and to aggrandize the greater at the expence of the smaller powers of the Continent. By this process, the relative consequence of Great Britain is continually diminished; because her insular form and geographical position render all European acquisition to her impracticable. A general peace has therefore, at every moment of the war, been her perpetual interest; and must continue to be so, though the whole force of Austria be again directed against France, to be again bought off by a new partition of Switzerland, of Italy, or of Turkey. Ever since the introduction of the partitioning policy, the tendency of each state to aggrandizement seems to have grown in the same proportion as its magnitude: as the dropping of one satellite on the body of Saturn would increase its power of attracting the remaining moons. It is probable, therefore, that all the petty states will ere long be annexed to one or another of the great states; and that country will absorb the largest number, which interposes the fewest delays between its successive accroachments*. France and Austria seem to have most inclination for alertness in the task of seizure, and to have most augmented their positive strength by the incorporation of contiguous domi

nion.

The object of the work before us is to describe statistically, as well what the Emperor has lost as what he has gained in Italy and Dalmatia by the treaty of Campo Formio: 'a treaty (says the author) which may on several accounts be considered as highly advantageous to the Emperor; for if we compare the territories which Austria has ceded and acquired, we shall find that that monarchy gains a superficial extent of eighty-eight German square miles,'' A further aggrandizement (he adds) may be expected by the Emperor as well as the Cisalpine republic, which shall be noticed at a proper opportunity.'

The author thus describes the extent and population of the Cisalpine Republic:

The CISALPINE REPUBLIC was created by the French Republic, in the year 1796; it was firmly established, in consequence of the peace of Campo Formio, in 1797; and was acknowledged by his Majesty the Emperor, the Kings of Sardinia, Spain, Swisserland, the Pope, &c. It comprehends, beside the whole of Austrian Lombardy, and part of the former Republic of Venice, the territorics of the Duke of Modena, the Papal provinces of Ferrara, Bologna, and Romagna; and so critically are the encircled states of the Duke of Parma situated, that the Republic intends already to aggrandise it

*This word, though not commonly used, will be found in Johnson's Dictionary, and more exactly expresses our meaning here than encroachments.

self

self at the expence of this and other tottering powers in its neighbourhood.'

The whole territorial dimensions of the Cisalpine Republic contain 3,567 square miles, and 3 447,384 souls, viz.

Agreeable to this account, a square mile will contain 966 inhabitants. Comparing this with the enumeration collected by order of the government in 1791-94, from the different parish-lists, with the account of authors of veracity, and with the account (Sect. X) collected by the present legislature, no one will doubt the exactness of our account. On the other hand, the ridiculous assertions of the newspapers, with respect to the population of the modern Republic, and the supposed loss of the Austrian Monarchy, will appear most glaring. The number 3,239,572 of inhabitants will, indeed, be deficient in 207,812; but this is owing to the Swiss territories (No. VIII, IX, Sect. II), comprehending 203,000 souls, which territories were annexed to the Republic after the division of it into departments. If the latter number be added to the above-mentioned 3,239,572, the number 3,442,472 of souls will be obtained, and our account will be overrated by 4812 persons only, who are included among the 18,000 of some districts belonging to No. VI, which the Republic took possession of subsequent to its division. The certainty of our account, however, will become stronger by comparing it minutely with the account of the Republic. For example, we give

to

to Milan (No. 1) 1,116,892 souls, and in the account of the Repub lic, its seven departments, namely, Adda, Verbano, Tesino, Lario, Delle Montagne, Olone, and Upper Po, contain 1,179,410 inha bitants; again, we give to Mantua (No. II and III) 207,331 souls, and in the account of the Republic, the departments made out of it have only 123,649 persons, because some districts have been annexed partly to the department of the Upper Po, and partly to the depart ment of the Benaco. All these inhabitants, at present, are sensible af no distinction with respect to orders, all are citizens of the Republic, and may, according to the tenor of the constitution, vote in the elections of the representatives of the people, and are themselves eligi ble; whereas formerly the nobility only, and a few inhabitants of the cities, were capable of holding the public functions."

The extent and population of Maritime Austria are thus particularized.

In virtue of the treaty of peace of Campo Fermio, the limits of Maritime Austria commence on the west side of the Lago di Garda, near the confines of the Tyrol, with the little river which passes Gardolo, and passing obliquely through the lake, they extend on the cast to Lascise, from hence across to St. Giocomo; from this place they run through a space of territory, 18,000 feet in length, along the left banks of the Adige, to Porto Legnano, then to the left of the White Canal, the river Tartaro, and the Canal of Polisella, reaching the Po, the left bank of which, as far as the Adriatic Sea, constitutes the boundaries of Maritime Austria. According to this account then, the new province is bounded on the north by the Tyrol, Carinthia, Crain, or Carniola; on the east by Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia, Bosnia, and Albania; on the south, throughout its whole extent, by the Gulph of Venice, the Po, the canal Polisella, the White Canal, and the river Tartaro; on the west by the Cisalpine Republic.'

The portion of territory which Austria has acquired, comprehending the lacunes and islands of the former Republic of Venice, contains a superficial content of 865 German square miles* ; viz. of the continent, and the lacunes and isles 635, of Dalmatia and Albania 240 square miles; which territories have, according to the most recent enumeration made by the French, 3,110,000 inhabitants; namely, 2,860,cco souls on the continent, &c. 250,000 in Albania and Dalmatia: so that every square mile contains 3,595 inhabitants, which constitutes a very considerable population; and although it does not, by far, equal the populousness of the Netherlands, yet will, under the Austrian dominion, certainly attain that proportion. The following may serve as a comparison with other States. In Germany, a square mile contains on an average 2,190 souls.

Belgium

* A geographical degree contains fifteen German miles.'

All the inhabitants of Maritime Austria consist of, 1. The ancient original nobility, of the nobility created since 1290, and of the nobility who purchased their titles since the war of Candia. 2. The Cittadinanza, or the inferior nobility, and the most respectable families of the citizens. 3. The clergy, at the head of whom is the patriarch, who is entirely independent of the Pope, and styles himself N. N. Miseratione Divina Patriarcha Venetiarum Dalmatiaque Primas; is titled Excellenza Reverendissima, and must always be a Venetian patrician. 4. The common citizens and tradesmen; which class, together with 5. The peasants, is the most numerous. 6. The different foreigners resident in the country, and of German Pro- ; testants, Greeks, Arminians, Jews, and Turks.'

The description of Venice occupies a disproportioned extent. Several masterpieces of the Venetian painters and statuaries no longer remain to be enumerated among the curiosities of the town for they have been sent to that lumber-room of plunder, which the Parisians exhibit as a glory:-but the immovable benefits of the architect remain, and still endear such names as Sansovino and Palladio to the recollection of the inhabitants.

In general, this work gives much information carefully collected, conveniently arranged, and sufficiently compressed. A small but neat map illustrates the geographical instruction. The translation is composed in good, but not elegant, English

ART. XIII. Description and Treatment of Cutaneous Diseases. Order I. Papulous Eruptions on the Skin. By Robert Willan, M. D. F. A. S. With coloured Plates. 4to. pp. 110. 15s. sewed. Johnson. 1798.

THE

HE imperfection of verbal descriptions, in conveying the distinctions of cutaneous eruptions, has long been felt and lamented by the faculty. Dr. Willan therefore is entitled to great commendation, for the zeal and industry which he has exerted in order to delineate the varieties of those diseases, and to impart to the eye what cannot be communicated by the choicest expressions. His plates are executed with elegance, while they give a correct idea of the morbid appearances; and they will be consulted with particular satisfaction, by those who have endeavoured in vain to acquire a knowlege of the diseases of the skin from former publications.-We cannot be expected

expected to present a complete view of this work, the definitions in which consist of figures: but there is great store of curious and useful research in the text, by which we shall profit. Dr. Willan, among much other reading, has carefully investigated the writings of the Arabian physicians, who culti vated this branch of medicine with more accuracy than either the Greek or Latin physicians, and whose labours have long been neglected; and he has drawn from them many things worthy of remark.-The work is intended to consist of Seven Orders, which are to be published separately. The present number contains the order of Papulous Eruptions; the remain ing orders are, Scales, Rashes, Vesicles, Pustules, Tubercles, and Maculæ.

The Pupule are divided by Dr. Willan into three species; Stropbulus, Lichen, and Prurigo.

The Strophulus is a disease peculiar to infants, and known among nurses by the name of the Gum, in this country; he divides it into the Strophulus Intertinctus, or Red Gum; Strophulus Albidus, or White Gum; Strophulus Confertus, the Tooth Rash, or Rank Red Gum; Strophulus Volaticus; and Strophulus Candidus. These varieties are illustrated by the prints.

In the first, Dr. Willan observes, the child's skin somewhat resembles a piece of red printed linen; and hence this eruption was formerly denominated the RED GOWN, a term still retained in several counties of England, and which may be found in old dictionaries. Medical writers have changed the original word for one of a similar sound, but not more significant. He thinks that this eruption, and the aphthous ulcerations common in children, alternate with each other; those infants who have the papulous eruption on the skin being less liable to aphtha; and the skin being generally pale, and free from eruption, when aphthe take place in any considerable degree. He observes, also, that it is dangerous to repel this disease from the surface, by the application of cold water, or cold air. With regard to the treatment, ablution with warm water, the warm bath in case of a repulsion of the eruption, and blistering, are the remedies recommended.

The Strophulus Confertus appears during dentition; and, depending on the irritation excited in the gums, it does not become a separate object of practice. Dr. Willan cautions practitioners against ordering the child to be weaned on the occurrence of this eruption, as it does not imply disease in the mother, or

nurse.

In the Strophulus Volaticus, an emetic, or some laxative medicine, is advised; to be followed by the use of the Peruvian bark.