writer must be who doubts which of the two is preferable. Whatever refpect Mr. Baretti may pretend to have for England, he hath offered it a great indignity by formally comparing the tyranny of Spain with our excellent conftitution, and leaving the fuperiority of the latter undecided. Indeed it must be evident to any one who reads his travels with the leaft attention, that though compliments to this nation are fometimes extorted from him by truth and juftice, thofe compliments are always annihilated by ungenerous reflections, derogatory to British fame.

From his eightieth to the end of his eighty-ninth letter, which concludes his journey from London to Genoa, he gives us an account of his paffage over the Pyrenees, and of his journey along the extremity of Languedoc and Provence, eastward to Antibes. In thefe letters we accompany Mr. Baretti with pleafure; he defcribes the face of the country through which he travelled, and the manner of the inhabitants with perfpicuity and ftrength.

The author has fubjoined a brief enquiry into the origin of the Anglo-Saxons, with an account of their religion and government in their rudeft ftate; and he fignifies an intention of continuing his researches through a more fruitful period of their history, fhould the prefent work be found to meet with the approbation of the public.

Upon the whole, this Introduction is a performance of confiderable merit. Though the moft material information it contains, is chiefly derived from the critical researches of other writers, Mr. Macpherson has reduced their arguments into a more clear and concentrated fyftem; and, by opening the fources of etymology, which had hitherto been uninvestigated, he has, in many places, thrown fuch a new light upon his fubject, as will afford rational entertainment to those who are curious of travelling into this region of ancient history.

III. Sermons on different Subjects, by the late Reverend John Jortin, D. D. Archdeacon of London, Rector of St. Dunstan's in the Eaft, and Vicar of Kensington. 8vo. 16s. Boards. White. Continued.

IN

N our last number we have given our readers an account of the first volume of these excellent difcourfes; in this article we shall lay before them a fummary view of the fecond.

The first fermon is an Illuftration of the Lord's Prayer. New obfervations upon this beaten fubject are scarcely to be expected. It is fufficient if a writer felects the best of those which his predeceffors have advanced, and places them in the most advantageous and ftriking light, And this, in general, we may venture to fay, Dr. Jortin has done. The expreffion aptos Evros, in this prayer, has been the fubject of infinite debate among critics and commentators, and has been ftiled Grammaticorum Theologorum carnificina. Vide Poli Synop. Crit. Our learned author fays, The words, 'daily bread,' are not clear; and might perhaps be better rendered to-morrow's bread : Give us this day bread for the morrow. This interpretation at firft fight, may feem to contradict the precept of our Saviour, in which he bids us take no care for the morrow.' But he obferves, first, that the care which our Lord condemns is an anxious care, accompanied with a dif truft of Providence; fecondly, that petitions, of their own nature, look forwards, and are for fomething to come; and thirdly, that we only afk for bread from this day to the morrow; that is, bread for four and twenty hours, which is in reality only one day's bread. In confirmation of his opinion,

he

Frenchman, of which Mr. Baretti accufes them; the Frenchman, confidered in a private light, as one merely born and bred in France. They will fhew him their hofpitality as readily, and they will give him their efteem, if he deferves it, as willingly as to a perfon of another country.

Mr. Baretti went again to Madrid in 1768, and returned to England in 1769.-The Appendix, which he adds to his letters, contains the material remarks which he made in his fecond journies to and from Madrid by the Pyrenees. This Appendix will be very useful to travellers -In it he traces his route from Perpignan to Madrid, from Madrid to Bayonne, and three different paffages over the Pyrenes, by making a lift of the places through which he paffed, and giving their distances from each other. In this Appendix, too, he gives us more particulars concerning Bifcay and Madrid. We shall extract his account of the ftructure of the Spanish theatres, and the taste in which they are frequented.

The play-houses in Madrid have their peculiarity of dif pofition like thofe of England, France, and Italy. These are the parts of a Spanish play-house with regard to the spectators: El Patio, la Luneta, las Gradas, la Cazuela, la Tertulia, los Apofentos, and los Aloferos. I must explain you these terms. El Patio.] Thus they call the Pit, to which no female is admitted. It has no feats, and only the meaner people refort there.

La Luneta.] 'Tis a close betwixt the Orchestra and the Patio, that contains two or three benches for gentlemen only.

Las Gradas.] These are some ranges of fteps, which run on the right and left of the Patio, amphitheatrically difpofed. Gentlemen fit there as well as in the Luneta.

La Cazuela.] 'Tis a kind of Gallery that fronts the stage, and the place allowed to ordinary women. No man is admitted there.

The Tertulia] 'Tis another gallery over the Cazuela. Both the Cazuela and the Tertulia have benches rifing gradually backward. The Tertulia was once the place where the religious fat to fee the Autos Sacramentales: but fince the reprefenting of them was prohibited, it is become a place for any body to fit in.

Los Apofentos ] Thus they call the boxes, of which there are three ranges. The boxes that form the first range (and the fecond Jatvo errore) are called Apofentos principales, and are fuppofed to be occupied by people of rank. Each box is ample enough to contain eight or ten people. A box is commonly hired only for a night, and a company of ladies and gentlemen fit in it promifcuously.

• Los

Los Aloferos.] Thus they call the two corner-boxes on each fide the stage, and adjoining to the Gradas. One of them is appropriated to an Alcalde de Corte, or officer of the police, who is prefent at the reprefentation, to keep good order. The rank of that perfonage is one the moft refpectable, and fo high, that the next promotion commonly raises him to the royal council of Castile, which is the great council of the ftate.

I have not much to fay in commendation of this difpofition of a play-house, as it does not offer a very brilliant coupd'oeil. Befides that the Spaniards, like the Italians, are too fparing of lights for their pit and boxes, the Apofentos principales ftand fo very high over the Gradas, that a man must have very good eyes to distinguish the ladies' faces from any part of the house. Nor muft you expect any great fatisfaction from looking at the women in the Cazuela, who keep their heads covered with their mantillas. Then he who is not ufed to the fight must be difgufted at the night-caps, which many a man in the Tertulia puts on during the performance, as it is not cuftomary to keep one's hat on in a play-house.

A Spanish audience never makes the least noife before the beginning of the play, as the English do, nor are orangewenches, or any body else permitted to ftun the company with their hideous cries. The husbands, or the cortejos, take upon themselves the trouble of furnishing the ladies in their company with fruit and sweetmeats, of which they have generally a pocket full, and a fervant is commonly kept without, or within the box, that they may fend him to fetch rinfrifcos when they are wanted.

The Spanish ladies, like thofe of Italy, receive vifits in their boxes, and there converse in as loud a tone as they think proper, without fear of being checked by any arrogant voice bidding filence. The Spaniards are too polite ever to find fault with what the ladies are pleased to do. 'Tis needless to tell, that each divifion in a Spanish play houfe has its particular. price. A small part of every play-house revenue, is appropriated to the maintenance of fome hospital.'

The following anecdotes are amufing, and ftrongly characterize the Spanish nation.

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I have now faid all I had to fay of Madrid: yet before I quit it the fecond time, I beg leave to tranfcribe here out of my memorandum-book a few trifles and petty facts, which, collectively taken, may poffibly aflift more in forming a true idea of the Spanish nation, than more elaborate remarks and difquifitions.

A banker's