2. Cobham, viz., on a chevron or, three lions rampant, are introduced, as charges upon the shield itself. They are sable.

5. Per pale azure and gules, a lion rampant ermine, in inform me, what was the reason of these nude figures being pale with Morant.

HERALDIC BADGES (?).-The enclosed was traced by me a few weeks since from one of the quarrels in the westernI most window on the north side of the nave of "Weston-onAvon" church, Warwickshire.

Replies.

GLASGOW ARMS.
(Vol. iii. 45.)

THE representation given by Mr. Seton, at page 12 of his Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland, appears to be taken from one of two carved circular detached stones, at one time in the Chapter-house of Glasgow Cathedral. They originally formed part of the sepulchral monument of Sir Matthew Stewart of Minto, the remains of which are still to be seen in one of the side aisles. The sculptures referred to have been long since removed from the monument, at one time a stately erection, and very unlike what it now is. On the other circular stone are contained the arms and initials of Sir Matthew Stewart.

J. CK. R.

TULCHANE BISHOP (Vol. iii. 46).--C. J. N.'s query gives me an opportunity of pointing out a recent misuse of this word, which, if not the fruit of mere ignorance, is most reprehensible. In The Contemporary Review for November last, a writer on " Anglo-Catholicism" employs the phrase with this explanation: "It was applied as a nickname to the Presbyterian Superintendents,' who governed the Scotch Kirk before the introduction of Episcopacy in the 17th century. Some of these tulcan' (sic) bishops were afterwards made real bishops by consecration at the hands of English bishops." A correct notion of what "tulchan" meant, or even a knowledge of what the Presbyterian Superintendents were, would have prevented this perversion of history. Knox's Superintendents did not "govern" the Kirk, and there were no Presbyterian Superintendents in Scotland at the introduction of Episcopacy in the 17th century. The nickname was never applied to Presbyterians, but, on the contrary, it was they who made use of it, and in the sixteenth century, to designate the Scotch bishops, just as they at the same period called the "real bishops" of England "belli-god bischopes." The The window is of the latter part of the 15th century, and writer in The Contemporary informs us that "tulchan has been glazed throughout with quarrels of the same pat-means a stuffed calf which Scotch milkmaids used to put tern, which appear to be as old as the window itself. The under the cow to keep it quiet during the process of device looks like a badge, and I shall feel much obliged if milking." James Melvill, in his Diary (p. 31 Wodron Soc.), you, or any of your readers, can tell me by what family or while noticing the first application of the name to bishops, person it was borne, and what the ladder-like and other gives it a very different interpretation. Writing in 1574, he appendage to the boat are meant to represent? says, "A number of Comissionars of the Kirk, meatt at Leithe, with the Lords that haid the guid caus in hand (wharof everie ane was hounting for a fatt kirk leiving, Bischopes; the warst turn that ever was done for the kirk leiving, as experience atteanes declared, when they war named Tulchains,' that is, calffs' skinnes stuffed with stra, to cause the cow giff milk; for everie lord gat a bishoprie, and sought and presented to the kirk sic a man as wald be content with least, and sett them maist of fewes, takes + and pensiones." And again he has, "because the Tulchain causit nocht the kow giff milk aneuche to my Lord (p. 48). This interpretation entirely agrees with the editor's explanation of the nickname, and shows that the word had no connection whatever with apostolic succession.

66

J. A. COSSINS.

THE BRASSETT FAMILY.-My copy of Interesting Anec-gwhilk gart them feght the faster) and thar aggreit to mak dotes, &c., by Mr. Addison* (edit. 1794) was formerly in the possession of "Cha Brassett, † Trinity Asylum, Acre Lane," who has inscribed round the margin of page 17 (Part II.), which contains an anecdote of Matthew Prior, the following interesting items: "The Brassett familey married into another noble familey, that of ye Suttons Booth of ye County of Surrey." My father's mother was niece to Matthew Prior. Another of the familey thought proper to make a few lines in verse on the Rector and Church Staple for which he was put into the Special Court Dr Commons." In the absence of definite information, two of these statements necessarily appear vague. Is it in the power of any of your correspondents to completely elucidate these particulars?

This is a pseudonym.

J. PERRY.

This gentleman has written upon the blank leaves at the end of this book, several anecdotes, &c., from which have been selected the following:

"Mr. Fisher, of Norwich, being some time ago dangerously ill, and recovering again, said to a friend: 'I have been in sull (sight) of the harbour, and, alas! am blown back again.""

"As I would not throw away my watch for varying a few minutes from the exact point of time; so neither would I disclaim a degenerate person, for his not in everything exactly thinking with me. Christians are no more infallible than watches.'

The poet.

ALISON.

THERE'S A SPIRIT ABOVE," &c. (Vol. iii. 46).-Mr. J. C. Hotten in his History of Signboards, p. 321 (Sixth Edition), in speaking of the "Church as an ale-house sign, quotes this epigram, but names Bristol as the scene of its birth. As the following tends directly to the point, I give the whole in extenso

"At the present day the CHURCH is a very common alehouse sign, either on account of the esteem in which good living has been held by churchmen in all ages, 'superbis pontificum potiore canis,' or from the proximity of a

church to the ale-house in question; thus, one inn in the
town would be known as the Market House,' whilst
another might be known as the Church Inn.' It has
been said the name was given that topers might equivocate
and say that they frequently go to church.' Be this as
it may, there is generally an ale-house close to every
church (in Knightsbridge the chapel of the Holy Trinity
is jammed in between two public-houses,) whereby a good
opportunity is offered to wash a dry sermon down. In
Bristol, at the beginning of the present century, it was
still worse. A Methodist meeting-room was immedi-
ately over a public-house, which gave rise to the following
epigram:-

"There's a spirit above and a spirit -below,
A spirit of joy and a spirit of woe.
The spirit above is the spirit divine;
But the spirit below is the spirit of wine.”

This is more piquant than the version already quoted.
Waltham Abbey.
J. P.
FOLK LORE (Vol. iii. 7).—It is not in Galloway only that
fruitful cows are shown a degree of care clearly bordering on
superstition. An aged relative of my own, who spent some
years, when a girl, in the domestic service of a farmer, in the
county Antrim, tells me that there when a cow dropped a
calf, the first food given to her was a sheaf of oats, carefully
dried or rather parched, over the kitchen fire. Were there
no stack in the barnyard from which a sheaf could be taken,
a handful of the grain, parched in a like fashion, was ad-
ministered instead. Though there may not appear to be
much in this, I nevertheless suspect that we have here a
remnant of some bloodless sacrifice or other, dating, it may
be, from a time long before the existence of either Lutetia,
Rome, or even Mycena. The same informant tells me,
moreover, of a strange ceremony which she has sometimes
seen carried out on a cow unable or unwilling to let down
her milk. None could officiate here but those endowed with
special gifts, received in direct succession from a line of
sacerdotal predecessors, nobody knows how long.

common sense of the term, about it. I have both seen and
used the ringle, and, certainly, pin was the last word I would
have chosen had I been asked for a name for it. Besides,
what call could there have been for a ringle to a leddy's
bower," which was, of necessity, an inner chamber, just
as a bed-room of the present day is? Like knockers,
ringles were for outer doors, not for the doors of apartments
beyond the hall. Keeping these points in view, I am in-
clined to think that the phrase of the minstrels means,
originally, nothing more than "tapping at the door-handle,"
or, to use words familiar to every Lowland Scot, "jingling
at the sneck;" and that the "pin" which was
"tirled
(a word obviously connected with "dirl," "thrill," "trill,"
and perhaps "twirl") was the part of a primitive door-
handle by which the latch was lifted. Be this explanation
right or wrong, I have, at least, a real pin to support my
view.
T. J.

thus:

BOOK INSCRIPTION (Vol. iii. p. 32).-I have in my posses-
sion a little work on Composition, bearing date to have been
used at the Glasgow Grammar School 45 years ago, and
which speaks, by an inscription, to all whom it may concern,
"Whoe'er you be that handle me
Be sure you keep me clean,
For I am not as linen cloth
That can be wash'd again."
To Chester people the book inscription, about being
"laid in grave," being eaten up of "greedy worms," and
so forth, comes like the echo of a very old story, indeed.
Topographers say that when the grave of the great Norman
Earl of Chester, Hugh Lupus, was opened in 1724, there
was found a stone coffin on which was carved a wolf's head
and a rhyming inscription which began as follows:

"Although my corpse it lies in grave,
And that my flesh consumed be,
My picture here now that you have,
An earl sometime of this city,
Hugh Lupe by name-"

The rest I forget. I have been told, on good authority, that
the sword of the said Hugh is preserved in the British
Museum.
T. IRVINE.

POPULAR RHYMES (Vol. iii. 31).-A rhymed account of the influences of particular natal days, almost identical with that given by your Leadhill's correspondent, will be found in Holm Lee's novel, titled Sylvan Holt's Daughter.

T. J.

In the neighbourhood where my friend's home was, the medium, between the unseen powers and earthly things, was an old woman, of whom all youngsters had an eerie dread, and who for any professional work, never would permit her hands to be defiled by touching the current coin of the realm. Meal, potatoes, and such like might be taken, but no money. The armoury wherewith she defied the Evil Eye, or other occult powers, was of the simplest, being nothing more than a hank of "green," that is, unbleached linen thread, and a pint or two of a solution of salt and water. With sundry mysterious mutterings the yarn was wound nine times round the trunk of the animal, SONGAIGN (Vol. ii. 289).-By turning up Bailey's Uniand then, with more mutterings, was the salt and water versal Etymological English Dictionary, your correspondent sprinkled along its back. Last of all, no doubt, there J. K. L. will find the words "songal" and " songle" given would come the old crone's fee, a guerdon given, I daresay, there as meaning a handful of gleaned corn." Hertfordwith a thankfulness greater far than any veterinary surgeon shire. Under"songle" and "songow," Wedgwood refers of this mechanical age is ever likely to experience. A to the appearance of the word in Bailey's work, and says noteworthy point about the matter is this-that, unlike origin is the Danish "sauke, to gather, cull, glean, other priestcrafts, this gift of charming away disease was believed, throughout the district, to be conveyable only H. P. from "a woman to a man, or vice versa." Your correspondent, "A. B. C.," will observe that his old friend, salt, is once more before us. Dublin.

L. E. X.

TIRLING AT THE PIN (Vol. iii. 45, 56).-The extract from the Traditions of Edinburgh, is interesting, but I am not by any means satisfied that the writer was quite warranted in throwing "pin," "ringle," "risp," and "crow," together as so many names of one and the same article. "Pin," it strikes me, must stand alone. In the first place, I am doubtful whether any one who had not heard the ballad phrase ever called the ringle by such a name, seeing that there was really nothing characteristic of a pin, in the

that its

pick.".

66

Facts and Sottings.

BURY ANTIQUITIES.-At the last monthly meeting of the Numismatic Society held in London, Mr. C. Golding exhibited a fine specimen of a leaden plaque of St. Nicholas, which had been recently found near Bury St. Edmund's. It bore the full-faced figure of the Saint, mitred and crowned, and with a crozier, and the inscriptions-SANCTUS NICHOLAVE ORA PRO NOBIS.-AVE REX GENTIS. • MILES.-0 NICHOLE ANGLORVM • EPISCO REGES.

It attracted much attention, and was supposed to be of
English workmanship, and of the middle of the 15th

century. It was remarked also that, singular enough, these the Buddhist monks. The following is abridged from a pieces, although differing in size and in inscriptions, were notice of Yâtrâmulle, by Mr. Childers, in Trübner's Record: generally found in Suffolk, and none are on record as found-Though far junior to many of the most eminent Pâlî elsewhere than in Norfolk or Suffolk. It is in remarkably scholars of his native country, his erudition was perfectly fine condition, and doubtless formed a portion of the astounding, and his opinion on points of scholarship was ecclesiastical usage of those days. treated with universal respect. He lent to the great Synod of Palmadulla, held for the revision of Tripitaka, all the aid which his immense range of reading and his critical acumen rendered invaluable to it, and he was a leading promoter of Tripataka society, organized for the purpose of printing the entire Buddhist Scriptures-a scheme which, it is to be feared, will hardly survive his premature death. Yâtrâmulle shrank habitually from pub. licity, and seldom quitted the retirement of the provincial monastery of his choice, in which he lived a simple and blameless life. Those who have had the good fortune to know him personally will recollect the singular fascination he exercised upon all with whom he was brought into contact. During the last three or four years he was repeatedly prostrated by the attacks of a torturing malady, to which he had long been a victim, and to one of these attacks he has [succumbed after protracted suffering.-Indian Antiquary..

RESTORATION OF WARWICK CASTLE. - During the past year considerable progress has been made in restoring the private apartments and hall of Warwick Castle, which were destroyed by fire in December, 1871. The whole of the external walls have been repaired, and the partition walls of the domestic apartments are nearly completed, and the work of internal decoration will shortly be commenced. The baronial hall is also progressing satisfactorily, but the workmen have only just begun to restore the dining-room and the grand entrance hall. At the east end of the hall, two doorways have been discovered, with arched heads of the 14th century, but no trace remains of the rooms or corridors with which they must at some time have communicated. Four closed apertures have also been found in the south wall, overlooking the river Avon, corresponding with the windows in the external hall, which light the corridor which passes within it, from the domestic to the state apartments. These will be opened out so as to EARLY in January, there died at his residence in Paris light the upper part of the hall. Amid the débris carted one of the most eminent of French Egyptologists. M. out of the ruins of the hall, many relics of the armour Olivier Charles Camille Emanuel, Vicomte de Rougé, Prowhich adorned its walls have been recovered. Notwith-fessor of Archæology in the College de France, and keeper standing the intense heat to which it was subjected, and of the Egyptian Museum in the Louvre. He belonged to the molten lead from the roof having poured down into the an ancient Bret on family, and was born in 1811. He was a hall, it is believed that nearly the whole of the steel frequent contributor to the Révue Archeologique, and transarmour will be restored. The work has been intrusted to lated, from the D'Orbigney papyrus in the British Museum, Mr. Syers, an experienced antiquarian armourer, who has the Egyptian romance of "The Two Brothers," which was already recovered and restored some of the most valued written some 3000 years ago; he also translated the specimens. Among the number are Lord Broke's armour Sesostris Balla d, written by Pindar, of Egyptian Thebes. in which he was killed at the siege of Lichfield, Cromwell's elaborately-embossed helmet, the Duke of Montrose's polished armour, a splendid fluted suit of the time of Henry VII., and a variety of minor but valuable articles. The greatest loss will be in the woodwork of the Indian the volume and page where such queries are to be found. To omit Correspondents who reply to queries would oblige by referring to guns and other armour, many of which were richly inlaid this gives us unnecessary trouble. A few of our correspondents are with silver and studded with jewels. The state apartments, slow to comprehend that it is desirable to give not only the reference from which the costly furniture and the gems of painting previous replies. Thus a reply given to a query propounded at Vol. to the query itself, but that such reference should also include all and sculpture were hurriedly removed, when the total, page 4, to which a previous reply had been given at page 20, and destruction of the castle seemed imminent, have been care- another at page 32, requires to be set down (Vol. iii. 4, 20, 32). fully and skilfully replaced, and now bear only slight traces Querens.-The Earl of Derby is descended from Adam de Alof injury.-Times. dithley, a Norman who accompanied William I. to England. J. F. F.-Your paper is scarcely suitable for our pages.

HIMALAYAN CUSTOM.-Dr. Cowan, in his "Medical History of the Himalayas," speaking of a native tribe in the northern districts of the peninsular, says when a mother goes into the field to work, or is otherwise unable to take her child with her, she selects some sheltered spot near a stream, in which she places a little straw for a bed for her infant, and then directs, by means of a piece of split bamboo, a current of water, of from one to two or three inches in diameter, on its uncovered occiput or temples. This produces a soporific effect, which generally lasts as long as the water continues to flow. The sleep is said to be very soothing, and children who have been much subjected to its influence are known to have been unusually free from the annoyance incidental to the period of dentition.

Obituary.

YATRA'MULLE UNNA'NSE.

THE death of the Buddhist priest Yâtrâmulle Dhammârâma, of Bentota, in Ceylon, will be severely felt by Pali scholars. He was not only one of the most learned of the Buddhist priests, but he held such advanced philological views that his assistance was perhaps more valuable to the English Pâlî student than that of any other monk in Ceylon. A fellow pupil of his was the founder of the now rapidly spreading Ràmanna Samâgama, a sect which strives to restore the old purity of life among

Notices to Correspondents.

S. H. (Chester).-The Colossus at Rhodes was dedicated to the

sun. The height of the statue was about ninety feet.

H. P. W. (Rochester).-The lines which you quote are in Spenser's "Faery Queene," first booke, Canto iii.

Lex.-The Exchequer Chamber is a court of equity to correct errors made in other courts.

J. H.D. (Ryde).-The order of Knights Templars was established in the year 1118.

in ancient history were both sculptors and painters. Phidias, N. A. (Norwich).-Some of the most distinguished artists named Euphranor, Zeuxis, Protogenes, and Polygnotus, gave attention to modelling and statuary.

7. Cooke.-Your MS. has been received.

L. L. (Bangor.)-At the period you refer to, five languages were in use in Britain, the Latin, Saxon, Welsh (or British), the Pictish, and the Irish.

H. L. B. (Winchester).-Gladiatorial_combats appear to have been first exhibited by the Etrurians. They were not witnessed in Rome before 264 B.C., and were at first confined to public funerals.

LONDON, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 1873.

CONTENTS.-No. 50.

time of the Conquest, history clearly shows; but there are no authentic records of its occupants prior to the early part of the reign of King John. About the middle of the 15th century, the greater part of the house appears to have been MISCELLANEA :-The Castles, Halls, and Manor Houses of England, rebuilt by Archbishop Bourchier, and to have been added 73-Lockit Buik of the Burgesses of Dundee. to by his successor, Cardinal Morton. Other enlargements NOTES:-On some Undescribed Mediaeval Antiquities, 76-Egyptian | have been since effected at different periods, and conseRecords, the Exodus, &c.-The Oldest Church in England-quently, seen from a distance, the mansion presents a somewhat irregular appearance; "but although the erection of QUERIES:-St. Valentine's Day, 78-St. Mungo-Devonshire Cus- several periods, and enlarged from time to time to meet the toms-Minster Church, Kent-Rompu-Boultbee-Forfarshire Ballad-Arms of the Isle of Man-Seventeenth Century Trades- wants or wishes of its immediate occupiers, it exhibits few men's Tokens-The Earl of Rochester-Claudii Ptolomei Cos- parts out of harmony with the whole, and presents a mographia. striking and very imposing example of the earlier baronial REPLIES:-Thomas Harrison, 79-The Fleur-de-lys of France-Irish mansion, such as it was before settled peace in Britain Cannibalism-The Abbot of Misrule-The Dukedom of Rous-warranted the withdrawal of all means of defence, in cases sillon-Vicarage House, Cranbrook, Kent.

Gloucestershire Relics.

FACTS AND JOTTINGS:-Northumberland House and the Thames
Embankment, 81-Worcester Cathedral-Fossil Quadrumana-
Tomb of King John-The Oldest Inhabitant.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES:-Royal Geographical, 82-London and
Middlesex Archæological — Antiquarian-Society of Biblical
Archæology-Newcastle Society of Antiquaries.

NOTICES OF Books, 84.

NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS, 84.

Miscellanca.

THE CASTLES, HALLS, AND MANOR
HOUSES OF ENGLAND.

KNOLE, KENT.

of attack from open or covert enemies."'*

Knole House is full of highly honourable and deeply interesting associations with the past. Its walls are adorned with portraits of many of England's greatest worthies, who, when living, flourished here, not merely as owners of the mansion, but also as guests; every room is a perfect storehouse in itself of the most exquisite and costly examples of artistic production, not only in the way of pictures, but also with regard to furniture and fittings generally, which date from the time of James I. and Charles I. Horace Walpole, in speaking of his visit to Knole, says it contains "loads of portraits, not good nor curious; ebony cabinets; embossed silver in vases, dishes, &c.; embroidered beds, stiff chairs, and sweet bags lying on velvet tables, richly worked in silk and gold." Although many of the portraits, it is true, are only copies, Walpole's remark as to their merit generally, is of course, simply his own opinion.

THE stately mansion of Knole, the seat of Lord BuckPassing under the embattled tower above mentioned, the hurst, and one of the grandest of the baronial halls of visitor enters the first or outer quadrangle, carpeted with a England, is pleasantly situate in the midst of an extensive smooth velvet-like turf, ornamented with statuary on either park, adjoining the town of Sevenoaks. The park com-side of the pathway, and crossing it passes through another prises about 1600 acres, and is well varied by hills and tower-portal of much earlier date, to the inner or paved vales; whilst venerable elms, stately beeches, and enormous court, on the opposite side of which is a long Ionic colonnade oaks spread over its vast and undulating surface, so that and the entrance to the great hall. This noble apartment new points of view are constantly presenting themselves. was partially rebuilt and fitted up by Thomas Sackville At the end of a valley extending in a south-westerly direc- Lord Buckhurst (afterwards first Earl of Dorset), to whom tion from the house, a most magnificent prospect bursts the estate was presented by Queen Elizabeth. It is 75 feet upon the view; on either side the groves rise majestically, long, 27 broad, and 27 high; the walls are partly oakmany of the trees, especially the beeches, being of enor- panelled, and the upper part painted red, whilst the flat mous size; whilst the mansion, with its numerous turrets ceiling is ornamented with pendants. At the upper end of and gables, and a background of hills covered with wood, the hall is a daïs, upon which is placed a fine antique statue terminate the vista. The scene from this point at sunset of Demosthenes, brought from Greece, and at the opposite is particularly striking, the whole of the foreground being end runs a music-gallery of elaborate workmanship, rich in thrown into a great mass of shade, the sun at the same carvings and further adorned with the painted armorial time lighting up the house with its golden rays, and bring- bearings of Lord Buckhurst, in front of which is a statue of ing it forward in a most imposing manner. The principal "Perseus with the head of Medusa," a fine Florentine copy gateway of the park is nearly opposite Sevenoaks church, of the famous statue by Benvenuto Cellini. Upon the walls and from it the carriage-drive passes over gently undulating are several full-length portraits and other pictures, including ground, presenting frequent views of hill and dale, where one of Rubens' most powerful works, "The Triumph of large herds of deer are seen quietly grazing, or half-shrouded Silenus," whilst over the dais is a large one representing the from sight in the deep fern; then on through a long and installation of the first Duke of Dorset as Lord Warden of winding avenue of stately beech treesthe Cinque Ports, which includes a view of Dover Castle, painted by Wotton, in 1727. The spacious fireplace at the side contains the ornamental fire-dogs bearing the arms (and initials H. A.) of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, brought from Hever Castle, and the original oak tables, where the retainers feasted long ago, still remain down the sides of the hall.

"O'er slopes and lawns, the park's extensive pride,

To where the victims of the chase reside;

and finally, taking a bold sweep over a broad expanse of open greensward, leads up to the principal, or north-west front of the house. The edifice from this point appears somewhat heavy and sombre; the centre is occupied by a Passing up the grand staircase, the room first entered is square embattled tower, from which a long range of build-called the Brown Gallery (88 feet in length); it is a narrow ings extend on either side, the windows are square-headed, apartment, panelled, roofed, and floored with oak; the and, with the quaint gables and chimney stacks, the effect antique fastenings to the doors and windows are preserved of the whole is somewhat collegiate. in their early purity, whilst the stained windows are as fresh as if painted yesterday. The walls of this gallery are hung with a long set of historical portraits, chiefly of the reigns of Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and James I., for the most part copies from Hans Holbein's pictures of the Reformers; the

The space occupied by the buildings is upwards of five acres in extent; they form a spacious quadrangle, with smaller ones behind, a modern suite of apartments in the west front being the portion occupied by the family of the noble owner. No precise date can be assigned to the structure. That there was a residence here as far back as the

"Baronial Halls of England," by S. C. Hall, vol. ii.