from the sea beach, being replete with shelly débris. In thi instance the interment was held not to be earlier than the eleventh century; but the question arises, what satisfactory data have we to guide us on the subject? H. ECROYD SMITH. RELICS OF CHARLES I.-It is stated in the "Beauties of England and Wales" (Vol. xiv., p. 201, published in 1813), that, in the vestry of Ashburnham Church, Sussex, are preserved the shirt, stained with some drops of blood, in which Charles I. was beheaded, his watch which he gave at the place of execution to Mr. John Ashburnham, his white silk drawers, and the sheet that was thrown over his body. These relics, it is added, "were bequeathed in 1743, by Bertram Ashburnham, Esq., to the clerk of the parish and his successors for ever." May I ask if they are still to be seen in the vestry of the parish church at Ashburnham ? OLD TAPESTRY.-In the Castle of Kilkenny, built by Randolph, Earl of Chester, in the 13th century, I learn from an old volume of the "Gentleman's Magazine " that there was preserved some remarkably fine large tapestry, representing the history of the Spanish monarchy from the expulsion of the Moors to the beginning of the 18th century, worked by Spanish nuns, and brought from Vigo by a Duke of Ormond. Is this tapestry now placed where it can be inspected by the public? I should also be glad of a short description of it. J. HALLIBURTON. THE TICHBORNE FAMILY.-Was the Tichborne whose signature appears on the death warrant of Charles I. any relation to the Tichborne family whose estates have for the last few years been such a celebrated bone of contention ? The arms on his seal are the same as theirs. Are any particulars known respecting him? The arms of the Tichborne family, with the date 1688, may be seen over the entrance to Tichborne Court, on the front of an old house in Holborn. Did the Tichbornes hold any property in that neighbourhood? EDISBURY HALL, CHESHIRE.-In Gibson's (edition 1695) Camden there is mention made of De-la-Mere Forrest, and "So noted a place as Edisbury Hall, which gives rise not only to an eminent family, but also to a whole hundred." I also learn that in Chatham Church, there is a fine marble bust to the memory of Kenrick Edisbury, died 1638, surveyor of his Majesty's navy; whilst Pennant mentions Erddig Hall, co. Denbigh, (at present the seat of the Yorkes) as being built by Joshua Edisbury, who was high sheriff for the county in 1685. In an old print I read "The Edisburys were ardent royalists, and lost their estates, their all, for church and king." Is anything further known of this family; armorial bearings, &c.? I should also be glad to learn whether the family is extinct or not. J. E. F. GUY FAWKES.-Is anything known concerning the Yorkshire family to which Guy or Guido Fawkes belonged? I have a dim recollection of seeing, many years ago, a book, Fawkes's of York;" it had for a motto the lines— or rather I think, a pamphlet, bearing the title of "The "And countless generations of mankind Depart, and leave no vestige where they trod," or some similar words. I should be glad to know the name of the author of the said work as a means of identifying it. JAMES AUSTIN. authority the author of "The Town of Denbigh," in chapter iii. of the work, under the title of "Events not mentioned in the preceding chapters," affirmed that " Madog ap-Owen Gwynedd," a Welsh chieftain, with many of his followers, quitted in the year 1469 the vale of Clwyd and reached the continent of America fully thirty years before Columbus discovered that world? Returning next year, they took with them more, and are said to have founded a tribe of Welsh American Indians. WELSH AMERICAN INDIANS.-Is it known on what J. P. S. THE CROMWELLS.-Was Thomas Cromwell (afterwards Earl of Essex), who was beheaded in 1540, and who is said to have been the son of a blacksmith at Putney, in any way related to the Cromwells, Barons Cromwell of Tatshall? A. CAMERON. THE ABACUS OF PALAMEDES.-Can any of your readers more learned in Roman antiquities than myself, describe the nature of this game? It appears to me to have somewhat resembled the modern game of backgammon. T. COOK. tombs usually more ancient than those which were carved in WOODEN EFFIGIES.-Are the wooden effigies on ancient stone? I should be glad if any of your readers could favour me with some particulars of the earliest wooden effigies known to exist. W. R. DAY. THE 5TH FOOT.-From what circumstances do the 5th Foot derive the peculiar colour of their facings? It is a sage green, and is worn by no other regiment. J. COLEMAN. FARMERS' TOKENS.-Can you give me some particulars concerning the earliest use of these tokens ? G. D. Replies. used by the Romans; hence the word calculation. The Their purpose was to serve as counters in the ancient method of casting up accounts, on a board marked with parallel lines, upon which were placed these counters in rows of units, tens, hundreds, &c. (See a treatise by Thomas Snelling, entitled "A View of the Origin, Nature, and Use of Jettons or Counters, Black Money, and Abbey Pieces," with engravings, folio, London, 1769. HENRY W. HENFREY, F.R.H.S., &c. EXMOOR FOREST (Vol. iii. 220).—In the elaborate essay by Sedgwick and Murchison in the "Transactions of the Gological Society" (2nd s., Vol. v., 633-702) the highlands ofeExmoor are classed under the second division of the older stratified deposits of Devon and Somerset, extending from the vale of Taunton, north and west, to the coast of Somerset, in which more than once it is said that few, if any, fossils were to be found, e.g. p. 646: "Considered as a whole, it is neither calcareous nor fossiliferous; but by these words we mean to state only that we found no fossils in it, and that at least they are very rare. We must remember, however, that it is interpolated in a fossiliferous system; and that a better search might probably bring to light a few fossils among the finer strata, alternating with the coarser red sandstones; and again, on the next page, speaking of the road from Dulverton to Minehead, which would cross the moor, they write, "in no part of it did we observe any organic remains." But does Sir R. I. Murchison mean to exclude COUNTERS, OR JETTONS (Vol. iii. 307).-Counters, or "Abbey Jettons," as they are sometimes called, are very frequently to be met with near the foundations of old monastic buildings. Some time since one or two early silver jettons were unearthed in the garden adjoining the ancient abbey of Waltham. A few years ago the rector of Alphamstone, Eex, discovered two brass jettons during the removal of an old building, which appeared to have formed a side of a quadrangle portion of Clees Hall, the chief manor house in the parish. The more ancient of the two is a Rechen-Pfennig, or Nuremburgh Counter, which exhibits on one side the Riechsaspfel or mound of sovereignty within a trefoil interlaced with a triangle, and on the other three fleurs-de-lis and three crowns placed circularly around a rose. The second is a large counter, one of those made by Wolfgang Laufer at Nuremburgh, which relate to France. On one side is seen a dolphin, crowned with the inscription, INCOLUMITAS A DELPHINO. The title of Dauphin was first borne by Charles V. circ. 1364. On the other side of the figure is Peace, holding a cornucopia and burning implements of war EX PACE LIBERTAS; in the exergue the maker's name, Wolf. Lavf. Two brass jettons were found five or six years since at Skelsmergh Hall; these are said to be of Nuremburgh make; "and," says a writer, "it is interesting that similar counters-the inscription a little different-have already been discovered in some old buildings on the other side of the country, showing that communication at a remote period must have existed between Westmoreland and Germany. It is said that in some cases these counters passed for coins of value; but this was seldom the case, and they are different from those used in the trading Republics of Italy. It was customary in Holland, Austria, and France at one time, to present a number of these tellers or counters as new years' presents to great officers of State; those of gold to the higher, and of silver to the lower; and so many were given one year in Holland as to amount to 2770%. The period at which these counters were introduced into Westmoreland was probably between 1620 and 1680, a time when the Kendal manufactures were sent into Germany." Mr. G. Bedo will find a similar illustration to the one given by him, in Thomas all the highland region when, in his "Siluria " Snelling's work on "Coins and Medals," Plate II., No. 31-P. 276), he says, "the species known to occur in the limebut with the addition of "Dei Mater," round the edges, i.e., stone bands of the middle or Ilfracombe group, stretching "Ave Maria Stella Dei Mater." In Plate III., No. 7 of from Widmouth through Combe Martin, Twitchin, Simons the same work, will be found an illustration of the other bath, Newland, Luckwell, Luxborough, Higher Broadwater, jetton mentioned by Mr. Bedo. The makers of these pieces Huish, and Nettlecombe, and thence to the Quantocks, are at Nuremburgh, in Germany, seem at first to have been precisely the same as found at Newton Bushell, Plymouth, restricted to a very few families. Hence, from between the Ogwell, &c." Near Simonsbath, at least, there appeared no middle of the 16th and the middle of the 17th century, the trace of fossils; and there are none, I believe, either from name of only four families can be found, .e., that of there, or any of the higher moorland, to be seen, either in Schultz, of which were fog and Hans; one of Koch, viz., Elsewhere, I think, he mentions evidences of eruptions of the British Museum, or Geological Museum, Jermyn Street. Kilianus; three of Krawincle, viz., Egidius, Damianus, and Haus, which last made more than all the others taken feldspathic ashes, or trap-stuff; the exact localities of these, together; of the Laufers there were six, viz., Hans, Mat- and of any fossils found in the higher, or Dunkery region, thew, Wolfgang, Chronradt, Cornelius, and Laz. Gotlieb. would be worth noting by future tourists. There are some pieces with C. K., but whether for Koch or Krawincle is not known. Mr. Snelling observed that jettons derived their name from the verb "jetter," to cast or throw, which gave rise to the expression of casting accounts. The words "Legpenning," "Leggelt," given by the Dutch to these pieces originated in a similar manner, from being placed in different ways on the board in reckoning. The term used by the Germans-"Rechen Pfenning" or reckoning-penny, relates, says the above writer, to its general use, and not to the manner of using it. These were called counters because of their being used to assist in reckoning up accounts, the same as the pebbles (calculi), Archæological Journal, Vol. ii. 193. t See the Reliquary, Vol. viii. 255, and ix. 125. (4th Ed. F. J. L. ARMORIAL BEARINGS (Vol. iii. 307).-The arms about which Mr. Fuller inquires are those of Robert Knight, Earl of Catherlough, in the Peerage of Ireland, quartering Powell of Edenhope, co. Salop, quarterly with Powell of Worthen and All-Stretten, co. Salop. Powell of Ewhurst, created a baronet 10th May, 1661, and extinct, 5th July, 1742, bore the same arms and quarterings as Powell of Edenhope. The lineage of the Knight family is as follows:-(I.) Nicholas Knight, was seated at Beoley, co. Worcester, in 1484, and died in 1520, leaving a son, (II.) Robert Knight, who purchased the manor of Barrells, in the parish of Wotten-Waven, co. Warwick, in 1554, and dying in 1558 was succeeded by his son, (III.) William Knight, who was father of (IV.) Nicholas, whose son (V.) William Knight, was born in 1594, and died in 1651, leaving two sons, John and (VI.) Robert Knight; the latter left two sons, Thomas and (VII.) Robert, which Robert was born 30th November, 1675, and died in 1744. He married Martha, eldest daughter and co-heir of Jeremiah Powell, of Edenhope, co. Salop, by whom he had, with other children, (VIII.) Robert Knight, of Barrells, co. Warwick, who represented Great Grimsby and Castle Rising in four parliaments, and was created Baron Luxborough of Shannon 8th August, 1746, and Viscount Barrells and Earl of Catherlough 30th April, 1763. He married, firstly, Henrietta, only daughter of Henry, Viscount St. John, and sister of the celebrated Viscount Bolingbroke, by whom he had issue (IX.) Henry, Viscount Barrells, who married the daughter of Thomas Heath, of Stanstead, Essex, but died without issue 21st June, 1750. The earl married secondly Lady le Quesne, but had no issue by her. He died 30th March, 1772, when the peerage became extinct. J. P. R., F.S.A. FALSE HERALDRY (Vol. iii. 292). Doubtless the "false heraldry" exhibited in the tinctures assigned by the author of "Ivanhoe" to the shield of the black knight has often been noticed; and no less certainly the only explanation that may have been given, or that can be given, is that this is simply an error, arising from a want of knowledge of heraldic rule as observed in England. It is equally an error, arising from a corresponding want of knowledge of heraldic history, to have assigned to that same sable champion any true armorial insignia whatsoever; since the systematic heraldry of England cannot be carried back into the 12th century, the earliest authentic example of the reign of Richard I., being displayed on the second Great Seal, of the lionhearted king himself. Sir Walter Scott, I know not for what reason, evidently had some peculiar weakness for charging sable upon azure; twice, in addition to the shield of the black knight, he makes Lord Marmion's falcon "Soar sable in an azure field." NAMES OF CITY CHURCHES (Vol. iii. 292).-St. Benet Sherehog, so called after a benefactor-Benedict Shorne; the first name becoming Bennet, or Benet, and the surname changing into Shrog or Sherehog. The church was originally dedicated to St. Osyth. St. Catharine (Cree, or Christ). St. Margaret Pattens: this parish was anciently inhabited by patten-makers. St. Michael Bassishaw; Dear, delightful Sir Walter Scott-and the older I become, situated on the west side of Basinghall Street, in the ward and the more frequently I read what the "Author of of Bassishaw (Basing's Haw). St. Martin's Outwich, called Waverley" wrote (two facts which imply the same thing), after the patrons or proprietors, William and John de the more I love the man, and the greater enjoyment I find Oteswich. St. Dionis Backchurch, dedicated to St. Dionis, in his works-was not professed as either herald or archæDionysius, or Dennis, who was converted, it is said, by theologist, or he would have written in a very different style, as preaching of St. Paul at Athens; he is styled first bishop well of the armour as of the armorial blazonry, in his still of that city; Backchurch refers to 'its position or situation. St. Vedast, in Foster Lane; dedicated to St. Vedast, who was Bishop of Arras, A.D. 539. NUMMUS. PORTRAITS ON COINS (Vol. iii. 280).-In reply to Mr. Thomas Brooks, it is now generally considered by numismatists that the portrait of Alexander III. (the Great) King of Macedon, B.C. 336-323, is the earliest one known on a coin. His head occurs on tetradrachms of Lysimachus, King of Thrace, with the attributes of a young Jupiter Ammon. Such coins may be seen in the Medal Room at the British Museum. HENRY W. HENFREY, F.R.HIST.S., &c. ANCIENT ROMAN STAMPS (Vol. iii, 292, 322).—One of the ancient Roman oculists' stamps was ploughed up by a Mr. Upton, at Wroxeter, near the old wall, in the year 1808. It is of fine green schist, and greatly interesting on account of its shape, which is round, a form very rarely adopted by the Roman ocularii for the stamp. The legend on it (the italics being letters filled in) runs as follows: TIBerii CLaudii Medici DIALIBA num Which rendered into English signifies "Dialibanum inimitable "Ivanhoe." CHARLES BOUTELL. THE APOSTLES (Vol. iii. 263, 308).-With regard to Peter and Paul, I quote the following paragraph from Bloomfield's " Martyrs," Vol. ii., p. 304 :— "Among the numerous victims who were offered up for the trial of their faith are usually reckoned Peter and Paul. Peter is said to have been crucified near one of the gates of Rome, his head being placed downward at his own request, as esteeming it too high an honour to suffer in the same attitude as the Lord of Glory. Paul is said to have been beheaded about two years after, near the same spot. Nothing authentic is on record as to the behaviour of these two eminent apostles at the place of execution, nor is it at all certain that Peter really suffered at Rome, or during the persecution"-meaning that under Nero-" though, beyond doubt, he died a martyr." I have never yet been able to trace anything like reliable authority for the statement that Peter was either executed or buried in Rome. SHAGRIT. GLASS (Vol. iii. 235, 295).—It is hardly necessary, with reference to the query on page 235, to note so well-known a tradition as that which Pliny gave with regard to the origin of glass-viz., the sailors fluxing the lumps of soda with sand upon the beach near the river Belus, upon the coast of Galilee; but it may be worth while noting that the sand of this coast is mentioned by Theoprastus as being employed in the manufacture of glass 300 years B.C. A passage in the Book of Job, chap. xxxvii., 18, asks, “Hast thou with From this discovery, we may conclude that some one of him spread out the sky which is strong, and as a molten the Roman quacks was located in the city, where he pre-looking glass?" If the translation correctly represents the pared his medicines, and whence his fame was spread abroad, original, this would put back the origin of glass much farther; as the inventor of an eye-salve possessing high medical but I can scarcely think it is so. That the Romans, after qualities. Over sixty of these stamps, cut from various kinds of stone (and I believe some are found formed of metal) have been discovered in England, Italy, Germany, and France, which greatly inclines us to believe that, at the period of the Roman occupation of these places, disease of their conquest of England, introduced glass makers, we have good reason for believing, inasmuch as specimens of the glass of that period have been discovered, and are now in existence. A. DOUBLEDAY, THE SIN OF KISSING THE HAND (Vol. iii. 308).-The at home and abroad in the wars, with their arms embroidered original of a portion of Job xxxi. 27, is generally rendered or otherwise depict. But now (he adds) these "My hand hath kissed my mouth." In the order of ancient 'tabards' are worn only by the heralds, and be called their worship it was customary to kiss the idol that was wor-coats of arms in service." shipped. The Mohammedans at the present day, in their worship at Mecca, kiss the black stone which is fastened in the corner of the Beat Allah, as often as they pass it in going round the Caaba. If they cannot come near enough to kiss it, they touch it with the hand, and kiss that. An Oriental pays his respects to one of a superior station by kissing his hand, and putting it to his forehead (see Paxton's "Writings on Job," and Pool's Latin " Synopsis.") Dr. John Gill, one of the best Oriental scholars of the past century, has given a very good account of kissing the hand in connection with the words of Job. According to Herodotus, the Arabians, the neighbours of Job, worshipped the sun and moon. The Persians were taught by the Assyrians to sacrifice to the sun and moon. The Canaanites and the Phoenicians did the same thing; hence one of their cities is called Beth-shemesh, the home or Temple of the Sun (Josh. xix. 22.) Job evidently saw the evil of this common practice in his day, and thus strove to purge himself of it. W. WINTERS. Miscellanea. THE "TABARDE" INN, SOUTHWARK.-This ancient hostelry, which is about to be sold by auction, and no doubt speedily swept away, though not the veritable tavern in which Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims were assembled 500 years ago, stands doubtless on the site of that tavern. The first foundation of this inn would appear to be due to the abbots of Hyde, who at a time when the bishops of Winchester had their palace near St. Saviour's Church, naturally fixed their town residence close by. Stowe tells us that in the Middle Ages the High Street of Southwark had "many fair inns for the receipt of travellers," and he enumerates, "The Tarbarde" among their signs. The land on which the old "Tarbarde" stood was purchased by the Abbot of Hyde in A.D. 1307, and he built on it not only a hostel for himself and his brethren, but also an inn for the accommodation of the numerous pilgrims resorting to the shrine of "St. Thomas of Canterbury" from the south and west of England, just at the point where the roads from Sussex, Surrey, and Hampshire met that which was known as the "Pilgrim's Way." There can be no doubt that by the end of the fourteenth century the Tabard was already one of the inns most frequented by "Canterbury Pilgrims," or else Chaucer would scarcely have introduced it to us in that character. Stowe also mentions the old "Tabarde as still standing in A.D. 1598, and four years later we are told by one of Chaucer's editors that the inn and the abbot's house adjoining had been newly repaired and enlarged "for the receipt of many guests.' Unfortunately, however, in 1676 the Borough was the scene of a terrible conflagration. Some 600 houses had to be destroyed in order to arrest the progress of the flames, and as the Tabard stood nearly in the centre of this area, and was mostly built of wood, there can be little doubt that the inn actually visited by Chaucer's pilgrims, perished. It was, however, almost immediately rebuilt, and as nearly as possible on the same spot; and although, through the ignorance of the landlord or tenant, or both, it was for a time called, not the "Tabarde," but the "Talbot," there can be no doubt that the present inn, with its quaint old timber galleries and not less quaint old chambers, is substantially the same hostelry as that commemorated by our great early poet. It may be added, in explanation of the sign itself, that, in the language of Stowe, a "tabard" is "a sort of jacket or sleeveless coat, whole before, but open on both sides, with a square collar, winged at the shoulders; a stately garment of old time, commonly worn of noblemen and others, both "I have TOMBS OF RICHARD II. AND HENRY III.-At the meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, held on the 26th ult., the Dean of Westminster read a very interesting paper on the above subject. Dean Stanley, in the eloquent opening of his paper, said that the ghostly and ghastly associations of Richard II. with the legends of Westminster Abbey, to gether with his love for the Abbey, made him a prince of especial interest to the historian of that edifice, while there were circumstances which might endear him to the recollection of the Society of Antiquaries, who, in the last century, actually poked their hands through the holes of his tomb to try and fish out the bones of a king. To historians in general the fate of Richard is a most interesting subject. seen," says Froissart, "two strange things in my time," and he goes on to point out the contrast between the bright be. ginning of Richard's reign and its miserable close. Gray's well-known lines, beginning "Fair laughs the morn and soft the zephyrs blow," refer to the same subject, and similar was the source of Shakespeare's apposite words, "Come. let us sit on the ground, and talk about the death of Kings." Two sets of bones were found in the tomb of Richard II., female and male. There was no dispute that the bones of the female skeleton were those of Anne of Bohemia; the only doubt was whether the other skeleton was that of the King. The skull which was found, being for the purpose of measurement filled with rape-seed, the number of cubic of English skulls. That settled the question of the size of inches which it was found to contain was below the standard the skull, but its quality was another thing. However, the conclusion come to by Mr. Richmond was that the skull would agree with the character of the King. The story of the murder of Richard by Sir Piers Exton, who went down to Pomfret with battle-axe men, is a mere legend, and there are no marks of the battle-axe on this skull. It has been suggested that it was the skull of a priest, named Mandelyn, but he was beheaded at least a month before Richard's death, and there are no marks of decapitation here. Sprigs of poplar, a preservative against witchcraft, were found when the tomb was opened. Rushes were still there, and this proved that, although the tomb had been more or less ransacked, it had never been entered. Other things were found in the tomb which were but rubbish cast in by passersby. The tomb of Henry III. had also been investigated. The casting of the effigy is almost perfect, though it is said to be among the first of such castings. The coffin is covered with cloth of gold in one continuous piece, which in turn is covered with dust, and has lost so much of its strength that a small blast would blow away both dust and silk. The grave historic doubts which rested on the subject of Richard II. justified a searching investigation into his tomb; but with regard to Henry III. there was no question, and the gentlemen who had taken part with the Dean in this inquiry, Mr. Doyne Bell, Mr. Percival, Mr. Knight Watson, and others, determined with the Dean that it was better to go no further. The paper being concluded, Mr. Scharf, Mr. Sangster, Mr. Richmond, R.A., and Mr. Octavius Morgan, M.P., took part in the discussion which followed. Mr. Milman gave an interesting account of the discussion as to Richard's fate. He quoted Mr. Benjamin Williams, who had printed a deposition found in the Record Office of a witness examined in the reign of Henry IV. The testimony of this witness was that from Pomfret Richard II. escaped to the Holy Isle, perhaps to the Isle of Lindisfarne, n Northumberland. He was then removed to Scotland, an many plots for his restoration were set on foot during the next reign. FLEET PRISON.-This old Bastile in London was abolished on the 2nd of April, 1844, after it had been a prison for debtors for two centuries. In 1727 a committee of the House of Commons inquired respecting its management, part of the twelfth century were also exhibited. Rubbings of when various extortions and cruelties were discovered. The brasses from city churches and objects of antiquarian inwardens and jailors were imprisoned for their cruelties. terest were shown. After the reading of Mr. Wood's paper, Bainbridge, one of the wardens, was prosecuted and con- a discussion took place, by Mr. J. G. Waller, Mr. Dunkin, victed, but escaped punishment. The inimitable William the chairman, and others, on the supposed miraculous Hogarth's picture of Bainbridge's examination is as well benefits conferred by various shrines, both in foreign known as Mr. C. Dickens's description of the Fleet Prison countries and in our own. in "Pickwick." It appears to have been for many years a hot-bed of mischief, which merited the fate it received in 1844. Proceedings of Societies. SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES. - At a meeting of this society held on the 26th ult. (Mr. T. Winter Jones, principal librarian of the British Museum, in the chair), a paper was read by the Dean of Westminster on "the Tombs of Richard II. and Henry III.," the substance of which will be found on the opposite page. Before the reading of the paper several new Fellows were formally admitted, and some new gifts and bequests were announced, amongst the latter a volume of the Times for 1789, which, it was stated, is not in the British Museum. Drawings by Mr. George Scharf, and photographs, illustrating the subject of the lecture, were laid upon the table and hung up on the wall. CHEMICAL SOCIETY.-At a meeting held on Thursday, June 19th-Dr. Odling, F.R.S., president, in the chairwhich was the last of the season, nine communications were read, of which the following were the titles:-1. "Researches on the Action of the Copper Zinc Couple on Organic Bodies (III.) On Normal and Iso-propyl Iodides," by J. H. Gladstone, F.R.S., and A. Tribe, being a continuation, in the Propyl series, of the authors' previous researches. 2. "On the Influence of Pressure on Fermentation (part II.) The Influence of Reduced Atmospheric Pressure on the Alcoholic Fermentation," by Horace T. Brown, in which he finds that, under diminished pressure, the progress of the alcoholic fermentation is retarded in a remarkable way. 3. "On Cymene from Different Sources, optically considered," by J. H. Gladstone, F.R.S. 4. "Note on the Action of Bromine on Alizarine," by W. H. Perkin, F.R.S. This reaction gives rise to bromalizarine, an orange-coloured crystalline substance possessing feebler dyeing properties than pure alizarine, the colouring principle of madder. 5. "On Some Oxidation and Decomposition Products of Morphine Derivatives," by E. L. Mayer, and C. R. A. Wright, D.Sc. 6. "On the Decomposition of Tricalcic Phosphate by Water," by R. Warrington. 7. "Communications from the Laboratory of the London Institution, No. XII., On the Nature, and on some Derivatives of Coal-tar Cresol," by Dr. H. E. Armstrong, and C. L. Field. 8. "On a New Tellurium Mineral, with Notes on a Systematic Mineralogical Nomenclature," by J. B. Hannay. 9. "Note on the Relation among the Atomic Weights," by J. A. R. Newlands. The president finally adjourned the meeting until after the recess, congratulating the members on the flourishing state of the society, and on the number and importance of the papers that had been read during the session. LINNEAN SOCIETY.-The last meeting of the present session was held at Burlington House, on June 19 (George Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., president, in the chair). A number of beautiful photographs of the Botanic Gardens, at Adelaide, South Australia, were brought to the meeting by | Dr. Hooker, for the inspection of the Fellows, and were examined with much interest. A fine specimen of Amomum melegueta (grains of Paradise plant), bearing fruit, was exhibited; the plant had been raised in this country from imported seeds, and, although it had flowered before, no fruit had previously been produced. Some curious specimens of Medicago tribuloides, from Algeria, were also exhibited to the meeting, in which the character of the fruit had been so changed as to closely resemble that of M. elegans and other species. The change was undoubtedly due to the action of a kind of smut, but, so far as was known, the effect produced had not been previously observed. A paper was read by Dr. Duncan, "On the Fertilization of Primula vulgaris," in which he gave the results of a long series of carefully repeated observations, tracing the entire course of the pollen tubes from the stigma to the ovules; the subject being illustrated by drawings upon the black board, enlarged from micro-junr. (Cambridge), Rev. W. T. Bullock, M.A., H. S. Gifford, scopical preparations. Dr. Cobbold described his own similar observations upon Orchis mascula, which generally confirmed those of Dr. Duncan, and a discussion followed, in which Dr. Hooker, Dr. Cobbold, Professor Dyer, Mr. Currey, and Dr. Duncan, took part. Dr. Hooker read a paper descriptive of a collection of plants obtained by Mr. New from near the snow line on Kilimanjaro, the species being, for the most part, allied to those found on the Cameroons and the mountains of Abyssinia. The president expressed a hope that the next meeting of the Society would be held in their new rooms, to which their library would be removed during the recess. The meeting was then adjourned to November 6th. Four new Fellows were elected. LONDON AND MIDDLESEX ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. At a recent meeting of this society (Alfred J. White, Esq., F.S.A., in the chair), a paper was read by Mr. Frederick Wood, on "Recent Investigations at Willesden Church," which was well illustrated by numerous old engravings of the church and other portions of the parish, 'rubbings of memorial brasses still existing there, and numerous well-executed photographs of the exterior and interior, as also of parts exemplifying the curious Norman remains of part of the edifice, and the ancient Norman font, certainly of the early SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY.-An extra meeting of this society was held on Tuesday last, when the following paper was read:-"The Fall of Nineveh, and the First Year of Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon," by J. W. Bosanquet, F.R.A.S., &c. The following candidates were balloted for :-J. R. Brown, F.R.G.S., M.A.I., R. Brown, Q.C., Alexander Laing, F.R.S., Mrs. Margaret Home Colvin, Lady Douglas, Lady Tite, and Benj. Winstone. SOCIETY FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE FINE ARTS.-This society held, on the 26th ult., by permission of the council, its fourth and last conversazione of the present session, at the Gallery of the Society of British Artists, Suffolk-street, Pall Mall. It was numerously and fashionably attended-the vari-coloured costumes of many distinguished Orientals contrasting vividly with the more sombre de rigueur of our countrymen, adding a tone of picturesqueness to the assembly. The guests, as they arrived, were received at the entrance of the galleries by the chairman (Major Britten), Mr. George Browning, the hon. secretary Mr. William Taylor, and several other members of the council. Among those present were Sir John Coode, Dr. Hyde Clarke, Dr. Zerffi, Viscomte de Lancastre, Captain Mayne Reid, Chevalier de Kontski, Mr. Randolph Clay, and many musicians, artists, and literary men of note. The principal subjects treated of during the past session have been as follows:-May 1, Temples and Mythology of India," by Captain E. D. Lyon. May 15, " Beethoven," by Herr Ernest Pauer. May 22, "The Art Treasures of Italy," by George Browning. May 28, "Form and Emotion," by H. C. Selous. June 5, "Some of "The |