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ambassador in France, and brought to London; a transla- | tion of the manuscript was then made at the instance of Sir Walter Raleigh, but none were willing to be at the cost of cutting the pictures." At length, by Hakluyt's will, they came into the possession of Purchas, who obtained, with much earnestnesse, the cutting thereof for the presse," being especially urged to the task, as he himself tells us, by "that most industrious antiquary, judicious scholler, religious gentleman, our ecclesiastike secular, the churches champion, Sir Henry Spelman, Kt." Purchas seems to have been properly impressed with the importance of these paintings; he ushers them in with a preface, wherein he calls them "the choicest of his jewels," and places them far above the many "Japonian and China rarities," which, as he quaintly tells his reader, "though so remote from our world are near to our work." A "chronicle without writing,”-a "historie in pictures, yea, a politicke, ethicke, ecclesiastike, oeconomike, historie, with just distinctions of times, places, acts, and arts;' such a thing, he says, had never before been known, and he flatters his readers by telling them, that it was a "present, thought fit for him whom the senders esteemed the greatest of princes, and yet now presented to their hands before it could arrive in his presence." This collection, the value of which is much increased by the accompanying interpretations, consists of three parts, each treating of a different subject. The first gives the history of the Mexican kings, from the foundation of the capital until the death of the unfortunate Montezuma the Second; the second contains a list of the tributes paid to them by every province and town; and the third exhibits a view of the domestic institutions of the people.

This collection, as Humboldt says, throws much light over the history, political state, and domestic life of the Mexicans. At the beginning of the first section, we distinguish the ten chiefs that founded the empire, having the symbols of their names marked over their heads. They are represented as meeting with the eagle and cactus, which, as we have before observed, were to denote the spot on which the wanderings of the Aztecs should terminate. A house serves to designate the new city, and a buckler, with arrows, its occupation by force. The symbols near two other houses, surrounded by combatants, teach us the names of the two cities first conquered. The remainder of the history," says M. de Palin,-a French writer quoted by Humboldt, and the author of an esteemed work on hieroglyphics, "is composed in the same spirit, and of similar articles; every where we see weapons, the instruments of conquest, between the figures of the conquering princes and of the conquered cities, with the symbols of their names, and of the years. The last were arranged near the representation of each event, in a sort of frame, which encircles the paintings."

The second section is a complete tribute-roll of the Mexican empire, exhibiting the nature and quantity of the articles which each city furnished to the king's treasury, or to particular temples. These articles consist of all the useful productions of nature and of art,-gold, silver, and precious stones, weapons, mats, cloaks, and blankets, quadrupeds, birds, and feathers, cacao, maize, and vegetables, coloured paper, borax, salts, &c. These were represented either by actual paintings of the articles themselves, or by figuring the things in which they were usually contained, as vases, baskets, bags, chests, and packages of a determinate size. The quantity is expressed by means of numerical signs; for instance, units are denoted by points or balls, twenty by a fixed arbitrary character, four hundred by an ear of corn, a pine-apple, or a quill, in which gold-dust was kept, and eight thousand by a purse,-a value determined by the custom of enclosing so many thousand cacao nuts in a bag.

The third section embraces the whole life of the citizens, presenting a picture of all the actions which the law prescribes. The first painting indicates the ceremonies to be performed at birth; the parent presents his child in the cradle before the high priest, and the master that taught the use of weapons, with the view of considering its future destination in life. The subsequent paintings mark the course to be pursued by the parent towards the child till it attains the age of fifteen years; each of them is double, as it were, having a representation of the father tutoring the boy in one portion, and of the mother tutoring the girl in the other. The quantity of food is fixed with precision, and is the same for both sexes; one cake is sufficient till the child attains the age of six years; then a cake and a

half is allowed. A number of little circles marked on the painting denote the age to which it applies.

At five years of age the boy carries loads, and the girl attends her mother spinning. At six, the girl herself spins; and the boy is taught the use of the fishing net. At eight years of age, the instruments of punishment are held out as a terror to the idle or disobedient; the words of admonition coming from the mouths of the parents, are represented by a succession of little tongues; and the attention of the children is evinced by their suppliant posture, and the tears that are running down their cheeks. At nine, the punishment is actually inflicted: the boy is bound hand and foot, and resting his body on the sharp thorns of the agave-leaves, while the father pricks him about the body. The girl is pricked upon the wrist only. At ten years of age, a further punishment is inflicted; both boy and girl, are being beaten with a cudgel. At eleven, the infliction becomes more severe; the painting referring to this age shows how, to use the words of Purchas's text, the children "which would not be reformed with wordes nor stripes, were chastened by giving them into the nose, the smoke of aixa (pimento), a grievous, cruell torment, to the intent that they should be reformed, and not be vicious persons, and vagabonds." They have still only a cake and a half "because they should not be gluttons."

At the age of twelve, we have again a refinement in the art of punishing; "the boy or girl," says Purchas, " of the age of twelve years, which would not receive quietly, counsel nor correction at their father's hands,-the father tooke that boy, and tyed him hand and foot naked, and stretched him on the ground in a dirtie wet place, where he lay a whole day. At the ages of thirteen and fourteen, the children of both sexes, share the labours of their parents; they row, fish, cook, or weave. At fifteen, the father presents two sons,—one to the high-priest, and the other to a master of the use of weapons; this being the age at which they are to choose their future course of life: the girls are settled by marrying. From this period, the years are no longer reckoned; we see the young man follow and serve the priests and warriors; receiving instructions and undergoing chastisements in each career. "He obtains the honours," says M. de Palin, "attached to employments; blazoned bucklers, which are the marks of noble actions,the red riband, with which the head of the initiated knight is encircled, and the other distinctions which the sovereign grants to valour, according to the number of the prisoners made." The last painting, which represents a tlatoani, or governor of a province, strangled for revolting against his sovereign, is the most complicated and ingenious of all; for the same picture, says Humboldt, records the crime of the governor, the punishment of his whole family, and the vengeance exercised by his vassals against the messengers who were the bearers of the order of the Mexican monarch. This event brings on the stage, messengers of state, spies, officers of justice, judges, the great tribunals of the empire, and finally, the sovereign himself seated on his throne.

We have selected several specimens of Mexican paintings from Humboldt's costly Atlas Pittoresque, in which the originals are imitated in all the brilliancy of their colouring.

The Engraving marked fig. 1, denotes the arrival of the first Spanish bishop in Mexico, in the year 1532, and fig. 2 his death in 1549; the footsteps mark his arrival, and the scull attached to the prostrate figure his death, while the characters in the corners serve to show the dates.

Fig. 3 represents a fall of snow, which caused a great mortality among the natives, by destroying the corn that

had been sown.

Fig. 4, the baptism of an Indian by a Spanish priest. Fig. 5, the insurrection and punishment of the negroes of Mexico in 1537.

Fig. 6, the appearance of two Comets in 1490 and 1529. Fig. 7, the ravages made by the small-pox among the Indians in 1538.

Some of these paintings, as our readers will perceive, are of a date subsequent to the conquest, while others are of an age previous to that event.

The Engraving in p. 45, exhibits three specimens of Mexican costume, delineated by painters in the reign of Montezuma the Second, when Cortez first visited the capital. Figs. 1 and 2 represent Mexican warriors; the first is armed with a cuirass of cotton and a buckler; the second is almost naked, and has his body wrapped in a net of large

THE BISHOP'S PALACE AT LIEGE. LIEGE, or Luik, as it is styled in the idiom of the country, and Lüttich, as the Germans call it, is a large and populous city in the kingdom of Belgium, built on the river Meuse, in a valley remarkable for its beauty and fertility. Liège is now the chief town of the Belgian province of the same name; during the reign of Napoleon, it formed a part of the French empire, and was the capital of the department of the Ourthe, the name given to the district in which the greater part of the province itself, together with the ancient duchy of Limburg, was comprised. The rest of the province was included in the departments of the Lower Meuse, and the Sambre and Meuse. The city and province of Liège first fell into the hands of the French, in the early part of the revolutionary war; General Dumourier made himself master of them in 1792. They were soon afterwards recovered, but again, in a short period, retaken, and kept possession of until the downfall of Napoleon. From that time till the year 1830, they formed a portion of the Monarchy of the Netherlands; but since the political changes which then took place, and the division of that kingdom into two separate states, they have remained subject to the Belgian crown.

Previous to the French revolution, the country called Liège was a bishopric and electorate of Germany. The bishop was a member of the Germanic body, and possessed an annual revenue exceeding 100,0007. The bishopric had a regular constitution, although the members of the states consisted almost entirely of the clergy and nobles. The bishopric is of ancient foundation; but no prelate who held it actually resided in the city of Liège, till the eighth century, and none ever took the title of Liège for some time afterwards, retaining that of Tongres, or Tongeren, the town in which the bishopric had been founded. The city soon rose to considerable importance, and became the place of much traffic.

In its present state, the city of Liège is spoken of by modern writers, as gloomy and dirty; it is, indeed, one of the worst specimens of a manufacturing town. It is in general ill-built, and contains a multitude of small streets and lanes, whose want of neatness and cleanliness, renders it very unfit to support a comparison with the other large towns of the Netherlands. "I know no city," says a recent female writer, "the entrance to which is less inviting than that of Liège; every object seems more or less stained by the hue of coal. We passed some handsome houses with gardens well laid out; but the walks were neatly-rolled small coal. Our postilion cracked his whip as we entered the city, and the accelerated crushing of coals beneath our wheels, responded to it: and, in short, not all my anticipations of pleasure from becoming acquainted with a place so famed in story, could prevent me, as I drove into the town, from earnestly longing to drive out of it again."

The building represented in 'our engraving is the Palais de Justice, or Hall of Justice, formerly the Bishop's Palace. It is spoken of by travellers as large and handsome; a portion of it is rather ancient, being a remnant of the edifice erected by the reigning bishop in 1507. The rest of that building was destroyed by fire in 1734; but the loss is not to be deplored, for the prince bishop and the states of the country caused it to be rebuilt shortly afterwards, in a style of greater magnificence. The present palace contains two large square courts, which form its principal feature; they are surrounded each by a colonnade, the pillars of which are of a sort of half

Gothic. Our readers will see one of these courts in our view.

Amongst the other public buildings of Liège, the first place belongs to the cathedral, now bearing the name of St. Paul's, though originally dedicated to St. Lambert. It is a building of considerable size, but not very remarkable for the beauty of its architecture: its greatest attraction is said to consist in some fine painted glass which it has, and in the coloured decorations of its ceiling. Very few of the other churches are worthy of notice, nor are they, indeed, very numerous. Before the French revolution, Liège possessed, besides its cathedral, seven collegiate churches, thirty parish churches, five abbeys for men, five for women, and thirty-six convents for both sexes; but during the progress of the changes brought about by that event, the city suffered much, both from war, and from the fury of the French democrats.

The trade and manufactures of Liège are very considerable; it is, to a certain extent, the entrepôt of the merchandise of the Low Countries, France, and Germany. The chief natural productions of the surrounding country are coal, alum, and iron; and the industry of its inhabitants is occupied in the working of coal-pits, in forges, in cannon-foundries, in the manufacture of fire-arms, and in various other kinds of labour. Large quantities of the alum, which is of a very excellent quality, are sent to France. Liège is also celebrated for its clock-work, and its manufacture of hats; its tanneries are also distinguished, and peculiar modes of preparing the leather are said to be practised in them. manufactures are, those of paper, fine china, and black lace, which has in some markets a preference over that of Brussels or Mechlin.

DOCTOR JENNER.

DR. EDWARD JENNER was born at Berkeley, Gloucestershire, on the 17th of May, 1749. It is conjectured by one of his biographers, that the suffering he underwent in youth from the mal-administration of the small-pox, originated in his mind the desire of exterminating the disease, or at least, of alleviating its concomitant miseries. In early life his favourite study was natural history, and his mind was, as if intuitively, attached to philosophical pursuits. In his thirteenth year he was placed under the care of Messrs. Ludlow, who were then eminent practitioners at Sodbury; and after the customary introduction into the elementary parts of the profession, he became house-pupil to the celebrated John Hunter. On his return to Berkeley, he determined on commencing practice in the place of his nativity; and there continued his anatomical and physiological researches, and formed a museum of natural history, and comparative anatomy.

To record on his tomb that he was the inventor of Vaccine Inoculation, is enough, permanently, to designate him to future ages as the greatest contributor to the physical interests of mankind who ever existed in this or any other nation. No antecedent improvement in medicine can rank in direct utility with this single one. In every quarter of the globe where it has been actively disseminated, it has effected an immense saving in the destruction of human life, and of human suffering and deformity. In our eastern and western colonies, and all over the continent of America, the small-pox has been universally checked and diminished. In the European nations of Russia, France, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, and Holland, the small-pox is in some, namely, Prussia

and Sweden, absolutely extinct, and in others its occurrence is, comparatively, unfrequent. The most rapidly-extending and epidemic small-pox has been at once disarmed by the powers of vaccination. In Great Britain and Ireland the bills of mortality, the reports of different hospitals, dispensaries, and those of individuals, all attest a great diminution of the occurrence of small-pox.

If ever man existed who possessed an original, and we might also add, an intuitive claim to the pretensions of a natural historian and physiologist, Dr. Jenner was that claimant. Nature had given him great genius, vast sagacity, much inclination, and great ardour in the prosecution of the subjects of natural history, physiology, and pathology: his researches were consistent and connected. At an early age he was destined to the study of one department of the medical profession, surgery. In the commencement of his studies, he was associated and connected with some late eminent characters, and was honoured with the peculiar friendship and patronage of the late Mr. J. Hunter, whose name stands highest in the rolls of surgical and philosophical reputation. Mr. Hunter, well aware of the extraordinary talents of Dr. Jenner, then a pupil, offered to him patronage, connexion, and employment, in his professional and physiological pursuits. Dr. Jenner, however, preferred a residence at his native place, Berkeley; here he acquired not merely high local reputation, but from the public observations and discoveries which he promulgated, great estimation in the superior ranks of philosophers and medical professors. After some less important communications to the Royal Society of London, (of which he was early made a member,) he imparted to them a complete natural history of the cuckoo, of which bird the laws and habits were previously unknown, and were involved in obscurity; the singular ingenuity of this paper, and the acute powers of observation which it developed in the observer, enhanced Dr. Jenner's reputation in the philosophical world. Dr. Jenner also communicated to his youthful friend and colleague, the late highly-gifted Dr. Parry, of Bath, his discovery of the internal diseased structure of the heart, which produces the disease called Angina Pectoris, and which was before unknown, and conjectural.

Dr. Parry, in a treatise on the subject, not only most honourably recorded Dr. Jenner's original detection of the cause of the disease, but confirmed its accuracy by subsequent and ingenious investigation. After a long and arduous inquiry into the disease termed Cow-Pox,-which is a common complaint in cows in Gloucestershire, and some other counties, and which, to those who receive it from the cows in milking, appears, from long existing tradition, to confer complete security from small-pox, either natural or inoculated,-Dr. Jenner determined to put the fact to the test of experiment, and accordingly inoculated some young persons with matter taken from the disease in cows, in the year 1797. From the irrefragable proofs which these experiments afforded, of the power of cow-pox inoculation to protect the human body from small-pox contagion, Dr. Jenner was induced to bring this inestimable fact before the public in the year 1798. That this was promulgated with all the simplicity of a philosopher, and with all the disinterestedness of the philanthropist, every candid contemporary and observer will admit, and will unite in admiring his just pretensions to both characters. The first medicial professors in the metropolis allowed, that had Dr. Jenner kept his discovery in the disguise of empirical secrecy, he would

have realized immense emoluments; but the pure and liberal feelings which Dr. Jenner possessed, spurned and rejected such considerations, and his general remunerations, even including the sums voted by Parliament, were moderate in the extreme, when liable to the deductions for labour, and expense in correspondence with the four quarters of the world, as well as with the whole of this empire, besides the necessity of continued residence in London, to protect and regulate the practice of vaccination. The solid basis which vaccination now rests upon, leaves not a doubt of its ultimate efficiency in liberating mankind from a physical evil, of the greatest and most horrible extent, and produces a conviction that the acmé of Dr. Jenner's reputation is now but incipient, and that at its highest it will stand elevated and unrivalled amongst ancient or modern medical contributions to the good of humanity.

A singular originality of thought was his leading characteristic. He appeared to have naturally inherited what in others is the result of protracted study. He seemed to think from originality of perception alone, and not from induction. He arrived by a glance at inferences which would have occupied the laborious conclusions of most men. In human and animal pathology, in comparative anatomy, and in geology, he perceived facts and formed theories instantaneously, and with a spirit of inventive penetration, which distanced the slower approaches of more learned men. But if his powers of mind were singularly great, the qualities which accompanied them were still more felicitous. He possessed the most singular amenity of disposition with the highest feeling, the rarest simplicity united to the highest genius. In the great distinction, and the superior society to which his discovery introduced him, the native cast of his character was unchanged. Amongst the great monarchs of Europe, who, when in Great Britain, solicited his acquaintance, he was the unaltered Dr. Jenner of his birth-place. In the other moral points of his character, affection, friendship, beneficence, and liberality were pre-eminent,-but no apathy mixed with these feelings, as he felt and expressed himself acutely only when immorality or injustice were the subjects. In religion, his belief was equally remote from laxity and fanaticism; and he observed to an intimate friend, not long before his death, that he wondered not that the people were ungrateful to him for his discovery, but he was surprised that they were ungrateful to God for the benefits of which he was the humble means.

He died on the morning of Sunday, the 26th of January, 1823, after a very short attack of illness, and his remains were deposited in the chancel of the parish church of Berkeley.

HOWEVER vauntingly men may bear themselves in the hour of prosperous villany, proofs enough have existed of the fears of guilt, when the hour of calamity approaches. Why did our first parents hide themselves after their sin, when they heard the voice of the Lord in the garden? Why did Cain alarm himself at being pursued by the people of the earth? Why shrunk Belshazzar from the hand-writing on the wall? Adam had before heard the voice of the Lord, and trembled not: Cain knew that no witness of the murder of his brother existed: Belshazzar understood not the meaning of the writing upon the wall:

and yet they all, after the commission of their several deeds of sin, trembled at the voices that were heard, and the signs that were seen. Whence, then, was this? It was because conscience told them, that there is an Eye to which all hearts are open, and whispered the important truth, which has since been proclaimed aloud to all the world, that, "doubtless there is a God, that judgeth the earth."-MATHEW.